WechiBuddha stupa: zita, munhu nechitendero. muBhudha Culture

Kubvira kare, pakati pavanhu vose, pane chinokosha tsika kuvigwa uye anokosha nzvimbo yavo. Vanhu vanouya pamakuva wamadzibaba avo, achivapa mutero. Mutsika dzakawanda, pashure pokufa yakakurumbira munhu ari ake Barrow kuvigwa kuvazukuru aigona kuuya kunzvimbo ino uye kumunamata, kuyeuka nebudiriro munhu akavigwa ikoko. MuIndia, basa iri rinoitwa nevanhu muBhudha stupa. We zano pakuziva nani. Pashure kuverenga nyaya ino, uchadzidza kuti yechiBhudha stupa, pagomo dzvene uye murwi - ukama pfungwa. Nesuwo kukuudza pamusoro yakakurumbira Zvivako chiBuddha chokuita muvambi dzidziso iyi.

Wokutanga stupa

MuIndia, wokutanga stupa yakabuda munzvimbo pre-wechiBuddha nguva. Pakutanga, vakanga Zvivako kuti India yekare zvaiiswa pamusoro pamarinda yavabati. Shoko "dhaka" ari Sanskrit mavambo. Ashandurwa zvinoreva "korona", "fundo bvudzi", "murwi wamabwe uye pasi" kana "pamusoro musoro." Tradition cremated zvisaririra zvakakonzera chokwadi kuti India mumazuva iwayo kwakanga kusina yemakuva iri senguva pfungwa shoko. Zvakanga zvakafanira kuchengeta chete unburned mapfupa kana madota. It ari stupa uye akaisa zvakanga zvasara mushure kupiswa.

reliquaries

Kwapera nguva, stupa akava reliquary yaiisirwa zvasara unhu vakakurumbira mune zvokunamata. Vakatanga kuti chakavakwa munguva Buddha, uyewo nokukudzwa kwake. Somuenzaniso, Lotus stupa rakavakwa baba vake, Mambo Suddhodanoy muna Nepal (mu Lumbini, kwakaberekerwa Buddha) mumazuva ake. Aiva cylindrical chimiro ne nomwe kana mana kwevari lotuses.

Zvimwe stupas, izvo zvakasikwa munguva Buddha muupenyu, uyewo vanotaurwa mumagwaro. Zviri pamusoro mana relikvarnyh mumaturi. Vashambadzi Tapussa Bhallika uye akavaka vaviri pamusoro bvudzi uye ezvipikiri clippings mudzidzisi. Chete stupa wechiBuddha akasikwa Anathapindakoy. Anozivikanwa uye vamwe kuti ari kuvakwa pamusoro dzasara Shariputra.

Stupa sezvo chinhu pazvipiriso

Buddha aida stupa yakavakwa pamusoro ake zvasara pashure kwake. Akapa shongwe iyi matswa. Kubva ikozvino stupa kwave sechinhu chinhu nokuda zvipiriso zvavo Buddha-hunhu, ndiro chiratidzo mupfungwa Wat. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti nokuita zvinopiswa, vanhu kuunganidza hwakanaka. Zvishoma nezvishoma, ivo vanoziva Buddha-hunhu maari zvakawanda uye pakupedzisira kuuya kunofambira, kusvikira pakupedzisira mufaro.

Siyana stupas munguva yedu

Iye zvino, reliquaries havasi vose stupa, sezvo vasiri vose vanoiswa pamuviri mapfupa. The stupa kunowanzokonzerwa akaiswa chete chidimbu mapfupa, izvo haringanzi kunzi marara. Inogonawo ine magwaro matsvene kana zvinhu, chinoziva mudzidzisi nguvo. Mukuwedzera, dhaka zvinogona ndisipo zvinoera. Muchiitiko chino, zviri chete kubva pakunzi chokurangaridza nzvimbo, akasikwa kuyeuka zviitiko zvinokosha kuti chiBhudha kwakaratidzwa. Muchidimbu nezvazvo mumaturi nyore. Kune mhando vavo vazhinji. Yakavakwa kukudzwa chiitiko chinokosha rinonzi chirangaridzo stupa. Uyewo, vanogona kurondwa, vachitevera mhiko. Munyaya ino tichakurukura inokosha stupas, izvo zvikasikwa rokukudza Buddha. Vane relikvarnym.

8 relikvarnyh stupas

Pakafa Buddha zvinoera izvo vasara pashure kupiswa inofungidzirwa kunge muzvikamu 8 nhengo. Vakanga raizoiswa 8 stupas, riri munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana India, vaya vakanga chokuita mudzidzisi mukuru upenyu, akaparidza chiBhudha. Rondedzera muchidimbu mumwe nomumwe wavo.

Mambo Magadha Ajatashatru akasimudza rimwe navo Rajgir, shaki - muna Kapilavastu, lichchhavi - muna Vaishali, waKoraya - muna Ramagrame, yemashekeri - muna Allakape, Malla - pa Pava. In Kushinagar stupa akavaka rimwe davi Mull uye Brahmin kubva Vetthapidy ndokumisa payo yekwake. Ndiwo chaiwo 8 stupas, pasi rine zvisaririra zviri Buddha. Dzinonzi relikvarnymi zvikuru stupas.

4 outorwa nzvimbo dzinozivikanwa Buddha

Kazhinji mashoko akadai sokuti "8 nzvimbo outorwa" uye "8 sutricheskih stupas" kana "8 stupas of Tathagata." Vari chokuita upenyu Tathagata, kuti ndiye Buddha Shakyamuni. Buddha pachake akagadza 4 nzvimbo outorwa chokuita hwake. Mune wokutanga akaberekwa, kuenzana kuvhenekerwa yechipiri, yechitatu akapa dzidziso yokutanga wechina rworuboshwe parinirvana. Nzvimbo idzi setsika kuwirirana Lumbini (Kapilavastu), Bodhgaya, Sarnath uye Kushinagar azvaitwa.

Mana stupas kukosha

In Lumbini stupa Lotus akasikwa, yakavakwa Korol Suddhodana (baba Wat) mumazuva ake. The chikuru chimwe chacho muchimiro lotus. It inomirira pakuonekwa Wat chiedza.

In Bodhgaya akavaka stupa kuvhenekerwa, kana - akunde chimwe chipingamupinyi. Musiki Its ndiye Dharma mambo Bimbisara. stupa iyi yakavakwa mushure kuvhenekerwa Tathagata. Ndicho unonyanyokosha sere inomirira vavariro wechiBuddha nzira - rizere kunofambira, kuziva pfungwa dzake. Monument Izvi zvakare chiratidzo kukurira zvipingamupinyi zvose uye maketeni.

Stupa uchenjeri (kana gedhi 16) yakavakwa Sarnath. Panguva iyi, Tathagata akapa dzidziso yake yokutanga, iyo anozivikanwa seMagwaro "Four Noble Chokwadi".

Pachinzvimbo kutarisirwa mudzidzisi, muna Kushinagar, yakavakwa stupa parinirvana. The chikuru Chikamu chimiro chayo - nebhero, izvo zvinoreva uchenjeri Buddha akakwana. chimiro ichi inomirira kutarisirwa parinirvana.

stupas Four chokuita zvishamiso

Pakazosvika ataurwa pamusoro-4 nzvimbo outorwa vakazoroorwa akawedzera 4 mamwe kwakabatana zvinoshamisa kuti akaita Buddha. It Vaishali, Sankasya (Shinkasi) Shravasti uye Rajgir. Mumakore Buddha vakakunda ari akatsamwa nzou. Animal anotambudzika naye Devadatta, hama yake.

MuBhudha stupa kubatana kana kuyanana, yakavakwa muna kukudzwa Sangha rokuyananisa. Pano, pashure pokupfuura Buddha, Yokutanga echiBuddha Council. It Vinaya ndima uye sutras zvakanyorwa.

Inoshamisa stupa yakavakwa muna Shravasti mukukudza kukunda akunda neDare Wat vadzidzisi vatanhatu dzedanda rokunamata Jetavana, yaakapa vatengesi Anathapindaka. Vadzidzisi ava vaiva vateveri maonero zvakaipa. The Buddha akaratidza chishamiso kaviri. Akamuka mumhepo, ayo chaibwinya pamarimi pachavo, uye jeti remvura panguva, uye ipapo, akatasva lotus, kwakaratidza pamberi pavo mudenga rakawanda Buddha. Monument ichi rakadzikwa nevamwe Lisabi.

The stupa yakavakwa Shinkasi convergence Tusita denga. Shakyamuni Buddha akadzokorora tsika, iyo akaratidza yapfuura Buddha. Maererano naye, akakwira kudenga Tushita. Pano Buddha akaparidza mai akafa Abhidharma, uyewo 33 vanamwari pamwe navaranda vavo. Shure kweizvozvo wakaburukira pasi parutivi inoshamisa manera, vakasikirwa naye vamwari Indra uye Brahma. Chiratidzo convergence ichi matanho vakawanda, rinomiririrwa pasi shongwe.

Stupa kukunda kwakakwana kwakaitika Vaishali. Muno Buddha nguva denda chakaparadza guta. Akakwanisa kumumisa. Buddha akaitumidza rudo uye kuremekedza vemo. Akati zvakare akashanyira Vaishali, tsoko vakachera dziva nokuda Buddha, uye mudzidzisi vakapa uchi. On nzvimbo iyi yaimbonzi kuva Mango matanda okunamata nawo, iyo courtesan Amrapali chinoitirwa Buddha. Ikoko akazivisa vadzidzi vake kuti achasiya nokukurumidza. Zvisinei, vakamukumbira kwete kuvasiya. Buddha akawedzera hwake kwemwedzi mitatu, saka akundwe rufu uye nguva.

Various mazita uye kuwana nzvimbo stupas

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti apa nzvimbo outorwa, akavayambutsa stupa ndiyo chete aoma bindepinde pamwe relikvarnymi stupas, anotaurwa Mahaparinirvana Sutra. In Tibetan mabhuku vane mazita akasiyana vaya chokuita noupenyu Buddha. Uyezve, nzvimbo yavo dzinosiyana. Ungangove, mazita aya rakanyorwa pachishandiswa imwe yemabviro. Vari chokuita netsika kunonamata kuti chirangaridzo nzvimbo. Panguva dzakasiyana-siyana munzvimbo idzi kwave stupas zhinji. Somuenzaniso, muna Sarnath nhasi mumatongo zvakawanda kwavari. Masayendisiti haagoni kusarudza vaviri - kana Dhamekh Dharmaradzhika - yakavakwa pamusoro panzvimbo pakangotanga Buddha akapa dzidziso yokutanga.

Sutricheskih masere stupas

Pane pfungwa kuti shoko rokuti "stupas sere Tathagata" haisi kuratidzwa aripo zvimwe nzvimbo dzakananga, asi chete kunoita kuti Nenyaya Iyi zviitiko zvikuru Buddha muupenyu rwendo vaya nzvimbo pane zvakawanda sezvivako dzechiBhudha. Mune Tibetan tsika, somugumisiro, paiva neboka sere sutricheskih stupas, izvo zvakasiyana mapurani zvinhu kubva mumwe.

Stupas kuIndia uye kunze

Zvose pamusoro nzvimbo outorwa, uyewo relikvarnye guru stupa yaiva Northern India. Uyu kwaaigara uye kuparadzira dzidziso yake Buddha. Mushure 3. BC. e. nzvimbo idzi nyirwa Emperor Ashoka, kuti outorwa pano yawana kukuru pachena kukosha. Gare gare, Ashoka akavaka stupas zhinji mhiri India. Dangwe avo kuti achiripo kusvikira nhasi, vari Bharhute uye Sanchi (India), uyewo Nepal uye Patan. Mukuwedzera, vakanga yakavakwa Gandhara (vemazuva Afghanistan uye Pakistan).

Stupa muna Sanchi, pikicha rakapiwa kumusoro, ndiye ane makiromita mashoma kubva muguta Bhopal. Iye mukuru mapurani Zvivako India, akachengetedzwa munguva yedu, uye vakarondedzera chiBuddha. Stupa pana Sanchi ane hemispherical chimiro. Haina zvemukati nzvimbo. dhaka ichi ari kumativi chawo, kuti dhayamita izvo ndiyo 31 m. Uyezve, mumwe chinjiri iro kare akabata mhemberero.

Uyewo dzinonakidza ndiye stupa pamusoro Borobudur. Borobudur - imwe temberi wechiBuddha yekare wakasikwa munenge 7-9 emakore. (Photo apa anoratidza izvozvo). Ari pamusoro. Java, 50 chete kubva muguta Yogyakarta (Indonesia). Borobudur - kupfuura akashanyira nzvimbo kukwezvwa munyika. temberi iyi, kusafanana nedzimwe yakavakwa pamusoro sandara pasi, yakavakirwa pamateru. Maererano nerimwe shanduro, akanga ari pakati pegungwa. Pane dzidziso kuti Borobudur hunoratidzwa ayo girazi pamusoro, kunofananidzirwa lotus ruva. Chinenge basa ose ounyanzvi chokuita chiBuddha, aona kuti lotus maruva. Buddha kazhinji agere pachigaro choumambo kuti anotarisa akaita kutumbuka ruva. Pana Borobudur stupas nezvimwe netemberi dzakawanda inooneka petals kuti chirimwa ichi.

Sezvaunogona kuona, kwete chete muna India dzakavakwa stupas. Hazvishamisi, nokuti tsika wechiBuddha kwakapararira. In nyika yedu, nenzira, zvakare, unogona kudziwana. Mumwe wavo - the stupa Longsal. Rakanga rakavakwa sezvo uno October 2012. Izvi stupa wechiBuddha iri mumwoyo Izhevsk, pedyo nharaunda Karlutskoy.