Yemaitiro kumanikidzwa mhepo, chiutsi, mvura kana hwakasimba. How kuwana kufurirwa (fomura)?

Pressure - ndiwo muviri kwazvo kuti anotamba basa rinokosha zvakasikwa uye upenyu hwevanhu. Izvi akangwara ziso Fani kunokanganisa kwete chete kwezvakatipoteredza, asi chaizvo zvakanaka kunoitwa zvose. Ngationei kuti chii, chii zvamarudzi zviri uye sei kuwana kufurirwa (payakavakirwa) munharaunda dzakasiyana.

Chii anonzi nevamwe wefizikisi uye kemisitiri

Izwi anonzi chinokosha thermodynamic kwazvo riri kwakunoitwa reshiyo inopiwa okuda simba perpendicular pemvura nzvimbo nayo chiito pairi. Fani iyi ndiyo yakazvimirira kukura hurongwa nayo inoshanda, zvisinei zvinoreva nesimba.

Vachingotya zvakanyatsoenzana, mumutemo Pascal raMwari, kumanikidza zvakangofanana kuti zvose pfungwa wegadziriro.

In kwaifananidzira Physics uye kemisitiri zvinoratidzwa tsamba "P," inova chidimbu rechiLatin zita rokuti - pressūra.

Kana imvura osmotic kumanikidzwa (zvakanyatsoenzana pakati kumanikidzwa mukati uye kunze masero) kushandisa tsamba "P".

kumanikidzwa zvidzidzo

Maererano nezvinodiwa reInternational SI ezvinhu, vaiona hwomuviri chiri pachiyero Pascals (Cyrillic - Pa, yechiLatin - Ra).

Zvichienderana kwokudzvinyirira kwomunhu nzira inotengwa kuti yakaenzana mumwe nomumwe H Pa (Newton - chairema simba) yakakamurwa pachivara mita (chipimo chikwata nharaunda).

Zvisinei, mune tsika kushandisa Pascali rakanyatsojeka zvakaoma, nekuti chikwata ichi zvikuru duku. Panyaya iyi, kuwedzera kune SI gadziriro yetsika, ukoshi ichi kuyerwa nenzira yakasiyana.

Pazasi ndivo kupfuura akakurumbira pakati analogs ayo. Vazhinji vavo zvinowanzoshandiswa yaimbova USSR.

• Bars. Imwe bhaa akaenzana 105 Pa.
• Torre, kana millimeters kuti nemekiyuri. Ingangoita torr anoenderana 133, 3.223.684 Pa.
• Millimeters mvura mbiru.
• Mamita emvura mbiru.
• Technical chadenga.
• Physical chadenga. Mumwe bhaa vakaenzana 101.325 Pa uye 1,033233 ATM.
• Kilogram-simba paavhareji mativi sendimita. Uyewo pachena tani-simba uye gf. Uyezve, pane analoginen paundi-simba paavhareji mativi padiki.

Vose kumanikidzwa payakavakirwa (7th wefizikisi giredhi)

Kubva tsanangudzo mumuviri zvakawanda zvinogona kuona kwayo nzvimbo nzira. Zvinoita kudaro, sezvo ari mufananidzo pazasi.

It F - ndiro simba uye S - nharaunda. Nemamwe mashoko, kumanikidzwa rokuwana payakavakirwa - ndiro simba rayo yakakamurwa pemvura nzvimbo nayo chiito pairi.

Rinogonawo kunyorwa se: F = MG / S kana P = pVg / S. Naizvozvo, ichi muviri kwazvo chokuita nevamwe thermodynamic variables: vhoriyamu uye vakawanda.

Pressure mabasa anotevera nhungamiro: duku nzvimbo, iyo iri sei simba - zvikuru rinodzvinyirira simba nezvokuvandudzika. Kana nzvimbo yacho yakawedzera (nokuti chete simba) - zvinodiwa ukoshi kunoderedza.

Fomura hydrostatic kumanikidzwa

Siyana uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. in zvinhu, zvinopa kuti vane vakasiyana ehupfumi. Nokudaro, nzira nokuti Pakusarudza R mavari, zvakare, zvichava zvakasiyana.

Somuenzaniso, kuti nzira mvura nevezera (hydrostatic) sokunge ichi: P = pgh. Zvinoshandawo magasi. Saka haugoni kushandiswa kuverenga mumhepo kumanikidzwa nokuda pakakwirira musiyano uye mhepo arambe achirema.

In yemaitiro ichi, p - the arambe achirema, g - vakasununguka kuwa kumhanyisa, uye H - nekukwirira. Saizvozvowo, vanotonyanya kunyudzwa nyaya kana chinhu, kuti wakakwidzwa kumanikidza kunoitwa pairi mukati nemvura (gasi).

Vaiona musimboti ingangova yakatorwa kubva dzekare muenzaniso P = F / S.

Kana tikayeuka kuti rinobva hondo akaenzana guru vakasununguka kuwa nokukurumidza (F = MG), uye nemvura guru - rinobva cheBhuku arambe achirema (m = PV), kwokudzvinyirira kwomunhu nzira inogona kunyorwa sezvo P = pVg / S. The vhoriyamu - iri Square kane kumusoro (V = Sh).

Kana iwe dzinoisa kuti data, zvinoitika kuti nharaunda iri numerator uye dhinomineta kunogona kuderedzwa uye goho - pamusoro payakavakirwa: P = pgh.

Kufunga nevamwe mvura, zvinokosha kuyeuka kuti, kusiyana nezvishoma, kazhinji zvichiita curvature pamusoro pemvura rukoko. Izviwo, kunoita paumbwe dzimwe kumanikidzwa.

Nokuti zvinhu izvi kushandisa dzimwe kumanikidzwa mamwe payakavakirwa: P = P ₀ + 2QH. Muchiitiko chino, P ₀ - kumanikidzwa hakusi curved rukoko uye Q - pose kusungika nemvura. N - ndiyo Zvichakadaro pamusoro curvature, izvo kunorondedzerwa Laplace Mutemo: n = ½ (1 / R ₁ + 1 / R _2). Constituent R ₁ uye R ₂ - Nde radii kuti curvature.

The haasaruri kumanikidzwa yayo fomura iri

Kunyange zvazvo pfungwa P = pgh kushandiswawo zvose mvura uye magasi, kwokudzvinyirira mukupera nani exchange nzira dzakasiyana.

Chokwadi kuti zvakasikwa, somunhu mutemo, kwete chaizvo kakawanda kuwana zvachose wakachena zvinhu, nokuti hunodzorwa musanganiswa. Uye ichi rinoshanda kwete chete mvura asiwo magasi. Uye sezvo chikazozikamwa, nechimwe yenhengo izvi anoita nematambudziko akasiyana, inonzi kukwana.

Vanokurondedzera zvikuru nyore. It pakuverengwa kwokudzvinyirira nomumwe chezvinonhuwira musanganiswa (yakanaka gasi).

Izvi zvinoreva kuti haasaruri kwokudzvinyirira kwomunhu nzira iri sezvinotevera: P = P ₁ + P ₂ + P _3, ... uye zvichingodaro, maererano neuwandu zvinoriumba.

Kune zviitiko kana zvakakodzera kuziva mhepo kufurirwa. Zvisinei, vamwe kukanganisa riri kuitwa pakuverenga chete reokisijeni maererano anorimwa P = pgh. Ndizvo chete mhepo - musanganiswa magasi akasiyana. It akamisidzana senitrogen, argon, okisijeni uye zvimwe zvinhu. Tichifunga kuitika, mhepo kufurirwa payakavakirwa - pakuverengwa yezvinonetsa zvose yenhengo dzayo. Saka, vanofanira apa tora P = P ₁ + P ₂ + P ₃ ...

Rakajairika zvokuridzira kuyera kumanikidzwa

Pasinei nokuti vaiona ngaaverenge thermodynamic kwazvo iri pamusoro payakavakirwa hakuna kuoma kuita kuverenga dzimwe nguva havambokwanisi nguva. Pashure pezvose, nguva dzose unofanira kufunga nuances zhinji. Naizvozvo, nokuti zvivanakire Mumazana emakore, yava akakudziridza nhamba mano, zvichiita pachinzvimbo vanhu.

Kutaura zvazviri, vanenge mano zvose izvi mhando vari kumanikidzwa geji mhando (zvinobatsira kuona nevamwe magasi uye mvura). Zvisinei, avo akasiyana design, zvakarurama uye kukura.

• Atmospheric kumanikidzwa kunoyerwa kushandisa kumanikidzwa geji, inonzi chaicho. Kana uchida kuona Vacuum (kureva, kunaka kumanikidza) - akashandisa mamwe marudzi Vacuum.
• Kuti tizive BP munhu ari kosi ari sphygmomanometer. Akawanda riri kupfuura kuzivikanwa somunhu noninvasive tonometer. mano kwakadaro kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana kubva nemekiyuri zvemaziso kuti zvakazara otomatiki digitaalinen. kururama kunobva zvinhu iyo zvavari aita uye nokuyerwa nzvimbo.
• Pressure madonhwe ari mumhepo (mu Chirungu - nevezera inodonha) takatsunga kushandisa differential kumanikidzwa kana difnamometrov (kwete kuti kuvhiringidzwa dynamometers).

mhando dzvinyiriro

Tichitarisa kumanikidzwa payakavakirwa waro nzvimbo nedzimwewo kuti zvakasiyana zvinhu, zvinokosha kuziva pamusoro akasiyana zvikuru ichi. Vashanu vavo.

• Dzinofanira.
• barometric
• Kunyanyisa.
• The Vacuum.
• Differential.

Mhedziso

Saka ndiyo yose kumanikidzwa pasi iyo fuma kana chinhu, pasina simba zvimwe gaseous zvinoumba chadenga.

It unotaurwa Pascals hworatidza pachake uye uwandu zvakanyanya mumhepo kumanikidzwa. Iye musiyano pakati barometric uye Vacuum mhando.

It rinowanikwa ne nzira P = P ₂ + P ₃ kana P = P ₂ - P _4.

The duramazwi pfungwa yokuti Mhedziso nevamwe zvinhu kweNyika, kumanikidza wakatorwa mukati mudziyo, kubva izvo mhepo chinobviswa (i.e. ainakidza Vacuum).

Chete kumanikidzwa mhando iyi rinoshandiswa akawanda thermodynamic Masvomhu.

barometric

Izwi anonzi mumhepo kumanikidzwa (giravhiti) pamusoro zvinhu zvose uye zvinhu zviri mairi, kusanganisira pemvura paNyika zvakananga. Akawanda zviri aizivikanwawo pasi zita mumhepo kumanikidzwa.

Zvinonzi akataura thermodynamic parameters, uye kukosha kwaro zvakachinja pamusoro vakatozodzokera uye nguva yakayerwa, uyewo mamiriro ekunze uye nzvimbo pamusoro / pazasi pegungwa.

Kwakakura pamusoro barometric kumanikidzwa kuri mumhepo modulo simba paminiti chikwata nharaunda zvakajairika nayo.

In mudanga ezvinhu kwakakura mumuviri chinoshamisa kurema mhepo mbiru mujinga ane nzvimbo yakaenzana kubatana.

Norm barometric kumanikidzwa - 101325 Pa (760 mm HG pa 0 ° C ..). The kumusoro nyaya anooneka pasi panyika, zvikuru inova pasi kumanikidzwa mhepo therethrough. Pashure ose 8 km nayo ipfupi kusvika 100 Pa.

Nokuda pfuma iyi pamakomo mvura iri muhadyana Akagutsurira nokukurumidza zvikuru kudarika pachitofu kumba. Chokwadi chokuti muedzo kunokanganisa kubika pfungwa: pamwe ichangobva rutapudzo kwayo kunoderedza. NdiEzekieri. It akavaka iri pfuma basa rakadaro kicheni midziyo yemagetsi, akadai huzere uye autoclave. Kuwedzera kumanikidzwa mukati kwavari kukonzera kuti paumbwe mumudziyo dzimwe tembiricha yakakwirira kupfuura kwakajairika hari iri ndiro.

Kushandiswa pakuverenga mumhepo kwokudzvinyirira kwomunhu barometric yakakwirira fomura. Zvinoita kudaro, sezvo ari mufananidzo pazasi.

P - ndiro chipfuro chaiko kugadziridzwa, P ₀ - mhepo arambe achirema pedyo penyika, g - vakasununguka nokuwa kumhanyisa, h - kumusoro kwenyika, m - the matadza rakambotsoropodza gasi, T - tembiricha wegadziriro, R - nokudenga gasi chenguva 8,3144598 Dzh / ( X mol K), uye e - ndiyo nhamba Eyklera, 2,71828.

Kazhinji, ari pamusoro payakavakirwa, mumhepo kumanikidzwa chinoshandiswa pachinzvimbo R K - Boltzmann rusingaperi. Kuburikidza basa rake pamusoro Avogadro nhamba kunowanzoratidzwa nokuda zvakasikwa gasi chenguva. Zviri nyore kuti Masvomhu, kana nhamba inoramba anopiwa mu moles.

In Masvomhu nguva dzose zvakakodzera kufungawo mukana nokuchinja mhepo tembiricha nokuda kuchinja ekunze ezvinhu, kana pane imwe yakatarwa kukwira uye Latitude.

Kunyanyisa uye generating munhu Vacuum

Musiyano chakayerwa kumanikidzwa uye mumhepo kwezvakatipoteredza inonzi overpressure. Zvichienderana mugumisiro, kushandura zita shanduka.

Kana zvakanaka, izvozvo inonzi kumanikidzwa.

Kana Zvinoguma kubvisa chiratidzo - inonzi Vacuum. Zvinokosha kuyeuka kuti harigoni kuva kupfuura barometric.

differential

ukoshi Ndiwo musiyano nematambudziko ari zvakawanda yakayerwa. Kazhinji, rinoshandiswa kuona kufurirwa donhwe mhiri chero midziyo. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya mumafuta indasitiri.

Wakabata pamwechete chokwadi kuti thermodynamic kwazvo akadana kumanikidza uye tichibatsirwa mamwe Masvomhu kwayo kuwana, zvinganzi vakagumisa kuti chiitiko ichi chinokosha zvikuru, asi nekuda kuziva nezvazvo haangatongovi okushamisira.