Chehova Antona Pavlovicha okugadzira zvinhu. List zvakanakisisa mabasa

basa Chekhov yakasiyana nedzimwe. Mupfungwa yokufananidzira, iye - mumwe Hofori yeRussian mabhuku kuguma XIX remakore yendarama, muvambi nzira itsva okusika. Anton Pavlovich vanofungawo consummate munyori wemitambo. mabasa ake chakakonzera kuti ino simukai yeRussian national theatre. Vachiri ifarirwe zvikuru pamusoro nzendo Russia uye nyika vakawanda Conceptual yemitambo.

Classic fungidzira Classics

Leo NdiTolstoy aikosheswa basa Chekhov. NdiTolstoy akapikisa kuti Chekhov - munyori yakasiyana munyika. characterization dzake "Gaviota" munyori pazere nechido: "Chekhov - ndiye Pushkin kuti prose!" vakakurumbira novelist akamudana ane isingaenzaniswi yokudhirowa, uyo akasika zvakadaro siyana zvinyorwa, izvo haana akasangana.

Creative nzira Chekhov akawana mhinduro yake uye pamhenderekedzo Albion. Chirungu munyori wemitambo uye novelist Dzhon Golsuorsi akacherechedza kuti chete sei Chirungu kwemabhuku Chekhov zvinobatsira. Themes pamusoro okugadzira zvinhu nekuvongwa iye akanga akazoongororazve, zvikurukuru, kubudikidza Bernard Shaw. Somuenzaniso, ake "mwoyo House" kunzi mutambo Britain "iri Russian manyorerwo"

Pazuva rokusika nzira munyori

Zvechokwadi, Chekhov akava innovator, zvasiya magamba munyaya externally zvavakatemerwa chakaitwa artificially nokusika chivande, kubudikidza nemaune achipa munyori basa rake kunakidza. Nokuda kweizvi zvose, Anton Pavlovich aiva chikuru chemabasa wake zvava kupfuura kusimba nyaya. Munyaya mabasa ake vakaridza yokutanga gitare kuchinja mafungiro evanhu vacho, simba rinomutsa yokushorwa vayo ezvinhu, purogiramu mhuri.

Anton akaisa pfungwa kuti nyika iri nani, yakachena, wakakwidzwa kupfuura pamusoro unyanzvi hwake. Chekhov kwakaita okugadzira zvinhu, vanotevera nhungamiro iyi, izvozvo anotsvaka ndimene "mweya mupenyu" iri muverengi. Classic basa Zvinongotaridza munhu sezvaari. Munyori haasi nerudo pamwe vateereri, haasi kuedza kumubata, kwete embellishing chinhu. Waaidisisa vatambi - vakadzidza vanhu downmix pachavo kuti futlyarnoy upenyu panhema navavaki nesytoy chizvaro, uyewo vamiririri vanhu arimo urombo uye kudheerera kumamiriro ezvinhu hanya dullness.

Zvinokoshawo kuti asimbise kuti basa Chekhov anotevera nhungamiro, zviri yakazaruka:

1. The Kupfupika pfungwa chaiwo rinodana tarenda hanzvadzi yake hakusi pasina. Iye anoda zvipfupi, zvadzorwa nyaya. Ane chokwadi vaverengi vake, uyo zvaanofunga, aizowana zvinoreva, kunyange kana chigadzirwa uye kunzwisisa.
2. Muzvinhu Chekhov nguva dzose kuita basa rinokosha, sezviduku mashoko. Havasi chete aripo nemabasa, sezvo vari zvinofambidzana huru, repakona pfungwa dzake.
3. For Chekhov Style kunoratidzwa kusasarura description, nokuti chokwadi kuti mhedziso vanofanira kuita muverengi.
4. Czechs vana akapotsa havana kunyora zvakananga ( "Kashtanka" uye "White-fronted" - zvagara). Aidavira kuti mwana anofanira kuverenga kusarudza zvakanaka mabhuku "mukuru".

Zvisinei, mukuronga zvakafanana maonero pamusoro basa Classics, zvingava nomusoro kuronda dzidziso pamusoro paumbwe nzira rake rokusika. The chinhu yedu yokudzidza zvichava Biography uye basa Chekhov.

Zvakaitika rokutanga okugadzira zvinhu

Anton Chekhov akaberekwa musi waJanuary 17, 1860 mu Taganrog mumhuri murombo ravatengesi. Pano iye kudzidza guta racho jimunasiyamu. Kunyange Vaipedza zvidzidzo aiva munyori mukuru kwebasa rakabudiswa dzakakurumbira magazini "Alarm", "Remukonikoni", "Zvimedu". Saka kubva ndichiri muduku kuti uwane mari, achitsoropodza zvaidikanwa mhuri, Chekhov.

Zvichakadai, njodzi jaya uchigadzirira mutsekwende: namanomwe, akatambura nzara kuzvimba peritoneum, izvo, maererano imwe shanduro, vaiona kuratidzwa rokutanga tibhii ake. Maererano neimwe shanduro, dzinoratidzwa Professor VI Razumovsky, Anton Chekhov aiva dambudziko kubata nawo ari yunivhesiti mukirasi yacho Medical weVadzidzisi Vedare.

Kubva 1879 kusvika wechiduku Chekhov vakatanga zvakaoma uye nguva zvidzidzo munhu pana Moscow University uye zvikuru journalistic basa. Maererano netsamba kuna Anton Pavlovich, zvakanga zvakaoma chokubatanidza kudzidzisa pamwe basa rokusika basa, kudzingirira hares maviri - mushonga uye mabhuku. Chokwadi kuti aiva nevabereki vake, vana hama uye hanzvadzi kurarama mufurati duku muMoscow. Uye pakarepo akasvika mhuri kakawanda aparidze nokutsvaka Chekhov akanyora.

Setsa nyaya Akaita dzakaunganidzwa "loafers uye vasingakendengi" (1882), iro haana rakabudiswa kusenza zvikonzero. Kukundikana rokutanga chete akafuridzira yotunga munyori. Akazonyora hwokufananidzira compressed Pfungwa nezvokutambudzika ake pachake nechido basa, "wokupemberera upenyu havagoni kuva akachena."

Ipapo hwakabatikana kumhanya eupenyu kutowedzera chirwere. Muna 1884 tsamba kubva vanobudisa magazini "Shards" makumi maviri nezvina Chekhov anonyunyuta nefivha uye nekusagona wokuita zvimwe tsika. Anotarira zvachose mabhuku basa. Muna 1884 akabudisa bhuku rake "Tales pamusoro Melpomene," pasi rekunyepedzera Antosha Chehonte, uye muna 1886 - "The mavara ngano." Mubhuku rechipiri chinosetsa nyaya Chekhov akaisa zvakawanda chaizvo - a Parody. Pano tarenda rake kwakaratidzwa mukati Genre pamusoro enyambo Detective. Munyori anoedza pachake Genres zhinji. He kuedza. Uye Tinokushuvirai rapera, Parody dzake dzakakurumbira mabhuku akakurumbira.

Zvisinei, Classics peramangwana kufarira mabhuku chakakomba. Zviri munyaya iyi Chekhov akanyora zvinotevera. "Vanya" (1886) inotiudza pfumbamwe nherera mudzidziri webasa shangu Aliakhin, kushandiswa uye rusarura mwana, akadanidzira kuna sekuru vake Constantine Makarych naye kubva ichi "sayenzi ndege." Over mukomana, nherera, kutyisidzirwa mukuru mudzidziri webasa, anorova ake uye kudhonzwa bvudzi pachayo cobbler. Boy anonyora nenzira pre-Christmas usiku. Memories uye tariro vauye ndekwokufungidzira, zvakajeka rinounza vaverengi Chekhov. Vanka - mwana, uye anotuma yake tsamba ane vana bata naivety "mumusha sekuru vangu." Saizvozvowo, muverengi anonzwisisa kuti Constantine Makarych kumbobvira kuverenga, uye hapana shanduko mune rakabvongodzwa upenyu mukomana.

Wakaitwa munyori Chekhov

Kubvira 1885, kutanga kushanda nayo zvakakomba mabhuku mabhuku: "Russian Ndaifunga", "Northern Herald". Zvinonzi akabudisa nyaya pfupi "Day Name", nyaya "The inowanzorimwa", "A Kuchifinha Story," "Kashtanka" Chekhov. Muna 1887 akabudisa kuunganidza maviri nyaya ( "Kutaura Innocent" uye "Nenguva yorubvunzavaeni"), muna 1888 - "Stories" muna 1890 - "kwakakwidibira vanhu." Kwaari kunobva kukudzwa. Muna 1888, munyori akanga paakavapa ari Pushkin Prize diki (hafu).

Ndiwo maitiro kuti vakawanda mabasa Munyori uyu, kunyange vnezhanrovym, tarenda rimwe munyori kuitira zvakakodzera nenhanho kukurumbira yavo. Somuenzaniso, "Kashtanka" Chekhov waidiwa kumarudzi vana. Iye kakawanda filmed. Zvaizoratidza sokuti zvingava nyore nyaya sei imbwa (muchinjikwa pakati Dachshund uye mongrel) pakutanga akarasika tenzi, uye ipapo, anenge ava sekasi, pakarepo ndaiwana. Chekhov vose nyore: hapana masvikiro, hapana mermaids. Zvisinei, nyaya agara aida vana.

Rwendo Sakhalin

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Biography uye basa Chekhov kuti evince maari munhu haisi chete zvikuru rira, asi chaizvo uye aida kuziva. Muna 1890, iye anoitazve rwendo kuenda Sakhalin. nemaonero ake pamusoro-mwedzi mitatu kusvika nzira kuburikidza kuSiberia, hunoratidza dzekupedzisira essays "Kubva kuSiberia". Zvadaro mumwe mwedzi mitatu munyori anopedza musi Sakhalin, apo akaedza kunzwisisa zvepfungwa uye upenyu angaratidza, uye pavakazodzokera Odessa nomugungwa, kushanyira Hong Kong zvengarava pamusoro. KuCeylon, Singapore, Turkey. Pachishandiswa zvinhu kubva kurwendo-gore mana, anotanga kushanda bhuku essays "Sakhalin". Nechikepe kumba, iye anotenga iri Moscow mudunhu wakajeka yavatezvara Melikhovo.

Melikhovo - kunzwisisa Sakhalin zvaanorumbidza. Danho itsva munyika

Biography uye basa Chekhov, maererano mabhuku, yakashongedzwa chaiwo chaizvo nguva, akatumidza mukuwirirana zita raro kuti "Melikhovo". Panguva iyoyo, inokosha flair Classic Anton Pavlovich akanzwa kuchinja munyika, chokuita misha iri feudal munzanga, uyewo kuziva kuipa vakatevera reactionary zvematongerwo enyika. Zvisinei, kwete chete pane dzakaunganidzwa "Sakhalin" inoshanda Anton Pavlovich, uyo akava, pakupedzisira, yakapfuma, yake itsva wakajeka wemunda.

The kukurumbira democratic munyori zvechokwadi - hwakakura kwazvo. Buyers vari chaizvoizvo akapararira pamwe bhuku echiShinto akanzi A. P. Chehov "Nyaya enganonyorwa." Conceptual nyaya "Ward №6» yakapedzwa muna rokutanga gore Melikhovo nguva okugadzira zvinhu. Simba yakasiyana Chekhovian mufananidzo unotyisa pfumbu maperembudzi musha, apo vose okusika refu-stifled, apo "zvinokwezva" inongova chipatara asi wejeri, akarwisa vaverengi vose chokwadi vasina ngoni, zvichiita here kuti: "Sei, kuti tiri ...". Mutemo, ane nhare ari muchipatara akakanda misimboti Humanism Dr. Ragin, rufu rwake (mubayiro nokutenda) kuti unofunga pamusoro chaizvoizvo sei vanhu vanofanira kurarama.

New mabasa kubudikidza Chekhov zvinogutsa akaratidza zvakajeka mberi rakasiyana munyori uyo akasimuka itsva padanho okugadzira zvinhu.

Melikhovo. Kuziva zvinhu miduku yokuruwa

Anton Pavlovich, nemhaka nezuva maawa basa, rava tenzi akachenjera zvechokwadi. Akadzidza kuona musimboti zuva zvazvakanga pamberi mamiriyoni vomunyika yake, asi harina akaziva navo.

Russia panguva paro yaiva nyika murimi mudiki. Zviri Melikhovo akakwanisa kuona chii vakanyarara naanamai populists. Inquisitively inotevedzera upenyu fekitari nemisha Kryukovo uye Ugryumova A. P. Chehov. Stories "Case Study", "petticoat", maererano zvapupu, zvose unoratidza vanhu chaivo, kusanganisira utachiona hwacho - ". Kuipa" vatengesi Hrymin, izvo chokwadi vaiva

Czechs akasvinudzwa kuverengera murimi mudiki Russia. Nokuti demagoguery, nhema yakafukidzwa rudo populists uye kunzwisisa kwavanoita zvinotarisirwa vanhuwo zvavo, paiva rangano kunyarara. wakatsemuka ake Chekhov nyaya "Varimi" ake. In wake Classic pachena kuti vanhuwo zvavo kazhinji "kupfuura zvipfuwo mhenyu." Vari vakawanda appallingly "murombo neuhozheny, akadhakwa, tsvina." Vane unhu hwomudzimu vari underdeveloped, kazhinji vari "kutya uye fungira" mumwe. vanhu ava vanotambura kwavari kutyora kodzero dzavo chiremerera hwevanhu. Vanofanira kudzidzisa, kodzero dzavo vanofanira kuchengetedzwa!

Chekhov vakashanda nechido. Vomunguva yeuka kuti chiedza muhofisi yake Melikhovo kazhinji akapisa usiku hwose.

A siyana palette kuti Classic

How siyana palette tenzi ichi, unoratidza kuti pane akatevedzana mikuru mabasa Chekhov pakarepo anonyora vana nyaya "White-fronted". Chaizvoizvo, hapana mabhuku nevatsoropodzi uye haana kutarisira "injiniya kwemweya yevanhu" achangoerekana vnezhanrovogo nyaya hunhu. Uye mhinduro iri nyore, aida vana. Dambudziko harina kuvharwa izvozvo; vana vavo munyori mukuru neTB, asingagoni kuva. Zvisinei, akatora kutarisira vana vanhuwo zvavo, woupenyu kuchikoro ari oga mari dzavo pachavo.

Iye - a-chinja munyori. Agutsikana muiti wechokwadi, achifuridzirwa huta kuvhunduka kunokonzerwa kurota kwake zvakaipa, pakarepo anosika inonakidza uye kudanana basa "The Black Monk", iro tisingazvioni dzakarukwa zvinetso shasha uye zvisikwa.

Kunze rakaoma sezvazviri, Chekhov akasika uye anoshanda autobiographical okunze (the yokufungidzira "Upenyu Hwangu"). Mu "The House pamwe Mezzanine" uye "Goosebumps" Classic inotiudza kuti akasiyana zvachose pakatarisana mativi capitalization dzemisha; kuparadzwa "Kusaroorwa Nest" uye kushaya kunamata munyika itsva "vanatenzi zvoupenyu", vatengesi. Ekupedzisira-kutaurwa nyaya ne "Murume Case" uye "About Rudo" ndiwo trilogy.

On "Melikhovo" Mitambo akawanda

In Melihove Anton Pavlovich anosika kwakajeka kutamba "Sekuru Vanya". Sezvaakanga muchidimbu nayo anoratidza kusatenda kwevanhu uye kuora mwoyo kunotangira nayo! Vanya nokutendeka anoshanda hondo Estates, Prof. kumupa shoma muhoro. Muridzi anosarudza kuzoitengesa, kwete kunetseka zvichaitirwa murume, "raakanga akapingudzwa" (ekupedzisira Mitsara - kubva "The Little Prince" Exupery).

Kufunga pamusoro nzira kuunza unyanzvi ari munyori wemitambo kuumba munhu Nyanzvi idzva - "The Gaviota" mutambo. It Chekhov pamusoro storylines akasiyana vatambi inotungamirira vateereri kunzwisisa chii unyanzvi chaiwo zvikuru akasiyana ayo nzira nyanzvi basa rakaoma mweya, uzere nokuvhiringidzika, vakaurayiwa. Ndiyo kutamba ari heroine Nina Zarechnaya, zvishoma nezvishoma kutevera rakapihwa uye pakuva mutambi. Hazvina maitiro kuti zvifananidzo basa - chaiye vanhu vanoshanyira Melikhovo uye storylines kuridza muzvinhu zvakawanda vanodzora zvinozoguma zvaitika kwavari.

Yalta nguva okugadzira zvinhu

Muna 1898, rimwe chaiwo chirwere hwakawedzera kuipa, uye iye nemhuri yake vakatamira Yalta. Kusvikira November 1899 (pari pasi imba kuvakwa) Anton anoenda kuMoscow, uko iye rents mufurati. Akavaka koteji ane chinokosha drawback kuti munhu anorwara: kunotonhora muchando. Vavaki zvakakodzera aisa panze hwechoto. Entries munyori kunoratidza kuti chando yake muhofisi tembiricha rakanga 11-12 inegumi.

In Yalta, munyori pachena haana kufanana. Uyezve, pano akanga kunyimwa zvatinosiita nokuda Melikhovo zvokurima zvokudya zvinyoro. Nyaya yacho kugadziridzwa apo neapo akashanyira Hanzvadzi Maria Pavlovna. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvisiri kakawanda.

Zvarakanyorwa Classics muna Yalta, muna netsamba dzake, zvikuru kupfuura muna Melekhovo. Muna 1901 akanyora kuti mutambo "Hanzvadzi Nhatu", nyaya pfupi "The Lady pamwe Dog", "bhishopu". Maererano Melikhovo pazvidhindo akasikwa 1903 rinopedzisa basa "mainjiniya mweya yevanhu" - ". The Cherry Orchard" mutambo It kunoratidzwa nokuvaitira remangwana Russia sezvo cherry wemichero.

Mumakore achangopfuura, upenyu akatonyanya kushingaira chirwere. Munyori akafa musi July 2, 1904 ari Spa mutaundi Badenweiler German.

mhedziso

Kubvira pauduku, upenyu hwedu zvinosanganisira mabhuku Chekhov vake. Ndicho kusikwa Munyori-muroti uyo mukupera XIX remakore akakwanisa zvinogutsa kuratidza vomunyika dzavo mabasa vararame zvakasiyana. Akanga wepachokwadi anokumhan'arira dzerusarura uye panguva imwe chete, yakasiyana tenzi shoko. Anton akadana kuvaka upenyu hutsva, anonhuwira uye akanaka Cherry wemichero.