Chemical zvinhu zita masayendisiti. Mabviro mazita zvine maatomu akafanana

Chemistry - mumwe sainzi pamwe kare. In kwayo budiriro wakabatsirawo masayendisiti akawanda akakurumbira. Ona kuratidzwa zvavo vaita zviri patafura zvine maatomu akafanana, apo kuvapo pfuma anonzi ari kukudzwa kwavo. Chii uye chii ndiyo nhoroondo nechitarisiko chavo? Ngatikurukurei zvizere.

einsteinium

Tanga nyora zvine maatomu akafanana mazita masayendisiti anomira nemumwe zvikuru nomukurumbira. Einstein akanga artificially zvinogadzirwa uye zita rokukudza avakuru yefizikisi remakore rechimakumi maviri. An chinhu ane mabhomba uwandu 99, haana kugadzikana isotopes uye transuranic rinoreva, kubva izvo akazarura wechinomwe. chikwata chake masayendisiti ave kuzivikanwa Ghiorso muna December 1952. Find einsteinium zvichibvira muguruva, zvakasara somugumisiro munhu yenyukireya kuputika. Kokutanga kushanda naro rwaiitwa muna Radiation Laboratory, University of California, uye ipapo muna Argonne uye Los Alamos. The hafu-upenyu isotopes mazuva makumi maviri, zvichiita Einstein zvikuru ngozi radioactive okunze. Kuudzidza zvakaoma nokuda kuoma kuwana ezvokunambira kunze kwomuviri waamai. In resimbi rurefu volatility inogona kuwanikwa makemikari maitiro pamwe lithium, kuti vakawana crystals kusiyana chiso zvakatinakira cubic marongerwo. In aqueous mhinduro, kuti chinhu anopa nyoro ruvara.

curium

History of kuwanikwa makemikari zvinhu uye kuyeuka dzavo pezvakaitwa hazvibviri pasina kudoma mabasa mumhuri iyi. Mariya Sklodovskaya uye Per Kyuri mupiro chikuru kuti kukura nyika nesayenzi. basa ravo sezvo muvambi sayenzi radioactivity kunoratidza ainzi eremendi azvaitwa. Curium ndohwaJehovha mhuri actinides uye ane mabhomba nhamba 96. hapana kugadzikana isotopes vanayo. Kokutanga akamuka muna 1944 vokuAmerica Seaborg, James uye Ghiorso. Vamwe isotopes ose curium akasiyana kusimba refu hafu-upenyu. Mune reactor yenyukireya inogona akasikwa kilogram akawanda apo irradiated pamwe neutrons uranium exchange kana plutonium. curium chaikosha iri sirivha simbi ine utsotso pfungwa iri namazana matatu namakumi mana Celsius. Kubva mamwe actinides, zvinonzi akaparadzaniswa nevanhu Ion chinjanai unyanzvi. A exotherm simba panguva kuora radioactive rinobvumira kushandiswa kwayo nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi tsindirana kadikidiki ano zvinyorwa. Other zvine maatomu akafanana mazita masayendisiti avo vasingawanzotauri zvakakwana chaiyo inoshanda chikumbiro, curium anogonawo kushumira kusika jenareta inokwanisa kushanda kwemwedzi inoverengeka.

mendelevium

Hazvibviri kukanganwa pamusoro musiki chinonyanya kukosha munhoroondo kemisitiri kupatsanura hurongwa. Mendeleev aiva mumwe mukuru masayendisiti kare. Naizvozvo, nhoroondo kuwanikwa makemikari zvinhu kunooneka kwete chete chemwenje, asiwo mazita ari kukudzwa kwake. The fuma rwaiwanikwa muna 1955 nemasayendisiti American Harvey, Ghiorso, Choppinom, Thompson uye Seaborg. Mendelevium chaikosha ndohwaJehovha mhuri actinides uye ane mabhomba nhamba 101. Zviri radioactive uye kunoitika panguva maitiro yenyukireya chokuita Einstein. Somugumisiro, mashoko kuedza masayendisiti American rokutanga vakabudirira kuwana mendelevium namanomwe maatomu, asi kunyange mari iyi zvakakwana kuona zvivako ayo uye placement periodic table.

nobelium

Huro zvine maatomu akafanana rinowanzoberekera somugumisiro chakagadzirwa pezvakaitwa murabhoritari. Izvi zvinoshanda Nobel, yakatanga kubudiswa muna 1957 neboka masayendisiti kubva Stockholm, uyo zvinganaka zita rokukudza muvambi rokuvambwa dzakawanda mibayiro yesayenzi. Panguva mabhomba nhamba chinhu 102, ndeye mhuri actinides. Nhungamiro umboo hunotsigira isotopes pakati nobelium vave kuwanikwa vatsvakurudzi sixties Soviet Union, waiva musoro Flerov. For U neerekitironi usage, Pu uye Am ions vakanga irradiated pamwe O, N, Ne. Somugumisiro isotopes pamwe vakawanda nhamba vakawana vaibva 250 kusvika 260, vakawanda raiva refu-refu chinhu pamwe nehafu-upenyu munyika hafu yeawa pakureba. Volatility nobelium chloride akafanana nemamwe actinides, sezvo kunoguma vakawana muna kuedza mumarabhoritari.

lawrencium

Chemical chinhu remhuri actinides vane mabhomba nhamba 103, kufanana zhinji mamwe akafanana, rwaiwanikwa artificially. Akatsiga isotopes pamusoro Lawrence ikoko. Kokutanga akakwanisa synthesize masayendisiti American, misoro Ghiorso, muna 1961. The experimental nemigumisiro kugona kuitika zvakare, asi zvakanga pakutanga zita yasarudzwa chinhu chinoramba zvakafanana. Information pamusoro isotopes aigona kuwana yefizikisi Soviet panguva Joint Institute for Research Zvenyukireya Dubna. Vakazozvinzwisisa navo irradiation kuti americium nokukurumidza okisijeni ions. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Lawrence neerekitironi inongorira radioactivity uye hafu-upenyu pamusoro hafu miniti. Muna 1969, masayendisiti kubva Dubna akakwanisa dzimwe isotopes ane maatomu akafanana. Yefizikisi kubva University of Berkeley ndakasika itsva muna 1971. vakawanda nhamba yavo ranged kubva 257 kusvika 260, uye akava akatsiga zvikuru isotope pamwe nehafu-upenyu maminitsi matatu pakureba. Chemical ehupfumi kuti lawrencium kufanana vamwe inorema actinides - nayo hwakagadzwa nokuongorora akawanda yesayenzi.

Rutherfordium

Uchinyora zvine maatomu akafanana mazita masayendisiti vanofanira Chokwadi taura ichi. Rutherfordium ane Serial nhamba 104 uye ndiyo chikamu boka rechina periodic hurongwa. transuranic chaikosha First kusika vakakwanisa boka remasayendisiti kubva Dubna muna 1964. Izvi zvakaitika muna California kabhoni atomu bombardment nuclei. A chinhu chitsva kwakasarudzwa kuti mazita kemisiti Rutherford kubva New Zealand. Zvakasikwa, Rutherford akawana. The chakarebesa-vaigara isotope ane hafu-upenyu makumi matanhatu nemashanu mumasekonzi refu. Kushanda mune ichi chinhu periodic table haamo.

Seaborg

Kuwanikwa makemikari zvinhu yazova chikuru chikamu basa yefizikisi Albert Ghiorso kubva kuUnited States. Seaborgium navo rwaiwanikwa muna 1974. Ichi makemikari chinhu kubva yechitanhatu boka periodic table ane mabhomba uwandu 106 uye uremu 263. Zvakaita kuwanikwa somugumisiro pamusoro bombardment reokisijeni maatomu californium nuclei. Masero zvakazoonekwa chete maatomu shoma, saka kudzidza zvivako zviri chinhu hwakadzama zvakanga zvakaoma. Zvakasikwa, ari radioactive simbi seaborgium hakuitiki, saka zviri chete kufarira nesayenzi.

Boriy

Uchinyora zvine maatomu akafanana mazita masayendisiti, zvakakodzera kutaura izvi. Boriy zvinoreva boka periodic rechinomwe nyika Mendeleev. It ane mabhomba uwandu 107 uye uremu 262. The nguva yokutanga nayo akasimuka muna 1981 mu Germany, muguta Darmstadt. Scientists Armbrust uye Munzenberg akasarudza zita rokukudza Niels Bohr. Kugadzirira chaikosha kwakaitika sezvo pamusana bismuth atomu bombardment chromium nuclei. Boriy rinoreva transuranic simbi. chete maatomu mashoma rwaiwanikwa ari kuedza, zvisina zvakakwanira tikanyatsoongorora. Ndezvipiko risingaenzaniswi zvakasikwa, Boriy nyaya bedzi mugadziriro kufarira kwesayenzi, saizvozvo sezvataurwa pamusoro Rutherford, akasikawo artificially murabhoritari.