Africa nezvetsika pachinhu mamwe makondinendi uye nyanza, zvitsuwa, bays, yakaoma. Ndezvipi zvinhu nzvimbo yomugariro Africa?

Africa - mukondinendi iyoyo ndiyo yechipiri chete kuna Eurasia. Equator inopfuura kuvira pakati chikamu. nzvimbo Africa mune ukama nedzimwe makondinendi ndiyo kufarira zvechokwadi. A kondinendi zvachose, ane kusara shoma, muwisira nzvimbo pakati kuchamhembe uye kumaodzanyemba dzinopisa.

Description of kondinendi

Geography zvidzidzo kuchikoro vadzidzi giredhi 7th kuwana basa, "Rondedzera African nzvimbo pachinhu mamwe makondinendi." Kuita izvozvo kunogona kutanga zvinotevera tsananguro. Continent okumavirira mumakungwa akawanda uye nyanza. West Coast kuna Atlantic, iri kumaodzanyemba nokumabvazuva - kusvikira Indian Ocean, kuchamhembe - kuti Mediterranean uye kuchamhembe-mabvazuva - Gungwa Dzvuku. Africa anova venyika, kana isu kuwedzera yakaoma zviwi pedyo. It anopindura 6% pakati pemvura Nyika uye 20% yenyika nzvimbo.

Kubva rwezasi, kumabvazuva nokumavirira rinoguma kondinendi Headlands. It Agulhas, Almadies uye hafun azvaitwa. Voenda nechokumusoro Ras mwanakomana Sakka akapa. The kondinendi haagoni kuzvirumbidza vakawanda zvitsuwa. Kupfuura nomukurumbira uye pakukura kwavo - Madagascar. Sezvineiwo nzvimbo Africa mune ukama nedzimwe makondinendi uye nyanza, zvitsuwa, bays, yakaoma.

Somali kweItari iri kumhenderekedzo yokumabvazuva, wedging kupinda Indian Ocean. Gulf kuGuinea anotyora anotsvedzerera contours ari kumadokero mhenderekedzo yegungwa. Upamhi kuchamhembe hafu kondinendi iri 7.5 thous. Km, pane bays dzakawanda. Pasherufu chepakarepo hapana bhengi zvakakwirira, magumo breakage. Serious kudzika uye surfs simba kuti kuvakwa zviteshi uye midziyo pedyo zvikuru rakaoma.

ReMediterranean Gungwa Dzvuku - muganhu pakati Africa uye Eurasia chaivo. Natural uye okunze kuchamhembe chikamu kondinendi nowenyika wokumaodzanyemba kweEurope uye kumadokero Asia. Gibraltar rakamanikana makubhiti 14 km - chipingamupinyi pakati Old World uye Africa. NeSuez Isthmus unobva yakaoma pamwe Asia. In XIX remakore pashure zvakanga akachera mugero kwemutemo ngarava. Achitevedza African pamhenderekedzo zvinokosha zvebhizimisi waterways the Old World muAustralia uye Asia.

Mamiriro ezvinhu Africa uye Australia pachinhu mamwe makondinendi

Kumaodzanyemba makondinendi dzinowanikwa zvinhu nenzvimbo chinzvimbo, izvo zvakakanganisa dzinongoitika uye okunze. The chikuru nzvimbo Africa uye Australia vari pedyo neequator, saka pamusoro wavo anodonhedza yakawanda zuva mwaranzi. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti uwandu kupisa zvaitambidzwa pasi, rinenge haachinji mumwedzi siyana.

Kumaodzanyemba makondinendi vane simba mumuviri zvisungo nemumwe uye nedzimwe makondinendi. An kunze ndiye Africa, iyo zvakajeka machira kuti kondinendi Eurasian. Australia haana munda kutaurirana nevamwe makondinendi kubva pakati Mesozoic. Mazuva ano, pakati makondinendi iri kushanda hapana kupanana vamiririri mhuka uye chirimwa nyika. Africa nenzvimbo chinzvimbo pachinhu mamwe makondinendi kubvumira kasvisto uye fauna of kufamba zvakasununguka mberi. Nature of muArabhia Peninsula uye Sahara uye Atlas nharaunda uye egungwa ane zvakafanana zviri reMediterranean.

Australian yakaoma chose muridzi ne Southern Hemisphere. Northern muromo aiwanzopiwa wokushanda pamwe inodziya makungwa. archipelagos Pacific Impact simba, iyo kudzivirira kondinendi kubva kumabvazuva. Chimwe wokumaodzanyemba makondinendi, Australia unonyanya yoga. Chokwadi ichi ane simba kukanganisa vemo kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka.

Africa uye nyanza

Zvinhu zvine chokuita nedzimwe makondinendi Africa rinogona kuzivikanwa sezvinotevera:

• Western kumugumo uchikurukura inotonhora nzizi.
• Kumhenderekedzo yokumabvazuva iri pasi pokudzora inodziya mvura makore.
• The kumugumo wokumaodzanyemba okumavirira simba dzenzvimbo kumavirira mhepo iri rakanaka kuchitonhorera.

Izvi zvinhu zvinoitwa nevanhu vose kumaodzanyemba makondinendi Chokwadi, vamwe yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita. Zvinotevera parameters dzakananga kuti kondinendi African:

• Zvinowanikwa chaipo pakati neequator. Southern uye kuchamhembe Mahombekombe ndiwo anenge akangofanana nekufara.
• Northern kuguma kufurirwa muGungwa reMediterranean, izvi zvinoratidzwa yezvakaita akapoteredza nzvimbo kondinendi.
• Africa - mumwe wokwako ari kondinendi Eurasian uye ane zvakafanana pamwe South-West Asia.
• Just mumwe kumaodzanyemba makondinendi akawanda iri kuchamhembe hemisphere. Uyu Africa.

Kukura uye chimiro

Tichitarisa chinzvimbo Africa mune ukama nedzimwe makondinendi uye nyanza, tisingatauri zvitarisiko ayo uye hukuru. The pose nzvimbo kondinendi iri mamiriyoni 29.2 makiromita ^2, iyo iri pamusoro hafu Eurasian.

Form anotevera mitemo yakaoma, zvinozivikanwa zvose makondinendi panyika:

• Nechekuchamhembe kupfuura zvakawanda uye kumaodzanyemba - rakamanikana.
• The Kudeuka upamhi - yakaderera latitudes.

Equatorial, dzinopisa uye zvenguva okunze mapazi rinofukidza anenge 85% kubva munharaunda yeAfrica. Izvi ndizvo zviri makondinendi zviri kumaodzanyemba. Northern makondinendi vane 20 chete% nzvimbo idzi.

Mhenderekedzo yegungwa

On chii kondinendi asingadi nayo, haagoni kuita pasina kudoma rondedzero nenzvimbo zvivako zviri kumiganhu huru mamiriro ezvinhu. Africa hakuna anosara. Kana tikaenzanisa ukuru roughness dzakasiyana Zvekare zvimiro zvemhashu zvakaita makondinendi (nhamba nzvimbo mundima inogarwa yakakura peninsulas, kune vamwe pose kondinendi), tinowana mufananidzo zvinotevera:

• 1:99 - African.
• 1:50 - South American.
• 1: 4 - Australian.
• 1: 3 - asi Eurasian uye North America.

Kazhinji, makondinendi dziri kumaodzanyemba latitudes, kuva nhamba duku zvikuru makuru peninsulas.

The kudzidza kondinendi

Africa nokushingaira kudzidza panguva pakuguma XVIII remakore, apo vaongorori Western aida kuwana zvinotisimbisa idzva chicherwa zvinhu zvakasikwa. Nhamba huru nzendo rakarongwa mukati kondinendi. Zvakange vakadzidza pamusoro, uye ipapo pakati uchingodzikira kunosvika ose. Niger. Vafambi akayambuka Sahara.

Pashure kudzidza izvi zvinomuita kumaodzanyemba kondinendi African. Kudzidzwa p. Limpopo. masayendisiti Russian munyaya rwendo rondedzero mutero of Blue Nile. Zvishoma nezvishoma yakaratidza itsva makungwa, makomo, nzizi vakadzidza. Mumwe migumisiro chidzidzo pakupera XIX remakore aiva kuongorora enzizi: muCongo, Nile, Zambezi uye Niger. Pakutanga rakatevera remakore haizi pachitsuwa akawana kukosha deposits pakati zviwanikwa.

rubatsiro

Kuzorodzwa uye nzvimbo Africa mune ukama nedzimwe makondinendi Pasi - mugumisiro nhau kukura yacho. The pemvura iye ndiye chaiyo. Nharaunda huru inogarwa mumapani nenzvimbo dzakakwirira, riri panzvimbo kukwira pamusoro 200-1000 M pamusoro pegungwa. Pamapani munzvimbo shoma. The kupfuura inozivikanwa kwemupata - vokumabvazuva uye South Africa. The vanomutswa nzvimbo chinjana zvanza (Kalahari Congo etc.).

Tectonic nhoroondo yacho

Ndezvipi nenzvimbo chinzvimbo Africa yaro dzakaitika kukura? Hwaro huru pakati muArabhiya-African papuratifomu, ndiyo zvikuru kare. It yakaumbwa somugumisiro vanorambana pakati Gondwana, yakabuda Archean-Proterozoic. In mashoma bhiriyoni makore kuchikuva yava nemishonga. Northern Atlas Mountains uye Southern Cape vakaumba zvikuru paya.

Giant kuchikuva vakatambura nguva kwakadzikira uye subsidence. Northern muromo kanoverengeka ari pazasi pegungwa. Mujinga crystalline mabwe sedimentary akaturikidzana. Uyezve kumaodzanyemba, ari pakati Sahara, nheyo kusvikira pamusoro.

Pemvura kumabvazuva uye kumaodzanyemba kondinendi African rakaumbwa nenzira yakasiyana: nemakwati kazhinji ndichifumira uye hwatsvuka. Vari pakuvonekwa uye kushanda anoputika. Munzvimbo idzi, - a muzvizhinji mapani vakaumba dhaka Rwako. Grabens akazara mvura uye akashandura gungwa. Volcanic basa uye chakamira pakunodengenyeka zvine cortex vakachengeta kudaro kure. Vagadzirisane mapazi vari anoputika, pakati pavo - Kilimanjaro. Ndicho yakakwirira huru, izvo zvakaenzana 5895 mamita.

zvicherwa

Ndezvipi nenzvimbo chinzvimbo Africa uye chicherwa reserves? The kondinendi ine akapfuma akagadzirwa minda, zvakawanda zvacho pakati pakukura munyika.

Mhangura zvicherwa - goridhe, simbi, mhangura, zingi, etc. -. Hakusi wekare nheyo papuratifomu. Inoitwa zvinotevera matombo: igneous uye metamorphic. Vakapfuma deposits kuripo kumaodzanyemba uye nechokumabvazuva kumatunhu yacho. Gold kwakachengetwa Africa anotungamirira uye mhangura rakava wechipiri munyika.

Diamonds - mumwe pfuma kondinendi. Mabwe aya anoshandiswa kwete chete mune zvishongo asi sezvo chakaomesesa zvinhu munyika. Africa inopa ½ venyika kwemangoda kudiwa. The deposits amabwe ichi inowanikwa Southwest uye nechepakati dziri kondinendi.

Climate

nzvimbo Africa mune ukama nedzimwe makondinendi anotsanangura okunze ayo. Zvinonzi kuonekwa Hottest nzvimbo panyika. The chikuru Chikamu kondinendi hwokuratidza kutonhora pamusoro +20 ºC. mamiriro aya chokuita zvaonekwa Africa pakati kuchamhembe uye kumaodzanyemba dzinopisa. Munharaunda iyi, zuva robuda yakakwirira, uye kaviri pagore muwisira pamusoro-soro. Seasonality inoratidzwa kwete zvokuti tembiricha kusiyana sezvo kunayisa.

Achiparadzira ratinoona Rwako kwatemwa okunze, ukuru hydration yayo periodicity. Above neequator, nharaunda yakaderera dzvinyiriro, uye kusvikira kurutivi nematanda - kumusoro. Trade Mhepo akafukidza anongoda yose Africa. Precipitation kuuya chete mhepo ichivhuvhuta kubva kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva. In mvura yechando subtropics aumba kubva munyoro mhepo, achibva Atlantic.

okunze zvikamu

Tichitarisa chinzvimbo Africa mune ukama nedzimwe makondinendi, zvinokosha kusimudza nyaya okunze zonation:

• Equatorial bhandi. Anosanganisira wokushambidzira. Congo uye kuchamhembe Gulf of Guinea.
• Tropical bhandi. South uye North Equatorial.
• Subtropical mapazi. Rinosanganisira hwokumusoro uye kumaodzanyemba muromo kondinendi. Climate mamiriro vari Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri vanhu.

A nhamba masayendisiti usabatana zvikamu zviviri zvokutanga, uye funga ive ine-inopisa. In nemiganhu yayo oga nzvimbo maererano nokuwanda nyorovera pemwedzi.