Brinell nzira: zvinhu uye chaizvo

Kuti tizive kwekuoma zvokunyama anowanzodanwa kushandiswa Swedish injiniya Brinell kuvamba - nzira anoyera pamusoro zvivako uye maitiro polymer anopa mimwe simbi.

Kunyatsoongorora zvinhu

Zviri nemhaka ichi kuwanikwa iye zvino zvinofungidzirwa nzira inonyatsobudirira kushanda mapurasitiki. Kwete kukwirira pokuoma mapurasitiki zvakaongororwa elasticity uye softness kushandiswa senzvimbo sealant, Simbiso uye gasket zvinhu. Development Brinell - nzira yokuziva simba uye kuoma kwakaita zvinhu, izvo muchashumira zvakagadzirwa kukosha - ari giya mavhiri uye korona, mabheyaringi pasi mutoro, nezvokuzadziswa Threaded kubatana, etc.

Kunyatsoongorora simba rinopa zvikuru yakarurama nzira iyi. The parameter ukoshi, iyo runotaurwa R1V, hunokosha. The anowanzodanwa kushandiswa ichi chinangwa Brinell kukura - nzira iyo shanu millimeter simbi bhora rikazvisundira kupinda acho. Maererano kudzika bhora indentation uye vagara vandifungira GOST.

nyaya

Muna 1900, imwe injiniya kubva Sweden, Yuhana Avgusta Brinell nzira, iye zvinganaka yose zvinhu sainzi, akaita mukurumbira. Kwete chete akanga akatumidza chokuremekedza muvambi, asiwo kuva inonyanya kushandiswa kwezvipimo.

Chii pokuoma? Ichi kunyanya pfuma mashoko, hatiitirwi mapurasitiki deformation ari kubatana yekwataigara zvazvinoita kunowanzokonzerwa pasi Implementation indektora (yakaoma muviri) kupinda acho.

Vakadzorerwa uye unrestored kusimba

Brinell nzira inobatsira ayere shoma zvakaoma, zvakatemwa kubudikidza nhamba mutoro kuna Vhoriyamu printout, iyo fungidziro nzvimbo kana pamusoro nharaunda. Saka, hasha dzechiso riri volumetric, uye fungidziro pemvura. The yokupedzisira vagara vandifungira nhamba: mutoro kune anodhinda nzvimbo. Bulk pokuoma kunoonekwa mutoro reshiyo kuti vhoriyamu kwayo, uye flat - mutoro kune fungidziro nharaunda, izvo akasiya rupawo.

Unreduced Brinell pokuoma maererano nzira kunorondedzerwa chete parameters, chete akayera ukoshi anova inokosha zvuva simba, nhamba yokuti pamusoro nzvimbo, vhoriyamu kana fungidziro anoratidza midzi mune zvokunyama indektor. Saizvozvowo akaverenga hombe, uye sandara nomumativi neukukutu: nhamba yacho kurwisa simba kuti kana pamusoro nzvimbo kumedzwa chikamu indektora kana kuti nharaunda yayo fungidziro, kana vhoriyamu.

Kutsunga pokuoma

Kugona kudzivisa mapurasitiki uye kwakavharwa nenyama deformation kana pasi mumwe chandagwinyira zvinhu indektora - tsanangudzo zvakaoma, i.e., zviri chokwadi bvunzo mashoko indentation. Nzira kuyera Brinell kwekuoma - nokuyerwa sei zvakadzama indektor rakapinda kupinda acho. Kuti tizive chaiyo kukosha pokuoma kwemashoko, zvakakodzera kuyera kudzama kupinda. Kuti aite izvi, pane nzira Brinell uye Rockwell, Vickers nzira kashoma kushandiswa.

Kana Rockwell nzira zvakananga anosarudza mashoko bead kupinda udzamu kupinda zvinhu, uye Vickers Brinell chiratidzo kunoonekwa kwayo pamusoro nharaunda. Zvakaratidza kuti vanotonyanya indektor iri zvokunyama, rupawo inotengwa nzvimbo yakakura. Pokuoma anogona kuongororwa zvachose chero zvinhu: zvicherwa, nesimbi, mapurasitiki uye zvakafanana, asi akatsunga nokuda kwoukukutu neimwe pachake nzira yayo.

How kutsvaka nzira

Nzira Kutsunga Brinell pokuoma zvikuru wakanaka inhomogeneous zvinhu, alloys, izvo vasiri kuoma. Kwete chete rudzi zvinhu anosarudza nzira yakayerwa, asi vari pachavo kuti parameters kuti kutsunga. Pokuoma kunoyerwa sezvo alloys kunge neavhareji sezvo pamwe zvinhu aine unhu hwakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, simbi. Ane inhomogeneous chaizvo chimiro, pane zviripo cementite, graphite, perlite, ferrite, uye saka akayera kwekuoma kukandira simbi - neavhareji kukosha, chibvumirano pokuoma dzose zvinoriumba.

Kuyerwa kuhukukutu hwemwoyo nesimbi maererano Brinell nzira rinoitwa kushandisa indektora guru kuroverera akatendeuka ari hombe mharidzo nzvimbo. Saka vakakanda simbi uye anogona kugadzirira pasi izvi mamiriro kukosha kuti avhareji zhinji uye zvakasiyana maitikiro. Nzira iyi zvakanaka chaizvo kana akayera pokuoma alloys - simbi, nonferrous simbi, mhangura, aruminiyamu uye zvakafanana. Zvakarurama kwazvo, nzira iyi inoratidza kukosha kuhukukutu hwemwoyo mapurasitiki.

Rockwell vs.

Zvakanaka kuti zvakaoma uye superhard simbi uye neukukutu kunoguma kukosha iri paavhareji. Indektorom ari simbi bhora kana cône, asi vamwe pane izvi rinoshandiswa, nedhaimani chepiramidhi. The zvakakanganwika mashoko sezvo akayera neDare Rockwell nzira iri kuwana guru uye pokuoma nhamba maitikiro siyana neavhareji.

Brinell Rockwell chikero uye vakasiyana pfungwa: mune yaimbova mugumisiro anoratidzwa sezvo quotient pashure kugovera simba kudzvanya pemvura anodhinda nzvimbo, asi Rockwell anoti nhamba iri kupinda kudzika pamwero chikwata kuti tambo udzamu. Ndicho chikonzero Rockwell kuwoma zvachose dimensionless, uye HB zvakajeka akayera mu makirogiramu muzana mativi millimeter.

Vickers pokuoma bvunzo

Kana mharidzo hapandiringani kana zvakafanira kuyerwa kuramba duku pane kukosha indektora chavangayeukwa kuti kuyera kwekuoma Rockwell kana Brinell zvakaoma, zvakakodzera kushandisa microhardness unyanzvi, ramakagadzwa akakurumbira zvikuru - Vickers. Indektorom ndiye nedhaimani Pyramid, asi rupawo anoongororwa uye akayera nevanhu Manyiminya hurongwa, rakafanana maikorosikopu. Ngazvizikamwe kune neavhareji kwakatarwa, zvakare, asi kuoma rinowanikwa pana munzvimbo duku zvikuru.

Kana rapanzvimbo chinhu kuti kuyerwa zvikuru diki, rinoshandisa Micro Durometer, kuita chiratidzo pachako zviyo, danho, layer uye indentation mutoro inogona kusarudzwa tisingatungamirirwi. Metallography ambotirega kushandisa nzira iyi uye kuona pokuoma uye microhardness chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi uye zvinhu nesayenzi saizvozvo kunotema pokuoma uye microhardness pamusoro nonmetallic zvinhu.

siyana

Kune zvitatu neeSultan kuti kuyera kwekuoma. The makro siyana nokudzorwa mutoro ukoshi kubva 2 N 30 kN. Microrange rinokutadzisa kwete chete mutoro pamusoro indektor, asiwo kudzama kupinda. Chokutanga ukoshi idukusa 2 N, uye wechipiri - kupfuura 0.2 microns. The nanoscale yaidzorwa chete nokudzama kwakaita kupinda indektora - asingasviki 0.2 microns. Mugumisiro anopa nanotvordost zvinhu.

Kuyerwa parameters unotsamira zvikurukuru pamusoro mutoro kuti rinoshandiswa indektoru. nedoro iri Aitondiitira rinokosha zita - saizi sei Chirungu - indentation kukura kwepasi. Size ringaitei totsunga fomu indektora. Idenderedzwa - pokuoma inowedzera muwanze mutoro, saka, kukura kwepasi kunopesana. Vickers Pyramid Berkovich kana kunoderedza pokuoma muwanze mutoro (pano, zvakajairika kana twasu-dimensional mugumisiro). The cône-bhora, rinoshandiswa nokuda Rockwell scale, inoratidza kuti kuwedzera muna mutoro anowedzera pokuoma wokutanga, uye ipapo okusuma ari idenderedzwa mugove ipfupi.

Zvinhu uye nzira yakayerwa

Most zvakaoma nhasi kubva huripo zvinhu - maviri kabhoni shanduro: lonsdalite hafu nedhaimani iri vachipfuma zvakaoma, uyewo fullerenes runopfuura nedhaimani kaviri. Kushanda izvi zvinhu kwave chete uchangotanga, uye apo zvikuru wakajairika chakaomesesa nedhaimani. Uchibatsirwa ake, uine hasha dzechiso simbi dzose.

Nzira dzekufambisa Kutsunga (akakurumbira zvikuru) kunge pamusoro apa, asi kunzwisisa unhu hwavo uye kudiwa funga zvimwe, izvo zvinogona rakakamurwa simba, kureva kurohwa nehana uye kunofambira mberi, izvo kare zvakurukurwa. chipimo nzira anonziwo chikero. Zvinofanira akayeuka kuti chinonyanya akakurumbira chichiri Brinell pamwero, hasha dzechiso uko kunoonekwa kuburikidza dhayamita pamusoro indentation, iyo anobva simbi bhora rikazvisundira kupinda pechiso zvinhu.

Kutsunga pokuoma

Brinell nzira (GOST 9012-59) anobvumira kuti vanyore pokuoma nhamba pasina zviyero, kureva ayo HB, apo H - pokuoma (zvakaoma), uye B - chaizvoizvo Brinell. anodhinda nzvimbo kunoyerwa sezvo chikamu rinosvika pane dzeraundi makavharidzira nzvimbo, anoita kuwanda Meyer sezvo somuenzaniso. Rockwell chikero zvakasiyana kuti ukuru tsananguro Logged mu bhora kana cône zvinhu kwekuoma nedhaimani inotengwa dimensionless. Zvinonzi akasarudzwa HRA, HRC, HRB, kana HR. Formula nokuti pakuverenga kwekuoma riri sezvinotevera: HR = 100 (130) - kd. Pano D ndiko kudzika embedment, uye k - chikonzero.

Vickers pokuoma inogona pakutsvaga nzira yacho rupawo kusiiwa tetrahedral Pyramid rikazvisundira kupinda pamusoro zvinhu pachinhu mutoro kuti yaiiswa chepiramidhi. Print nzvimbo - kwete nedhaimani, uye chikamu pachivara chepiramidhi. Vickers divi dzinofanira kuzokurukurwa sezvo Madzimabo por mm ^2, runotaurwa chikwata HV. Panewo nzira kuyera Shore (indentation), kazhinji kushandiswa Polymers uye ane gumi chipimo chikero. Shore Asker zvakakodzera pamwero (Japan shanduro kuti nyoro uye kwakavharwa nenyama zvinhu) akanyatsojeka akafanana yapfuura nzira, chete parameters pakati tambo mudziyo akasiyana uye kushandisa dzakasiyana indektory. Imwe nzira Shore - dauka - kune mukuru-modulus kuti chaizvo zvinhu. Zvinogona vakagumisa kuti zvose nzira kuyera pokuoma kwemashoko, yakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri - aishingaira uye kunofambira mberi.

Instruments nematurusi

Mano kuti Kutsunga zvakaoma rinonzi tvordomerami, ichi nekuyera chokushandisa. Kuedza siyana nezvinhu pamusoro chinhu, saka nzira inogona kuparadza uye haina kuparadzwa. Pakati zvose pachikero izvi handina zvakananga ukama, sezvo hapana nzira hazviratidzi chikuru ehupfumi kwemashoko zvawo.

Asi Akavaka zvakakwana paiva tafura, apo vakasungwa pamwero uye nzira dzakasiyana Mapato nezvinhu uye mapoka avo nomumwe. Kuumba matafura izvi zvakaitwa kuti pashure dzakatevedzana kuedza uye miedzo. Zvisinei, pfungwa iyo raizoita mumwe computational nzira kuti ufambe kubva nzira kune mumwe haako. The chaiyo nzira iro pokuoma akatsunga Kazhinji kusarudzwa inobva iripo zvokushandisa, kuyera mabasa mamiriro nezvazvo, uye chokwadi, iyo nzvimbo acho.