Carbon monoxide: fomura uye zvivako

Vazhinji gaseous zvinhu zviripo zvakasikwa, zvinoberekwa gadzira, muri simba chepfu yeimwe. Zvinozivikanwa kuti kuiisa chlorine rinoshandiswa senzira chombo zvipenyu, peya bromine vane zvakasimba kungatikanganisa nomugumisiro paganda, rehydrogen sulfide kunokonzera chepfu uye zvichingodaro.

Mumwe zvinhu zvakadai ndizvo carbon monoxide kana carbon monoxide, iyo nzira iyo ine maitiro ayo marongerwo. Nezvake, uye huchakurukurwa.

Chemical fomura CO

Empirical payakavakirwa maonero yacho mukomboni sezvinotevera: SB. Zvisinei, chimiro ichi chete anopa rondedzero Qualitative uye quantitative sezvamunoita, asi asingaiti kukanganisa zvinoitwa marongerwo uye kuti mabhomba zvisungo mune morekuru. Uye zvakasiyana nezvimwe magasi akadaro.

chinhu ichi chinobata mukomboni hwakaratidza panyama uye makemikari zvivako. Imhandoi mamiriro?

samolecular mamiriro

Chekutanga, nyika empirical payakavakirwa kunoonekwa kuti kabhoni mukomboni iri valency II. Sezvakaita okisijeni. Somugumisiro, mumwe nomumwe wavo anogona kuumba maviri zvisungo. Chemical yokuita carbon monoxide CO iri nemaziso yasimbiswa.

Uye zvinoitika saizvozvo. Pakati kabhoni atomu uye okisijeni kubudikidza mashandiro socialization unpaired maerekitironi vari kuumbwa, kaviri covalent polar chisungo. Saka STRUCTURAL yokuita kuti carbon monoxide anotora chimiro C = O.

Zvisinei, musi uyu kunyanya Morekuru hazvirevi kuguma ikoko. Nokuti nomupi-acceptor mashandiro ari Morekuru inotungamirwa kunoitika rechitatu, dative kana semipolar chisungo. Nei izvi? Sezvo yatangwa pakati covalent zvisungo panguva Exchange kuitira okisijeni anoramba majoko maviri maerekitironi, uye carbon atomu - chiro orbital, ipapo yokupedzisira mabasa sechinhu acceptor rimwe yegwara wokutanga. Nemamwe mashoko, okisijeni Erekitironi vaviri iri panguva vakasununguka orbital kabhoni chisungo inotungamirwa kunoitika.

Saka, carbon - acceptor, okisijeni - anyatsoronga. Naizvozvo, nzira CO kemisitiri anotora zvinotevera fomu: S≡O. yokuronga patsva ichi akati Morekuru mamwe makemikari kugadzikana uye inertness hwakaratidza ehupfumi pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu.

Saka, chisungo iri morekuru carbon monoxide:

• maviri polar covalent kuumbwa panguva Exchange mashandiro yakafanira socialization unpaired maerekitironi;
• mumwe dative aumba pasi anyatsoronga-acceptor kudyidzana pakati akasununguka Erekitironi vaviri uye orbital;
• zvisungo zvose zviri Morekuru - vatatu.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Kune akawanda unhu, izvo, somumwe remubatanidzwa ane carbon monoxide. The yokuita nefuma rinojekesa kuti sekristaro yekamuri ari samolecular, mamiriro gaseous pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu. Izvi zvinoreva zvinotevera parameters chaiko.

1. S≡O - carbon monoxide (payakavakirwa) Density - 1,164 makirogiramu / m ^3.
2. The Kubika pfungwa uye utsotso pfungwa azvaitwa: 191/205 ⁰ C.
3. Soluble mu: mvura (zvishoma), Eteri, benzene, doro, chloroform.
4. Hazvina kuravidza uye kunhuwidza.
5. Hauoneki.

Kubva zvipenyu nemaonero, zvine ngozi kuti zvose zvipenyu, kunze mamwe mabhakitiriya.

mushonga ehupfumi

Mukuona reactivity, mumwe inert zvinhu pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu - ndiko carbon monoxide. Yemaitiro, sezvamakaropafadzwa zvose zvisungo dziri Morekuru, kunosimbiswa. Imhaka yakadaro simba maumbirwo mukomboni pasi pomureza zvezvakatipoteredza zviratidzi kushanda kupinda chero kudyidzana.

Zvisinei, hazvina kupfuura zvishoma kupisa gadziriro sezvo dative chisungo ari Morekuru kwatanga pasi sezvo covalent. Zvadaro carbon monoxide anotanga kuratidza basa kwomuviri, uye simba zvakakwana. Saka anokwanisa kuita pamwe:

• okisijeni;
• kuiisa chlorine;
• alkalis (Unonyunguduka);
• pamwe oxides uye simbi munyu;
• pamwe pfumbu;
• mvura zvishoma;
• pamwe amoniya;
• pamwe rehydrogen.

Naizvozvo, sezvo yave zvaitaurwa pamusoro ehupfumi iyo akava carbon monoxide, rinotsanangura fomura sezvisina.

Kuva zvakasikwa

Kwainyanya kubva CO mumhepo - dondo moto. Zvechokwadi, mukuru muitiro kuti paumbwe negasi ne - zvishomanana combustion akasiyana-siyana peturu, kunyanya makemikari zvisikwa.

Anthropogenic manyuko carbon monoxide mhepo kusvibiswa kunokoshawo sezvo vanopiwa vakawanda chikamu chete ndivo, uyewo dzinongoitika. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• kweutsi kushanda zvigayo uye mafekitari, metallurgia zvinomera uye mamwe maindasitiri emakambani;
• pedza magasi pezviri combustion injini.

Under dzinongoitika ezvinhu, carbon monoxide iri nyore oxidized ne mumhepo okisijeni uye mvura mhute kuti carbon dioxide. On ichi kunobva rubatsiro kutanga vakuvadzwe nomuchetura nokuda akakura ichi.

mutambo

Hazvina kukodzera kuvatungamirira chimwe chinhu. Carbon monoxide (yemaitiro), carbon dioxide (samolecular yakarongeka), ukuwo, ndeinotevera: S≡O uye G = C = O. Musiyano chimwe yakachena atomu. Naizvozvo, muindasitiri nzira hwokubereka monoxide inobva maitiro pakati carbon dioxide inobvisa uye: CO ₂ + C = 2co. Ndiwo nyore uye Nzira inonyanya kubatana kwetunhu mukomboni.

Murabhoritari vachishandisa siyana Organic yeimwe, simbi munyu uye kunzwisisa nyaya, sezvo goho haisi kutarisirwa wakanyanyisa kukura.

Qualitative reagent pamberi mhepo kana carbon monoxide mhinduro - palladium chloride. In yavo yakachena simbi inoumbwa kudyidzana izvo hunokonzera achiipa chemhinduro kana bepa pamusoro.

The chaivo zvainoita muviri

Sezvo kare waiti kumusoro, carbon dioxide - iri zvikuru chepfu, Hauoneki, ngozi uye dzinouraya udyi nokuda dzemuviri. Uye kwete chete ndiye munhu, uye vose zvavo dzavamwe vapenyu. Zvirimwa kuti vari pasi pokudzora motokari chiutsi, kufa nokukurumidza.

Chii chaizvo chinonzi mashoko zvipenyu nemigumisiro carbon monoxide pamusoro womukati ezvinhu ari zvisikwa zvemhuka? All nyaya pakugadzirwa mudanga kunzwisisa kungatowedzera ropa puroteni inonzi hemoglobin uye vaiona gasi. Kureva, pachinzvimbo okisijeni mamorekuru vakavharirwa uturu. Cellular afemeruke pakarepo makavhara, gasi Exchange hazvibviri mune chakaipa mararamiro ake.

Somugumisiro, pane zvishoma nezvishoma blockage kuti Chizenga mamorekuru uye, Somugumisiro, rufu. Zvaringana kukunda rose kubudikidza 80%, zvaitika nomuchetura vakava zvinouraya. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, kuti carbon monoxide wevasungwa mudenga inofanira kuva 0.1%.

Zviratidzo zvokutanga, izvo zvinogona kuona Pazvinotanga nomuchetura pamwe remubatanidzwa ichi ndeinotevera:

• kurwadziwa nemusoro;
• dzungu;
• kurasikirwa pfungwa.

Aid First - kuti mhepo yakachena, apo, carbon dioxide pasi pokudzora okisijeni ichichinja carbonic acid, kuti defused. Zviitiko kufa kubva migumisiro fuma iri mubvunzo vari kakawanda chaizvo, kunyanya mudzimba pamwe chitofu kudziyisa. Mushure combustion huni, marasha nezvimwe mafuta ari byproduct pamusoro gasi hazvo siyana. Compliance nekuchengetedzwa mitemo kunokosha kuti ndichengetedze upenyu uye utano hwevanhu.

Uyewo, kakawanda kacho nomuchetura muna mumagaraji iyo akaunganidzawo yakawanda achimhanya motokari michini, asi vakauya zvakakwana matsva mhepo. Rufu kunoitika mukati awa kupfuura zvinobvumidzwa yevasungwa. Kunzwa kuvapo gasi iri panyama hazviiti, pashure zvose, hapana kunhuwidza, hapana ruvara haadaro.

Kushandisa indasitiri

Mugore metallurgia indasitiri nokuda kuzoita simbi kubva oxides dzavo kana munyu siyana aiwanzoshandisa ndiyo carbon monoxide. The yokuita kunoguma mukomboni - CO _2. simbi - yakaisvonaka fuma iri kuumbwa.

Uyezve, carbon monoxide rinoshandiswa:

• nokuti kubudiswa nyama uye hove zvigadzirwa, izvo anotibvumira kuvapa dziongororezve;
• Nokuti kwetunhu zvimwe yeimwe Organic;
• somunhu chezvinonhuwira gasi jenareta.

Naizvozvo, fuma iyi zvinokuvadza kwete chete uye ngozi, asi unobatsira chaizvo kuti munhu uye zvoupfumi mabasa.