Capitalism muRussia. Development kuti Capitalism muRussia. Chii capitalism: tsanangudzo nhoroondo

Conditions nokuti kwaita capitalism muRussia (ari zvoupfumi, nheyo iri chaiyo uye rusununguko zvebhizimisi) akaumba chete yechipiri yezana XIX remakore. Sezvo dzimwe nyika, akaonekwa pasina. Zviratidzo kuberekwa negadziriro itsva kunogona kurondwa kudzokera Petrine yaitonga, apo, somuenzaniso, muna Urals Demidov mumigodhi, kuwedzera kune serfs zvakaoma uye vashandi sevhiriyeni.

Zvisinei, hapana capitalism zvakanga zvisingaiti muRussia chero bedzi huru uye havaratidzi dzakasimukira nyika, varanda vanhuwo zvavo ikoko. Kusunungurwa vomumusha kubva muranda chinzvimbo pachinhu Varidzi uye akava mukuru chiratidzo kutanga ukama matsva zvoupfumi.

Kuguma feudalism

Russian serfdom yakaguma Mambo Alexander II muna 1861. Vaimbove vanhuwo zvavo vari boka feudal munzanga. Yezwi capitalism mumusha aigona chete kuitika pashure kuparadzana kumaruwa vanogara pamusoro bourgeoisie (kulaks) uye proletariat (vashandi). Izvi zvakanga zvakasikwa, zvinoitika munyika dzose. Asi capitalism muRussia uye zvose zvine chokuita chidzoke pezvakaitwa vane zvakawanda nevamwe zvinhu. Mumusha vaifanira kuchengetedza kumaruwa.

Maererano Manifesto Alexander II, vanhuwo zvavo vakanga vanzi nomutemo vakasununguka uye anowana kodzero yekuita pfuma, basa rwokugadzira uye zvokutengeserana, kwema, uye zvichingodaro. D. Zvisinei, kuchinja kuti nzanga itsva kugona kuitika nokukurumidza. Naizvozvo, vachitevera kuchinja zvinhu 1861 akatanga kuonekwa mumisha munharaunda, chakanga hwaro kushanda zvaiita munyika muridzi. Kandai kubvumira partition wakaenzana uri munhu mapindu arable uye-munda matatu wemuTesitamende mumwe mugove waro wakange inoculated pamwe chando, wechipiri - yechirimo, uye wechitatu rworuboshwe wakagara.

stratification of vanhuwo zvavo

Community equalized vanhuwo zvavo uye mabhureki kuti capitalism kuRussia, kunyange aisakwanisa kurimisa. Part vomumusha varombo. rukoko urwu akava mumwe-bhiza kuvanhuwo zvavo (nokuti zvizere zvoupfumi vaida mabhiza maviri). proletarians izvi vokumaruwa zviripo nokuda zvakaoma kudivi. The vomunharaunda haana ndirege vanhuwo zvavo muguta uye haana kuvatendera kutengesa kwokurangana, izvo ivowo pamutemo vari. Free of jure mamiriro hakurevi dzinoenderana mamiriro of facto.

Muna 1860-ies. Kana Russia akapinda munzira capitalist kukura, nharaunda akaita kunonoka shanduka ichi nokuti kuzvipira zvayo zvetsika kurima. Varimi mukati chikwata vaisafanira kumutanga uye pangozi nokuda entrepreneurial mweya yavo uye chido kuvandudza kurima. Compliance zvazvingava chinogamuchirika uye zvakakosha kuchinja vomumusha. Izvi vanhuwo zvavo ipapo Russian vakanga vakasiyana chaizvo kubva West, kare kuva murimi-entrepreneur pamwe warwo retailing uye okutengesa. Domestic vomumusha chirwirangwe vaiva collectivists, nokuti pakati pavo nyore kuparadzira echimurenga pfungwa gutsaruzhinji.

agrarian capitalism

Sezvo 1861 ari pamusika miitiro vakatanga kuvakazve muridzi upfumi. Sezvakaita pamwe vanhuwo zvavo, vakatanga muitiro nezvishoma kuparadzana mune zvakatipoteredza ichi. Kunyange inert uye mira Varidzi vakawanda vavo ruzivo kunzwisisa chii capitalism. Kutsunga pamusoro nhoroondo izwi hazvo inosanganisira kutaurwa nezvokuti basa. Zvisinei, muna tsika, yakadai configuration ane chinangwa dzaunoda, pane mamiriro ezvinhu yepakutanga. Pakutanga, mushure kuchinja hwenyika Varidzi vakaramba detentions dzavo vanhuwo zvavo akatora mukutsinhana kwavo basa was nyika.

Capitalism muRussia zvishoma nezvishoma midzi. Newly vakasunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo, vachifora kushandira vaimbova vanatenzi, akashanda nezvipfuwo zvavo uye zvokushandisa. Saka, varidzi havana capitalists vari zvizere pfungwa yeshoko, nekuti havana mari iri kugadzirwa zvakarurama. The ipapo kuchera anogona kunzi kuenderera anofa kubva feudal ukama.

Agricultural kukura capitalism mu Russia kunoratidzwa kuchinja kubva zvekare kuti rikurumidze dzinongoitika chinokosha kugadzirwa. Zvisinei, mune izvi zvinoita kucherechedza yekare feudal unhu. Varimi tengesa chete nokuomesa itsva zvigadzirwa zvayo, dzasara unoparadza pachako. Capitalist chinokosha vaifungidzira zvimwe. Ose zvigadzirwa vaifanira atengeswe apo yayo chikafu murimi mudiki mumhuri iyi, akatenga tichiregeredza pachavo purofiti yavo. Kunyange zvakadaro, atova yaro yokutanga gumi, kukura capitalism muRussia kwakatungamirira kuti vawedzere kudiwa nomukaka zvinhu uye matsva miriwo mumaguta. Around kwavari akatanga kuumba zvivako zvitsva private horticulture uye mhuka minda.

kwemaindasitiri

An mugumisiro chinokosha, izvo zvakaita kuti kwaita capitalism muRussia, yaiva kufukidza nyika kwemaindasitiri. It vakakuchidzira zvishoma nezvishoma kuparadzana kubva murimi mudiki munharaunda. Dzakabudirira craftwork uye handicraft kugadzirwa.

Nokuti maitiro chimiro feudalism bhizimisi rakanga ndege. Kuva zvitsva ezvinhu mukanyiwa upfumi uye nzanga, yava koteji indasitiri. Panguva iyoyo vakaonekwa Resellers, izvo kwakabatana nevatengi zvinhu uye vagadziri. Vatengi izvi vakatoita nyanzvi dzokugadzira uye akararama tichiregeredza kutengesa purofiti. Zvishoma nezvishoma akaumba paiva maindasitiri Entrepreneurs.

. Panguva 1860s, apo Russia akapinda munzira capitalist pakukura uye akatanga Danho rokutanga capitalist ukama - pamwe. Panguva iyoyowo akatanga muitiro zvakaoma yezwi kurwa basa muminda rinorema maindasitiri, izvo kare kwenguva refu nguva akashandisa chete zvakachipa uye disenfranchised waakaita basa. Mazuvaano zvakaomesa disinterest varidzi. Maindasitiri akabhadhara vashandi yakaderera muhoro. Varombo vaienda mamiriro chaizvo radicalized proletariat.

Vadyi unganidza Makambani

Total capitalism muRussia muzana remakore rechi19 akasangana mafungu anoverengeka nokukurumidza kupora indasitiri. Mumwe wavo vakauya 1890s. In gumi zvishoma nezvishoma hupfumi sangano okuwana uye kukura zvigadzirwa kwakaita kuti chinokosha kukura kumusika. Industrial capitalism wakapinda idzva danho okukura, iyo yakava muenzaniso vadyi vapfuwi makambani akawanda. Digit zvoupfumi kukura mukupera XIX remakore, taura kuti pachavo. Muna 1890-ies. Industrial goho kaviri.

Chero capitalism ari mudambudziko, kana degenerates muruoko chindingindingi capitalism pamwe Makambani futa kuti vane zvimwe bhora zvoupfumi. In Imperial Russia hazvina zvakazara zvaitika, kusanganisira nokuda siyana dzimwe inivhesitimendi. Kunyanya yakawanda wokumwe mari zvakapinda chokufambisa, simbi, mafuta uye marasha indasitiri. Yakanga mukupera XIX remakore, vatorwa kushandisa kutungamirira Investments, asi kare vaifarira kwezvikwereti. Mipiro kwakadaro nokuda mubereko mukuru uye chido vanamuzvinabhizimisi kuti mari.

Export uye imupota

Russia, haana kuva yepamusoro capitalist nyika, vasina nguva isati chimurenga kutanga vakawanda aina zvakarurama. The epamba upfumi, nekusiyana, nokuzvidira akabvuma aizomupa zvikuru dzakabudirira. Just panguva ino Europe akaunganidza "guta yemuraudzo" vakanga vachitsvaka dzavo kushandiswa mune vaizotibata kumisika.

Conditions nokuti aina guru Russian hadzisi ikoko. Iye raimuvhiringidza vakawanda vakasara feudalism, huru yakapamba aro, nokurarama kugadzirwa kukura. Kana guru uye vakatorwa, zvakanga kunyanya munyika okumabvazuva. Izvi zvakaitwa mukurima kana dziri zvikwereti. Mari dzinokosha akagara muManchuria uye China (anenge mamiriyoni 750 rubles). A nevakawanda nzvimbo yavo yakanga senga. About mamiriyoni 600 rubles vakanga paakapiwa muna Chinese Eastern Railway.

Mukutanga XX remakore Russian maindasitiri kugadzirwa atova wechishanu pakukura pasi pose. Panyaya iyi, zvipfuwo zvoupfumi yaiva yokutanga panyaya kukura unongotaura. Kuvamba capitalism muRussia aitarisira, nyika yava kukurumidza ndibate noMweya zvemberi vakwikwidzi. Empire inogarwa aitungamirira chinzvimbo tichitarisa kugadzirwa uye mumisasa. emakambani Its guru inzvimbo basa kupfuura hafu yose proletariat.

mamirire zvinhu

Key zviri capitalism muRussia rinogona kurondedzerwa mune ndima shoma. Umambo iri nyika musika muduku. Maindasitiri vakatanga pano paya pane mune dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope. Somugumisiro, chinokosha chikamu indasitiri emakambani yave yakavakwa achangobva. zvinhu izvi zviri vakagadzirira pamwe noungwaru zvigadzirwa. Zvikurukuru, makambani aya ndezvaJehovha huru dzinowanika makambani. KuMadokero, zvinhu zvakanga zvakasiyana chaizvo. Makambani European vaiva maduku, uye avo midziyo - zvishoma pane vakakwana.

With zvinokosha vatorwa mubhizimisi kutanga nguva capitalism mu Russia yakanga dzinoratidzwa yakunda mudzimba pane kutorwa zvigadzirwa. Foreign zvinhu kupinza havana mari, asi kupinza mari kwainzi mari. Saka, muna 1890s. zvizvarwa dzimwe nyika muRussia vaiva pamusoro chetatu mugove guru.

A chakakomba riwedzere kukudziri- private indasitiri kwakaita kuvakwa Great Siberian Railway kubva European kuRussia nePacific Ocean. chirongwa ichi chave pachena, asi mbishi zvinhu yakatengwa kubva basa naye. Trans-Siberian Railway mumakore mberi ichapa mirairo mazhinji Vanoburitsa marasha, simbi, uye locomotives. On muenzaniso penzira dzinogona kurondwa sezvo paumbwe capitalism mu Russia akasika pamusika nokuda siyana maindasitiri.

musika zvemukati

Pamwe Kukura kugadzirwa uye ikure musika kwakaitika. Huru zvinhu Russian simbi kunze kwenyika shuga uye mafuta (Russia yakabereka inenge hafu oiri kwenyika). Massively kupinza michina. Kwakaderedza mugove kupinza donje (zvipfuwo zvoupfumi akatanga pfungwa yaro Central Asian mbishi zvinhu).

Achideredza zvemukati National kumusika kwakaitika mhoteredzo rinokosha chinhu chaiva kubasa. The itsva kugovera mari vakatendeuka nyasha bhizimisi uye maguta Zvisinei, izvozvo infringes pamusoro zvinodiwa musha. Saka, zvichiteverwa kumatunhu okurima lag mune socio-zvoupfumi kana tichienzanisa maindasitiri nzvimbo. A zvakafanana aiita vakawanda vechiduku capitalist nyika.

Development of wechipfuwo mumusika vakabatsira vose zvakafanana njanji. Muna 1861-1885 gg. 24 zviuru makiromita pakati njanji dzakavakwa, nekurangarira kwerinenge chetatu pakureba makwara pamusoro avaida World War First. Central senga nomusimboti raiva Moscow. Kuti chinobatanidza nzvimbo dzose eumambo nyika. Chokwadi, yakadaro chinzvimbo kugona kubatsira rikurumidze zvoupfumi weguta yeRussian Empire rechipiri. Railway Improvement hwezvekukurukurirana nokukurukurirana centre uye nechokunze. Kune zvitsva Inter-remunharaunda dzaishandiswa ukama.

Zvinokosha kuti panguva yechipiri yezana XIX remakore, kugadzirwa chingwa akaramba panenge chete sandara, nepo indasitiri zvinowanzodavirwa dzakabudirira uye kwakawedzera kugadzirwa mavhoriyamu. Chimwe risingafadzi kuitika aiva mhirizhonga iri fares mu njanji senga. nadzurudzo kwavo kwakaitika muna 1889. Chengetedza tariffs, zvinobva kuhurumende. The itsva nzira yekudyidzana akabatsira kukura capitalist zvoupfumi uye zvemukati kumusika.

kuzvipokanidza

Muna 1880-ies. Ndakatanga kuumba chindingindingi capitalism muRussia. matavi ake okutanga ngavauye mu kuchiteshi indasitiri. Muna 1882 iye akaonekwa "Union njanji mufekitari," uye muna 1884 -. "Union of Vagadziri njanji fasteners" uye "zambuko kuvaka mafekitari Union"

Akaumba maindasitiri bourgeoisie. In yayo Kuwedzera vaiva vatengesi guru, aichimbova varimi mutero, Estates varimi. Vakawanda vavo vakagamuchira zvinhu incentives kubva kuhurumende. The capitalist zvebhizimisi ari kushingaira kunge zvinobatanidzwa vatengesi. Paiva bourgeoisie wechiJudha. Nokuda Pale, zvimwe kure muruwa kumaodzanyemba uye vokumadokero mapazi ose European Russia vakanga yakatsvikinyidzana zvavatengesi guta.

Muna 1860, hurumende akasimbisa State Bank. Akava hwaro duku mbiri ino, pasina zvisingabvumirwi nhoroondo capitalism muRussia. It kwakamutsa kuunganidza mari Entrepreneurs. Zvisinei, paiva ezvinhu izvo kudziviswa zvakakomba nekukura guru. Muna 1860-ies. Russia rwakaona "donje nzara", nematambudziko ezvoupfumi kwakaitika muna 1873 uye 1882. Asi kunyange zvakasiyana izvi vasingagoni kumisa kuunganidza.

Kukurudzira kukura capitalism uye maindasitiri munyika, hurumende wakasungwa kutora gwara mercantilism uye protectionism. Shona akaenzanisa Russian mugumo XIX remakore, pamwe France pamusoro Louis XIV, apo kudzivirira zvido mudzimba vaburitsi akasikawo ose ezvinhu kuti kukura manufactures.

paumbwe proletariat

Chero zviratidzo capitalism muRussia Haungatongovi zvaanoreva kana nyika asingadi vaunze munhu dzakazara vanoshanda kirasi. The zvakasimbisa wayo inotungamirwa waiva kwemaindasitiri kwakaita 1850-1880-ies. The proletariat - boka vakasimba capitalist munzanga. mavambo ayo aiva chinokosha mumagakava upenyu Russian Empire. Kuzvarwa kushanda zvavo zvakachinja yose magariro uye enyika zvakarongwa eumambo nyika.

Russian achichinja kubva feudalism kusvikira capitalism, uye nokudaro pakuonekwa proletariat vaiva kunokurumidza uye okunyanyisa kwendangariro. The chaizvo chokuvapo dzavo, uye dzimwe nemamwe zvinhu vavapo nokuda vakasara aimbova kuchengetedza vanhu, vanhu vakaderera hurongwa, landlordism uye kuchinja mutemo wenyika tsarist hurumende.

Munguva kubva 1865 kusvika 1980, ikure proletariat iri fekitari zvekutepfenyura hwenyika vakasvika 65%, mu migodhi - 107%, ari njanji - Zvaifadza 686%. Pakupera ari XIX remakore, paiva vashandi vanenge mamiriyoni 10. Pasina kuongorora paumbwe boka idzva hazvibviri kunzwisisa chii capitalism. Kutsunga ngano rinotipa yakaoma Pfungwa, asi mashoko zvipfupi uye nhamba vaiva kutapwa mamiriyoni nemamiriyoni evanhu, zvachose nzira yake youpenyu. Labor yokutama zvikuru vakawanda kwakaita kuti kuwedzera mumaguta vemo.

Vashandi aivapo muRussia pamberi Industrial Revolution. Vaiva serfs vaishanda vari manufactories, kupfuura inozivikanwa iyo vaiva Ural mabhizimisi. Zvisinei, chikuru tsime kukura kwakanga proletariat idzva kusunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo. Muitiro rokutendeutsa kirasi Kazhinji inorwadza. Vashandi kudare varombo vakadzinga vanhuwo zvavo mabhiza. The kupfuura zvakadzama kushaya vomumusha yaiitwa nechepakati pamativi: Yaroslavl, Moscow, Vladimir, Tver. Nezvahwo, izvi zvakakanganisa kumaodzanyemba inowanzorimwa kumatunhu. Uyewo chiduku kutsauka yaiva Belarus uye Lithuania, kunyange mune agrarian overpopulation. Chimwe gangaidzo ndechokuti maindasitiri nzvimbo vakatsvaka vanhu kubva aro, kwete kubva mapurovhinzi pedyo. Vazhinji zviri paumbwe proletariat munyika akataura pamabasa ake, Vladimir Lenin. "The Development kuti Capitalism muRussia", vakazvipira yacho, akapinda anodhinda muna 1899.

Low mubayiro proletarians Ainyanya chakanangana madiki indasitiri. Zvaiva imomo kuti kurondwa vadzvinyiriri kudzvinyirirwa vashandi. Vashandi vakaedza kuchinja zvinhu izvi zvakaoma uchibatsirwa zvakaoma kudzidzisazve. Varimi aidaro maindasitiri maduku, kuva kure vashandi pamutemo. Pakati izvi Transitional ezvoupfumi siyana mabasa zvaishandiswa.

ano capitalism

Russian pavaipfuura capitalism, chokuita youmambo yaitonga, nhasi unogona chete kuonekwa sechinhu kure uye zvikuru vakanyarara kubva ano nyika. Chikonzero chaiva October Revolution kuti 1917. Vakauya simba, kuti Bolsheviks vakatanga kuvaka gutsaruzhinji uye communism. Capitalism, dzayo chaiyo uye vakasununguka zvebhizimisi rakanga kare.

The kumutsidzirwa kumusika upfumi rava zvichibvira chete pashure pokuwa yeSoviet. Kuchinja kubva akaronga imwe capitalist kugadzirwa raiva unopinza, uye ake chikuru somunhu akava akarurama kuchinja kuma1990. Zvakanga avo vakavaka nheyo ano Russian Federation zvoupfumi.

pakaziviswa mukupera 1991. On yezwi kumusika. Muna December chaiitirwa mutengo mazvake, kwaisanganisirei hyperinflation. Ipapo akatanga vhocha privatization, zvakakodzera kuti kuchinjwa wehurumende pfuma muruoko private maoko. Muna January 1992, iye chirevo pamusoro vakasununguka zvokutengeserana, akazaruka mikana mitsva zvebhizimisi. Nokukurumidza Ruble Soviet yakanga yabviswa, uye kuRussia National mari akambosanganawo default, kuparara kosi uye sangano. Kuenda kuburikidza yemadutu ose kuma1990., The nyika akavaka capitalism itsva. Maiva muna ake mararamiro ano Russian munzanga.