Zviratidzo zvekugadzirwa kwemabhuku mumabhuku. Muenzaniso weRussia classicism mumutambo "Nedorosl"

Munguva yaPeter Mukuru muRussia, nheyo dzenzira itsva mumabhuku dzakatanga kuiswa. Zviratidzo zvekugadzira zvinyorwa zvakatanga muItaly muzana remakore rechi16. Makore zana apfuura, nhungamiro yakasvika pakukura kwayo muFrance panguva yekutonga kwaLouis 14, iyo inotaura kuti yakatendeseka.

Mhedzisiro yeklassicism uye zviitiko zvakasikwa zvemazuva

Izvo zvinangwa zvekugadzirwa kwemaitiro ezvinyorwa ndezvokutaura kwesimba guru rehurumende. Sezvo chinangwa chekutanga chechikoro chinokonzera kukudzwa kweumambo hwakakwana. MuchiLatin, izwi rokuti "classicus" rinoreva "muenzaniso". Zviratidzo zvezvinyorwa mumabhuku zvinowana mavambo azvo kubva kare, uye zvidzidzo ndezvebasa raN. Boileau "Poetic art" (1674). Inotaurira pfungwa yevatatu pamwe chete uye inotaura nezvekunyora kwakasimba pakati pehupenyu nehuwandu.

Mafirosofi ezvinyorwa zvekare

Metaphysics yemudzidzisi Rene Descartes akakonzera kukura kwemaitiro aya. Iko kukakavara kukuru pakati pezvikamu zvekare ndiko kusangana kwepfungwa nemanzwiro. Maererano nekuparadzaniswa kwemhando dzose mumitambo yakakwirira, yakadzika uye yakadzika yehutano yakasikwa.

Zviratidzo zvikuru zvechikoro zvinoreva kushandiswa kwekutonga kwehutatu humwe (nguva, nzvimbo uye chiito) uye normative poetics, nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwezvakanyorwa kwemavara kunotanga kupera. Urongwa hwehutori-feudal hunoratidzirwa muhutano hwakanaka hwechikoro. Magamba akawanda mavamiri vevakuru, avo vari vatakuri vezvakanaka. Maitiro epamusoro emagariro evanhu uye manzwiro ekuda nyika pashure pacho anova chikonzero chekuumbwa kwemamwe maitiro ekunyora.

Zviratidzo zvekugadzirwa kwemabhuku mumabhuku. Zvinyorwa zveRussian Classicism

MuRussia tsika iyi yemitauro inotanga kuumbwa pakuguma kwezana remakore rechi17. Pasinei nechokwadi chokuti mabasa eRussia classicists anoratidza kuwirirana naN. Boileau, classicism muRussia yakasiyana zvikuru. Kufambira mberi kwake kushanda kwakatanga mushure mekufa kwaPetro Mukuru, apo vafundisi nevatongi vakaedza kudzorera hurumende munguva yep-Petrine nguva. Zviratidzo zvinotevera zvechikoro zvinongororwa chete mumutungamiri weRussia:

1. Izvo zvakanyanya kufanana, sezvo zvakasikwa pasi pesimba remashoko eChiedza.
2. Yakasimbisa kuenzana kwepanyama kwevanhu vose.
3. Nharo huru yakaitika pakati pearistocracy uye bourgeoisie.
4. MuRussia kwaiva nekare kare-nhoroondo yepamba.

Odic nhetembo ye classicism, basa raLomonosov

Mikhail Vasilyevich akanga asiri wezvesayenzi chaiwo chete, asiwo munyori. Akanyatsocherechedza zviratidzo zvekugadzirira, uye ake classical odes inogona kugoverwa mumapoka emhando dzakasiyana:

1. Kukunda-nyika. "Ode kusvika kunekutora Khotin" (1739) yakaiswa kune tsamba pamusoro pemitemo yezvinyorwa zveRussia. Basa racho rinoshandisa zviratidzo zvakanyanya uye rinotaurirana mufananidzo weuto reRussia.
2. Odes akabatanidzwa nekusvika kune chigaro cheumambo, umo zviratidzo zvechikoro chinonyatsotsanangurwa zvakajeka. Lomonosov akanyora mabasa akataurirwa kuMudzimai Anna, Elizabeth, Catherine II. A ode inorumbidzwa yakaiswa kune munyori wehurukuro yakanakisisa yakarongeka nemambo.
3. Spiritual. Muzana remakore rechi18, vakadana kudhindwa kwemashoko ebhaibheri nehurukuro. Pano munyori haana kutaura nezvenyaya yega yega, asiwo nezvezvinhu zvevanhu vose.

Enda kune Lomonosov

Mikhail Vasilyevich akatevedzera kunyora mabasa ezvinyorwa zvepamusoro, izvo zvaizivikanwa nemutauro wakakomba, kushandiswa kwemagadzirirwo ekunyora kwezvakanaka uye kukumbira - izvi ndizvo zviratidzo zvikuru zvekugadzirwa kwemaitiro mukupfeka. Lomonosov anotaura nezveshumo uye zvekuda nyika, anokudza kunaka kwekwake uye anokurudzira vanhu kupinda mune sayenzi. Akanga ane hanya nezveumambo uye "Odes musi wekuenda kune chigaro chaElizabeth Petrovna" inoratidza pfungwa iyi. Kuva munhu anovhenekerwa, Mikhail Vasilievich anorayira kuedza kudzidzisa chikamu chose chevanhu veRussia, saka anopa vateveri vake pfuma yakawanda yekuverenga.

Nzira yekusiyanisa sei basa rekare? Zviratidzo zvekugadzirisa zvekare mumutambo "The Minor"

Basa racho rinosanganisira zviito (kazhinji 5) uye zvinowanzoitika, uye nyaya yekukurukura mukirasi yeklasi ndiyo nyika. Munyori anocherechedzawo zviratidzo zvekuchikoro mu "Inedia" uye "Brigadier".

Iyo inyanzvi yemhando yemakwiesheni eFervizin

Denis Ivanovich akatanga basa rake rekunyora nekushandura kwemashoko eEurope, vachiri kutamba chikamu munharaunda inoshamisa. Muna 1762, comedy yake "Brigadier" yakataurwa, uye zvakare "Coryon". Zviratidzo zvakanakisisa zvekugadzirira mu "Inseparable" - basa rinonyanya kuzivikanwa remunyori. Kubwinya kwebasa rake nderokuti anopesana nemutemo wehurumende uye anoramba maitiro epo aripo weimba yekutonga. Zvakanaka anoona hurumende, yakakomberedzwa nemutemo, iyo inobvumira kukura kwekirasi yebourgeois uye inobvumira kukosha kwomunhu kunze kwekirasi. Mafungiro akadaro akaonekwa mumabasa ake ezvinyorwa.

"Brigadier": pfungwa uye muchidimbu

Fonvizin anozviratidza semutambo wechechi pakusikwa kwemakwenzi ake. Kubudiswa kwe "Brigadier" kwakabudirira zvikuru kune vateereri pamusana pekuiswa kwechifananidzo cheboka rose. Icho chikonzero chirongwa-rudo rukuru. Icho chimiro chikuru hachisi nyore kuziva, nokuti chimwe nechimwe hachiri pachako, asi chinopedzisa mufananidzo wevanhu vose vekuRussia. Mhemberero yeklassical comedy rudo nhau inoshandiswa nemutambo wechirangaridzo nokuda kwechinangwa chekuita satirical. Vose ma heroes vakabatana noupenzi uye kunetseka, zvakanyatsopatsanurwa kuva zvakanaka uye zvisina kunaka - zviratidzo zvikuru zvekugadzirisa mumakwikwi zvakanyatsochengetedzwa. Kusvibiswa kwehutano hwemutambi wechirangarudzo kwasvika kusagadzikana kwakakwana kwehutano hwevanyori kusvika kune unhu hwakanaka uye tsika dzakanaka. "Brigadier" yemabhuku echiRussia akanga ari mhando itsva yechinyakare - mutambo wemafambiro. Fonvizin anotsanangura zviito zvevanhu vari mumamiriro ezvinhu epamba. Kunamata kwake hakuna kunyatsojeka, nokuti hazvirevi munhu mumwe chete anoremekedzwa.

Musoro we brigade nemudzimai wake vanosarudza kuroora mwanakomana wavo Ivanushka kune Sophia akachenjera uye akanaka, uyo mwanasikana wemupi wezano, uyo, achicherechedza mararamiro emhuri iyi, haadi kuva nehukama navo. Mukadzi pachake haanzwi manzwiro kumwenga, uye paanowana kuti ari murudo naDobrolyubova, amai vanogutsikana mune izvi. Muimba kune chisungo: brigadier anowa murudo nemupi wezano, uye mupi wezano - mumudzimai wemuongorori, asi pakupedzisira zvose zvinowira munzvimbo uye Sofya chete naDobrolyubov vanogara vachifara.

"Kwete-Horoscope": pfungwa uye muchidimbu

Mubasa, chikuru ndechekugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika. "Muduku" ndiwo mutevedzeri unoonekwa kwazvo weklassicism, zviratidzo zvayo zvitatu kubatana, kupatsanurana zvakasimba kuva maitiro akanaka uye asina kunaka, achitaura mazita - Fonvizin anonyatsocherechedza. Nokuti munyori aripo mapoka maviri evanokudzwa: zvakaipa uye progressive. Musoro wehurombo hweSerfdom muRussia hunobudiswa pachena. Izvo zvinyorwa zvitsva zvinoratidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemifananidzo yakanaka, iyo maererano nehurongwa yaifanira kunge ine dzidzo yehudzidzo, asi inoramba ichingoramba iine zviratidzo zvekusika. Mumutambo "Nedorosl" unhu hweProstakova waiva rudzi rwekuwanikwa kwe Fonvizin. Iyi heroine mufananidzo wemuridzi weRussia - pedyo, ane makaro, asina hanya, asi achida mwanakomana wake. Pasinei nezvose zvakafanana, zvinoratidzira humwe unhu. Vakawanda vatsvakurudzi vakaona mumakwikwi anovhenekera kunzwisisika kwechokwadi, asi vamwe vakataura nezvekusimudzira zvinyorwa zvechikoro.

Mhuri yeProstakovs inoronga kuroorwa naMitrofanushka asina kufanana mumuchenjeri Sophia. Amai nababa vanozvidza chiedza uye vanopikisa kuti ruzivo rwema grammar uye arithmetic haruna kushandiswa, zvisinei, vanopinza mwanakomana wevadzidzisi: Tsyfirkin, Vralman, Kuteikin. Mitrofan ane anokwikwidzana - Skotinin, munun'una waProstakova, uyo anoda kuwanana kunze kwechido chekuva muridzi wemisha ine nguruve. Zvisinei, musikana wacho anowana murume akakodzera waMiro; Uncle Sophia, Starodum, anobvumira kubatana kwavo.