Alexander Solzhenitsyn: biography uye zvisikwa

Alexander Solzhenitsyn akaberekwa musi waDecember 11, 1918 muKislovodsk. Solzhenitsyn akadzidza zvakanyatsojeka, asi iyo yose yefilological principle maari yakanga yakasimba kudarika masvomhu imwe. Muna 1939 akapinda muMoscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature uye History. Gore rino rakanyorerwa Alexander Isaevich uye chimwe chiitiko - kuroorana na NA. The lattice. Izvo zvakashata 1941 zvakauya. Solzhenitsyn anoda chaizvo, asi pakuunganidza kunopinda mumushure wekare. Yakazouya mutsva - uye akatumira kuchikoro chezvombo muKostroma, mushure mekunge Alexander muna 1942, pakupedzisira, anotanga kusvika mberi.

Solzhenitsyn akazvisimbisa iye pachake mberi, kwete pasina chikonzero chakamupa iye Mutemo weHondo yePatriotic uye Red Star uye kukurudzirwa muhutano. Basa remauto emunyori rinogona kubudirira zvikuru, kana kwete nokuda kwe "freethinking". Muchirimo cha1945, Alexander Isayevich akasungwa uye akatongerwa makore 8 emisasa yevasungwa yakamanikidzwa. Muna May 1950, Solzhenitsyn aifanira kuchinja hurumende ine hunyoro yezvivako zvakasarudzwa kune imwe nguva yakaoma yemusasa chaiwo muKazakhstan. Aya aiva mapepa akaoma zvikuru mumusasa wemusasa wekamberi Nobel laureate. Mukuwedzera kune zvose muna 1951, mudzimai akaudza Solzhenitsyn nezvekurambana naye uye nezvemhuri yake itsva. Gore rakatevera akabatwa nechirwere chinotyisa-kenza. Mishonga yevanhu, kuda uye nyota yeupenyu inokunda chirwere ichi, uye iye kwekanguva akadzoka. Pakuguma kwemutongo uyu, Solzhenitsyn akatumirwa kuusungwa nekusingaperi mumusha weKazakh, kwaakabvumirwa kuenda kuchikoro chesekondari nekushaya vadzidzisi.

Muna 1956 Solzhenitsyn akanga achigadziriswa neDare Repamusorosoro. Anosiya nzvimbo yekutapwa uye anorongerwa nemudzidzisi mune imwe yemisha yeVladimir, iyo inotora imwe imba neyemumwe mukadzi akwegura, Matryena Zakharova. Upenyu hwake huzere nematambudziko uye kufa kunotyisa kwakagadzira hwaro hwechikamu che nyaya "Matrenin Dvor". Pasina nguva Solzhenitsyn akakwanisa kuenda kuRyazan ndokuwana basa kuchikoro. Pamusana pekusununguka, chido chekugadzirwa kwekamangwana kaNobel chinowedzera chete. Anoshanda pane zvinyorwa "MuChirungu Chekutanga" uye "Rimwe Zuva Muhupenyu hwaIvan Denisovich." Ikokupedzisira inonamoni inoreva zvinoratidza chimiro chikuru chekambani, iyo yakatsanangura hupenyu hweSUSS yose. Pakuzorora kwekubudirira kwekutanga, Solzhenitsyn akakwanisa kuparidzira mamwe mabasa maduku mashoma muNovy Mir, asi Cancer Corps, yakagamuchirwa nemagazini, haina kumboona chiedza chemakore akawanda. Uye ipapo Solzhenitsyn anoisa pfungwa pane basa riri mubasa rake guru, rakatanga muna 1959, Gulag Archipelago.

Mu "Archipelago" Solzhenitsyn Alexander anonyora nhoroondo yekusika kwemisasa yakawanda uye humwe hunhu hwekushanda kwavo, anorondedzera pamusoro pezvinangwa zvevanhu, nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero kana chimwe, uye kazhinji-pasina zvikonzero izvo zvakawira muguyo reSoviet "ruramisiro", rinotsvaga zvinhu zvose zveupenyu hwemusasa nemafambiro . Iri bhuku rakasikwa pachishandiswa nyaya uye tsamba dzezvakadzvinyirirwa uye zvehupenyu hwemunyori.

Muna 1969, Solzhenitsyn akadzingwa kubva kuVanyori veUnyori, mutsara wacho akatanga kutotambudza pachena. Kutambudzwa kwezviremera kunongowedzera simba raSolzhenitsyn rakapoteredza nyika, uye muna 1970 akapiwa mubayiro weNobel, iyo iye, saBeris Pasternak, asina kubvumirwa kupinda muStockholm.

Kwenguva yakati Solzhenitsyn aigara muGermany, ipapo muSwitzerland, uye kubva muna 1976 kusvika muna 1994 - muAmerica. Mumakore ake muAmerica, Solzhenitsyn akadzoka kakawanda muhurukuro, achibata matambudziko ezvematongerwe enyika muUSSR uye kumavirira.

Muna 1994, Solzhenitsyn akadzokera kunyika yekwake ndokugara kuMoscow, achienderera kushanda nesimba. Uye kwemakore ose aya mubatsiri wake asingakusiki kune munyori mune zvose zvaakaita ndiye waiva wechipiri mudzimai, ND. Svetlova, uyo aive mutariri wekubudisa nekunyora nyaya dzehurongwa.

Mukuona kwezvakanaka zveSolzhenitsyn mukurwisana kwemasimba evanhu uye panguva yechiitiko chake chekuberekwa kwemazana makumi masere, munyori akapiwa Mutemo weSt. Andrew muna 1998, asi akaramba kumubvuma mumamiriro ezvinhu emamiriro ezvematongerwe enyika uye ehupfumi munyika.

Iyo yekupedzisira basa guru raSolzhenitsyn nderimwe chiitiko chekudzidzisa "makore makumi maviri pamwe chete". Iyo inoongorora basa uye nzvimbo yevaJudha munhoroondo yeRussia nyika. Pasinei nechido chemuvambi wekutarisira, bhuku iri rakavhiringidza hupenyu hwakanaka.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn akafa musi waAugust 3, 2008 kubva pakunetseka kwemoyo.

"Rimwe Zuva raIvan Denisovich"

Nhau. Yakanyorwa muna 1959, yakabudiswa naT AT Twardowski mumagazini "New World" (1962). Kutendeukira kumusasa wekambani, unotaurirwa zvisingatauriki naiye-mutori wenhau, Solzhenitsyn akatanga kukwidza nyaya iyi kumwero wepamusoro ekugadzirwa kwemashoko uye kududzirwa kwakadaro, izvo zvakaparadza mafungiro ekufungidzira panguva iyoyo. Solzhenitsyn akaratidza kuti kudzvinyirirwa kweStalinist hakusi kuipa kwechishuwo chekuda uye hakusi kudzoka kubva kuhutungamiri hwevanhu, asi chinangwa chemuitiro, icho chinonyanya kudzvinyirira uye chisina kunaka. Icho chirevo chakabva mukutsanangurwa kwekuguma kwevarimi veIvan Denisovich Shukhov, vakarondedzerwa munyaya yekuguma kweupenyu hwemusasa. Nhau yacho izere nekurwadziwa kwekutambudzwa kwevanhu, tsitsi kune avo vasina mhosva, ruremekedzo kune avo avo, saIvan Denisovich, vari shure kwetambo yakagadzirwa, vakakwanisa kuchengetedza unhu hunhu hwevanhu. Zvose izvi "Rimwe zuva raIvan Denisovich" rakagadziridza mupfungwa dzemamiriyoni evanhu vomunharaunda.

Matrenin yard

Nhau. Yakanyorwa muna 1959, yakatanga kubudiswa mu "Nyika Itsva" muna 1963. Zita remuubhuku - "Hazvifanirwi nemusha usina munhu wakarurama." Pakati pezvakanyorwa ndeyemufananidzo wemudzimai wekunyika Matryona, uyo ane njodzi inorondedzerwa kunze kwemufananidzo wemusha unofa. Pamwe chete naA FA rrvvv inovhura, basa iri rakagara rafananidza nzira ye "prose village".

"Gulag Archipelago"

Documentary uye basa rokugadzira. Yakanyorwa muna 1958-1967, yakatanga kubudiswa kuWest muna 1973, muRussia chete muna 1989. Mariri, Solzhenitsyn akapfupikisa huzhinji hwehupupuriro uye zvisati zvaitika zvisingazivikanwi zvenhoroondo zvakabatana nezvematongerwo enyika zveSoviet era uye yakabudiswa naStal "kutyisa kukuru". "Gulag Archipelago" ibhuku rinotaura nezvevanouraya uye vanotambudzwa, pamusoro pemhosva dzehurumende yevaKomonisiti, iyo yakashandura nyika kuva musasa mukuru wevasungwa. Yaiva nemigumisiro ine simba munyika yose yevanhu uye yakabvisa mafungiro pamusoro pevepias zvekushungurudzika uye communism, iyo yakazosvikira kuma1970 yakakurumbira zvikuru pakati pevadzidzi vekuMadokero.