Asidhi munyu

Kana asidhi mumwe kana rehydrogen maatomu zvose kuchiiswa neimwe nokuo- nga, nenhumbi makemikari kwakadaro inonzi munyu. Metal kana boka Ammonium mune morekuru nguva dzose ane zvakanaka oxidation mamiriro uye vanonzi cations. Acid vakasara anonzi anion. munyu All akaumbwa nesimbi kuti ndezvaMwari Group Ia periodic table, muri soluble. Panyaya munyu vakaumba IIa boka nesimbi, solubility yavo dzinosiyana.

Pane svikiro, kana vose hydrogen Morekuru iri polybasic asidhi iri kuchiiswa neimwe nokuo- nga, uyewo asidhi munyu, kana, kuwedzera simbi cations kana Ammonium aripo ane chokwadi mhosva rehydrogen. Somuenzaniso, zvakajairika munyu zvinogona akanyorwa:

- magnesium sulfate MgSO4;

- aruminiyamu sulphate Al2 (SO4) 3;

- Ammonium phosphate (NH4) 3PO4;

- yavaibvisa carbonate Na2CO3.

Dissociation of munyu svikiro ndepana zvakanaka simbi cations uye kunaka anions asidhi vakasara. Rokuti paavhareji munyu kunobva imwe asidhi uye mazita ayo dzichiumbwa nokuo- nga.

Acid munyu vari inoumbwa ne haasaruri kuzvitsinhanisa rehydrogen pamusoro resimbi kana Ammonium boka. Saka, havana ine resimbi, rehydrogen uye iine acid vakasara. inotungamirwa wavo zvinogoneka chete polybasic acids. Mienzaniso yeimwe dzakadaro:

- yavaibvisa rehydrogen carbonate NaHCO3;

- yavaibvisa dihydrogenphosphate NaH2PO4;

- yavaibvisa hydrogenphosphate Na2HPO4;

- potassium rehydrogen sulfate KHSO4.

In zvavo varipo zita chivakashure "hydro" (kana mumwe unsubstituted rehydrogen nokuo- nga) kana "dihydro" (kana pane vaviri unsubstituted rehydrogen cations).

The aqueous zvingaitwa kuti asidhi munyu vari dissociated kune akaipa anions muchimiro anions, uyewo mbiri mhando zvakanaka cations (simbi ions uye rehydrogen): NaHSO4 ↔ Na + + H + + SO4ˉ ˉ. Hydrolysis acidic munyu akaumbwa simba acids, aqueous svikiro ane ph zvishoma pane 7, saka zita munyu izvi. The hydrolysis pamusoro asidhi munyu zvinobva simba acids (semuenzaniso, rehydrogen), mushonga uri divi kana alkaline, i.e. munhu ph vanenge 7.

Kana avhareji munyu anogona kuwanikwa somugumisiro nekuita pamusoro simbi pamwe acid, uye dzimwe nzira, kugadzirira asidhi munyu inobva maitiro ane nekumwisa:

• munhu polybasic asidhi neavhareji munyu. Saka kuwana yavaibvisa hydrogensulfate: H2SO4 + Na2SO4 → 2NaHSO4, mvura soluble diammonium phosphate (NH4) 2HPO4: H3PO4 + 2NH3 → (NH4) 2HPO4 kana karusiyamu carbonate: CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O → Ca (HCO3) 2;

• munhu polybasic asidhi ane alkali. Somuenzaniso, pana okutambirwa dihydrogen ndiyo barium maitiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: 2H3PO4 + Ba (OH) 2 → Ba (H2PO4) 2 + 2H2O. Kufurira alkali asidhi munyu, sezvo vari zvibereko kukwana neutralization anogona kuwana mukuru munyu zvakare;

• acidic oxide pamwe alkali vakawana saka karusiyamu carbonate: 2CO2 + Ca (OH) 2 → Ca (HCO3) 2.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti Mahydrocarbon havapo vari okunze, rakatarira kurutivi rworudyi muna Periodic Table Mapoka IIa, uye Mahydrocarbon yakasimba vari vakawana chete nokuti boka Ia zvinhu.

Munyu zvinowanzodavirwa rinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri siyana, asi vamwe mukuru mirayiridzo yavo kushandiswa hakusi zvose nomumwe. Kushanda ichi mhando yomunyu kunobva ehupfumi kwemakemikari yeimwe uye vagara vandifungira upfumi feasibility.

Saka, Somuenzaniso, Ammonium hydrogenphosphate (NH4) 2HPO4 yaishandiswa phosphorus-Ammonium kunzwisisa fetiraiza mune zvokurima. Uyezve, remubatanidzwa ichi rinoshandiswa mukurwa kumabvazuva: moto dziviriro ivo ironge hurongwa siyana. Uyewo, (NH4) 2HPO4 anoshandiswa sezvo yokuvirisa kubudisa vamwe mamakisi yefodya.

Yavaibvisa hydrosulfite NaHSO3 akashandiswa bleaching dzakasiyana zvinhu uye mifananidzo.

Karusiyamu bisulfite Ca (HSO3) 2 inokosha mbishi mashoko kugadzirwa cellulose kubva huni.

Bisulfites kuti vari acidic munyu pamusoro sulfurous acid, H2SO3, chikamu zvinodhaka epinephrine, uye zvinoshandiswa ezvinhu zvipenyu.

Hydrogensulfates KHSO4 uye NaHSO4 yavaibvisa potassium anoshandiswa senzira zvinoyerera isiri ferrous simbi.

Yavaibvisa hydrogencarbonate NaHCO3 - fuma, vakawanda anozivikanwa iine acid Kuwedzera munyu. kusunungurwa kwake Sterlitamak (kambani "Inoue") maererano nokurondedzerwa kusimuka GOST 2156-76. Yavaibvisa bicarbonate rinoshandiswa zvokudya, zvemakemikari uye mishonga Mazinga, mune zvokurapa uye muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.