India Mu Xvi Century: In Internal Structure

Mapoka maviri eboka rekutonga akaumbwa mukati mawo maviri majojo evanhu vemuhurumende, mumwe nomumwe ane hupfumi hwake, mumaguta uye kumaruwa. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinosangana pakati peguta neguta zvaivepo, asi hazvina kutora basa rinogadzirisa muhukama hwavo. Iyo huru yevanhu vomuguta (15-20%), iyo yakave yevatengesi, vatengesi vemari, vanogadzira mashizha, madzishe eheudal, mauto, vashumiri uye lumpens, vakanga vasingakwanisi kuwana zvokudya zvavaida pamigwagwa yekutengeserana chete.

Zviyo nemimwe michina yakabatwa mumusha mune mutsa, uye yakatengeswa nemubatsiri wevatengesi vese kana kuenda kunzvimbo yekuchengetera mabhuku - vanhu kana vega. Zvikwata hazvina kushandisa zvigadzirwa zvakaenda kune vazaar. Kushandiswa kwavo kwaive nemiti yakagadzirwa mumapurazi avo emumaguta kana kuti yakatengeswa nevatengesi vakatendeka. Kugadzirwa kwemaoko kweguta kwakagadzirirwa kwete kumusha, asi kutanga kweguta racho-rayo, ravakidzani kana riri kure. Muchikamu chekupedzisira, kushambadzira kwezvinhu zvekuguta kunogona kunzi kunze.

India Muzana re Xvi Century: mukati mechimiro.
Dzimba dzomumaruwa (vagari venyika vasina basa, varimi veminda-varimi, varimi vasina nyika yavo, vashandi vasina maturo, vashumiri, vatengesi, vanogadzira zvemhizha) vainyanya kuvimba nesimba ravo pachavo. Ihu hukama hwezvehupfumi pakati pezvigadzirwa nehuri hwakavakwa maererano nehurongwa huri mumabhuku emazuva ano ehuwandu hwainzi jajmani, kureva musha kana boka remisha yakawana unyanzvi wezvakadiwa zvakasungirwa, akamusunga nezvisungo zvekubatana, akamupa chivimbo mune chimwe chikafu chechingwa uye akagashira mukudzorera basa rinoenderana nemashiripiti Muchidimbu chakanaka.

Ihwo hukama humwe jajmani - hukama hwekugadziriswa, kwete yekutengeserana kwemashumiro - hwakazara zvimwe zvikamu zvehupenyu: hurimi, hutano hwevanhu, hukama hwechitendero.

Kuchinja mumari yakakosha yekushanda kwekurima kwekurima kwaive kuwanikawo nemisika yemumusha, vashandi nevatengesi vashoma munharaunda yese yemuguta, uye pakupedzisira nekutenga zvibereko zvinokosha pamudzi. Iyi yero yekutengesa, kusiya kusimba hwaro hwehukama hwezvemari, hwakagara huri nemazana emakore, uye hwakanga husingaoneki kuti hunoita kuti kuchinja mune zvemari mumusha.

Zviri pachena kuti chikonzero chikuru chekusimudzirwa kwekugadzirisa kwekodzero kwaiva mutero wakatora kubva kumusha mari yose yaigona kubatsira michero yayo. Asi pane zvimwe zvikonzero zvakare zvakakanganisa izvi. Kurongeka kwemagariro emumusha pamwe chete (hutungamiri hwemagariro ehupenyu hwemararamiro evanhu uye zvirevo zvevanhu vemagariro evanhu) zvakakanganisa kusimbiswa kwezvido uye kunogadzirisa kukura kwezvose zviripo uye mari uye, nokudaro, kutengesa.

India Muzana re Xvi Century: mukati mechimiro.