Kupfuura refractory simbi. Zvinoitwa simbi

Metals - ichi ndicho zvinhu (pamwe mapurasitiki negirazi), iro rinoshandiswa nevanhu kubvira kare. Kunyange ipapo, murume aizivikanwa zvechadenga simbi, akashandisa kuti zvinobatsira mune zvose ehupfumi dzavo kusika mabasa ounyanzvi, glassware, zvemumba, zvirimwa akanaka.

Mumwe mukuru zviri muna kufunga izvi zvinhu zviri zvavo kwoukukutu uye yakakwirira utsotso pfungwa. Unhu izvi kubvumira kuti chaunoti kukura kwebasa kushandiswa simbi. Naizvozvo, isu funga zvose zvinooneka zvivako uye vainyatsotarisirwa anopiwa utsotso nyaya.

ehupfumi zvokunyama simbi

nesimbi mamirire ehupfumi chaiko kungaratidzwa muchimiro zvina pfungwa dzinokosha.

1. Metallic Sheen - zvose vane pamusoro chete sirivha-chena yakanaka hunhu kubwinya, kuwedzera zvemhangura uye nendarama. Vane tsvuku yellow kumiswa, ukuwo. Karusiyamu - sirivha mutema.
2. Physical Hurumende - zvose hwakasimba pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, kunze mekuri, riri muchimiro mvura.
3. Electrical uye chafariz conductivity - Ndiwo nesimbi zvose, asi runoratidzwa pakawanda.
4. Malleability uye ductility - uyewo nevanhu nesimbi zvose parameter iyo inokwanisa kuti siyana zvichienderana chaiyo pomutumwa.
5. Utsotso uye Kubika pfungwa - anosarudza izvo refractory simbi uye pasi utsotso pfungwa. parameter Izvi zvakasiyana zvinhu zvose.

mumuviri ehupfumi All zvinotsanangurwa maererano chinokosha nemamiriro simbi napamahwindo. Its spatial urongwa, chimiro uye simba.

Fusible uye refractory simbi

pfungwa iyi inokosha chaizvo panyaya dzine pokushandisa zvinhu. Refractory nesimbi uye alloys - ndiyo hwaro zvokuimba engineering shipbuilding, simbi uye kukanda zhinji zvigadzirwa zvinokosha, zvakanaka vanoshanda chokushandisa. Saka, zivo utsotso uye Kubika tembiricha kunokosha chinokosha basa.

Richirondedzera nesimbi simba, anogona kuganhura muvira rakaoma uye haungatani kuputsika. Kana isu kutaura refractoriness, pano kusiyanisa mapoka makuru maviri:

1. Fusible - ndivo avo vanokwanisa kushandura mumuviri mamiriro pa kutonhora pazasi 1000 ° ^C. Mienzaniso inosanganisira netini, kutungamirira, mekuri, yavaibvisa, necesium, manganese, zingi, aruminiyamu, uye vamwe.
2. Refractory vaya vane utsotso tembiricha iri kupfuura akasarudzwa ukoshi. Havasi vazhinji, asi tsika rinoshandiswa kunyange zvishoma.

Table nesimbi kuva utsotso pfungwa pamusoro 1000 ^{° C,} rinotaurwa pazasi. Zviri ipapo uye akaronga kupfuura refractory vamiririri.

Izvi tafura simbi rinosanganisira vamiririri zvose, ane utsotso tembiricha iri kupfuura ^{1000 °} C. Zvisinei, mune tsika, vakawanda vavo havana kushandiswa nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. Somuenzaniso, pamusana ezvoupfumi zvikomborero nokuda radioactivity kana kukwirira mwero fragility kugarotamba kungatikanganisa kurwisa.

Uyewo kubva patafura zviri pachena kuti vakawanda refractory simbi munyika - iri tungsten. Yakadereresa zvazvingava nderendarama. Kana tichishanda nesimbi kunokosha softness. Naizvozvo, vazhinji tsime ataurwa pamusoro inoshandiswa rwokugadzira zvinangwa.

Most refractory simbi - Tungsten

In periodic table riri pasi ordinal nhamba 74. The zita Rinobva nezita yakakurumbira yefizikisi Stephen Wolfram. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu hwakasimba refractory chesimbi silvery-chena ruvara. It ane raidudzwa esimbi Sheen. Mishonga kunova inert ari kuita anopinda nyongoroka.

Zvakasikwa, ari muchimiro zvicherwa ine:

• wolframite;
• scheelite;
• Gyubnera;
• ferberite.

Masayendisiti akaratidza kuti tungsten - kupfuura refractory simbi ose. Zvisinei, pane mazano seaborgium hunonzi kukwanisa kurova zvinyorwa simbi iyi. Asi chinhu radioactive chinhu ane pfupi kuvapo. Naizvozvo, kuzviratidza haisati zvinobvira.

Pane imwe tembiricha (pamusoro 1500 ^C) tungsten anova ductile uye nyore kufurirwa. Saka, zvinobvira kuti pave nhete waya pahwaro hwayo. pfuma iyi inoshandiswa anogadzira zvinhu filaments mune dzose mhuri chiedza Mabumba.

Sendarama refractory simbi izvo angakudzivisai tembiricha ^vanopfuura 3400 C, tungsten rinoshandisirwa mu zvinotevera muminda zvigadzirwa:

• somunhu Welding electrode pasi argon;
• nokuti zvinovava-kutsanya, vanopfeka nemishonga uye nokupisa nemishonga alloys;
• somunhu kudziyisa Kufananidzira;
• mu Vacuum sepombi sezvo filament uye zvichingodaro.

Kunze tungsten simbi, zvinowanzoshandiswa unyanzvi, sayenzi uye zvemagetsi ayo yeimwe. Sezvo refractory simbi munyika uye anoumba remubatanidzwa rurefu chaizvo unhu unhu: yakasimba, nemishonga inenge mhando dzose kwemakemikari chiito, havasi pasi ngura, withstanding pasi uye yakakwirira tembiricha (takunda, tungsten sulphide, ayo crystals kuroorwa uye zvimwe zvinhu).

Niobium uye alloys

NB, kana niobium, - pasi zvakajairika ezvinhu zvesirivha-chena lustrous simbi. Iyewo refractory, sezvo kuchinja tembiricha kuti mvura ezvinhu kwaari ndiko 2477 ° ^C. It ndirwo, uyewo wemishonga yakaderera reactivity uye superconductivity kunobvumira niobium kuri akakurumbira zvikuru munyika hunobatsira basa evanhu ose gore. Nhasi, simbi iyi inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri akadai:

• chitundumuseremusere sainzi;
• Aerospace indasitiri;
• renyukireya;
• makemikari midziyo kuvaka;
• redhiyo ouinjiniya.

anoramba The simbi panyama ayo ehupfumi kunyange panguva yakaderera chaizvo tembiricha. Based nyaya vaine ngura nemishonga, kupisa nemishonga, mukurumari, rakaisvonaka conductivity.

simbi iri kuwedzera aruminiyamu zvokuvakisa kuvandudza nemakemikari nemishonga. Kubva ibereke cathodes uye anodes, zvinonzi doped nevasiri ferrous alloys. Kunyange mari mune dzimwe nyika kuita zviri niobium.

tantalum

Metal, murusununguko muchimiro pasi vanhuwo ezvinhu uye akafukidza munhu oxide firimu. It akaronga zvivako zvokunyama kuti kubvumira kuti kwose kwose uye zvikuru nokuti vanhu. chikuru zvachiri ndeinotevera:

1. At kutonhora pamusoro 1000 ^{° C} anova superconducting.
2. Izvi zvinonyanya mushure refractory simbi pakati tungsten uye rhenium. Utsotso tembiricha iri 3017 ° ^C.
3. Zvakakwana absorbs magasi.
4. Sezvo zviri nyore kushanda sezvazvakanyorwa yakanyikwa akaturikidzana, foil uye waya nyore.
5. Ane kwoukukutu zvakanaka uye pfava, anoramba ductility.
6. Zviri kuramba chaizvo makemikari yomuchipatara (asingagari kuiparadza kunyange aqua regia).

Nokuda maitiro akadaro akakwanisa kuwana mukurumbira sepokutangira zhinji dzakakwirira-tembiricha iine acid nemishonga, ngura nemishonga alloys. Its yeimwe dzakawanda kuwana mafomu mu wefizikisi zvenyukireya, zvemagetsi, kadambari mano urongwa. Vari kushandiswa superconductors. Kare, tantalum rinoshandiswa sechinhu chinhu ari filament. Zvino panzvimbo yake rakakundwa tungsten.

Chromium chacho alloys

Mumwe chakaoma simbi zvayo dzinongoitika muchimiro rinokwanisa kucheneruka-chena ruvara. Its utsotso ndeyekuti kuvatumwa kuti vaiona kusvikira zvino okunze uye ^anenge 1907 C. Zvisinei, achiri kushandiswa unyanzvi uye maindasitiri munyika, uyewo amenable kune zvemaziso zvinofurira, kupatsanurwa uye kuumbwa.

Kunyanya anokosha chromium sezvo napylitelya. It rinoshandiswa nyaya kuvapa akanaka chipenye, kudzivirira ngura uye kuvandudza kusakara nemishonga. Masero anonzi Chrome yakanamirwa pamifananidzo.

chromium alloys dzakakurumbira chaizvo. Nekuti kunyange uwandu simbi iri chiwanikwa duku substantially kunowedzera pokuoma uye kurwisa kuti zvinokonzerwa yokupedzisira.

zirconium

Chimwe chezvinhu kudhura simbi, saka kushandiswa kwayo mukugadzirwa mafomu chakaoma. Zvisinei, muviri unhu kuti inongova irreplaceable mune mamwe maindasitiri zhinji.

Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, yakanaka sirivha-chena simbi. It ane zvakakwana yakakwirira utsotso pfungwa - 1855 ^C. Chine zvakaoma zvakanaka, ngura nemishonga, sezvo mishonga kushingaira. Uyewo rinoratidza kwazvo biocompatibility ganda uye yose muviri. Izvi zvinoita kuti munhu anokosha simbi zvokushandisa mushonga (zviridzwa, chakagadzirwa maoko nemakumbo, uye zvichingodaro).

mafomu Zvikuru zirconium yayo yeimwe, kusanganisira alloys, sezvinotevera:

• simba renyukireya;
• pyrotechnics;
• alloying simbi;
• mushonga;
• bioposudy gadzira;
• STRUCTURAL zvinhu ;
• sezvinoita superconductor.

Zirconium uye alloys kunyange zvemaoresa dzinoitwa pahwaro hwayo, anokwanisa kufurira kuvandudzika utano hwevanhu.

molybdenum

Kana ukaona kuti Wekumusoro refractory simbi, kuwedzera akasarudzwa tungsten uye molybdenum anganzi. Its utsotso tembiricha iri 2623 ° ^C. Saka zviri omei, ductile uye shandika.

Rinoshandiswa kunyanya kwete yakaisvonaka chimiro asi somunhu chinokosha pakuderedza pamusoro alloys. Ivo, nemhaka pamberi molybdenum zvakasimbisa zvikuru vapfeke nemishonga, kupisa kurwisa anticorrosion.

Vamwe molybdenum yeimwe anoshandiswa sezvo michina lubrication. Uyewo, izvi ndizvo doping simbi zvinhu panguva kunokanganisa simba uye anticorrosion, ndiro kushoma chaizvo.

vanadium

Grey simbi ine silvery kubwinya. It ane kumbonyanya yakakwirira mwero kubvunda (1920 ° ^C). Zvinonzi ainyanya kushandiswa anowedzera muzvirongwa zvizhinji nokuda kwayo inertia. Energy rinoshandiswa zvose makemikari kuitika bhuku iri zvaAtemisi inorganic acids. The chikuru kukosha haisi simbi yakachena, kureva zvimwe zvayo yeimwe.

Rhenium aro alloys

Ndoupi refractory simbi tungsten pashure? It rhenium. Its utsotso zvazvingava ^anenge 3186 C. Nokuti simba rinokunda uye tungsten, uye molybdenum. Plasticity hakusi kukwirira. Kudiwa rhenium riri guru kwazvo, asi kugadzirwa ndiye kunzwisisa. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, ndiwo simbi kupfuura zvinodhura aripo nhasi.

Rinoshandiswa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi:

• jeti injini;
• thermocouples;
• filament mutsvuku nokuti spectrometers uye mamwe mano;
• sezvo anowedzera mumafuta yokucheneswa.

mafomu ose anodhura, saka rinoshandiswa chete kana yokunyanyisa nokurovererwa, kana kuti kutsiva zvimwe hazvibviri.

titanium alloys

Titan - a lightweight chaizvo chesimbi sirivha-chena ruvara, iro zvikuru kushandiswa metallurgia bhizimisi uye simbi. Inogona putika kana mune dzakarukwa zvakanaka hwakapesana mamiriro, saka ndiwo moto njodzi.

It rinoshandiswa ndege uye chitundumuseremusere kugadzirwa, kugadzirwa ngarava. Zvinowanzoshandiswa mushonga nokuda biocompatibility nomuviri (chakagadzirwa nemakumbo, Kuboorwa, anodyara, etc.).