Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky: Biography, kubudirira kwesayenzi uye zvinofadza zvinhu zvoupenyu

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) - nyika yakakurumbira Russian muzivi uye zvakasikwa. Akatora Zvinoshingaira mumagakava upenyu nyika. Ndicho muvambi wechikoro mikuru zvivako hwepasi Sciences. nzvimbo yake kudzidza raisanganisira maindasitiri akadai:

• biogeochemistry;
• geochemistry;
• radiogeology;
• hydrogeology.

Ndiye musiki zvikoro zvikuru yesayenzi. Sezvo 1917 ndiyo academician yeRussian Academy of Sciences, uye muna 1925 - Academy of Sciences of USSR.

Muna 1919 akava mugari rokutanga Academy of Sciences rweUkraine, ipapo - Muzvinadzidzo of Moscow Institute. Zvisinei, iye akaoneka. chiratidzo ichi chiratidzo kutsutsumwa pamusoro kusabatwa vadzidzi.

Hwakapiwa vaifunga Vladimira Ivanovicha Vernadskogo akava pokutangira kukura hwemazuva musayenzi mufananidzo wenyika. The chikuru Pfungwa musayendisiti kwave revatema yesayenzi kukura pfungwa dzakadai biosphere. Maererano naye, izwi rinotsanangura mupenyu yepasi goko Nyika. Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich ( "noosphere" ndiyewo shoko hwakatangwa musayendisiti) vakadzidza RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA kunzwisisa, izvo kukonzera kwete chete kurarama goko, asiwo munhu chinhu. Dzidziso saka akachenjera uye akachenjera purofesa hwevanhu uye zvakatipoteredza kugona kuchikosha rokuchinja paumbwe dzinongoitika yesayenzi kuziva zvose zvine munhu.

Vernadsky aiva chinoshingaira mutsigiri Russian cosmism, iyo inobva pfungwa kubatana pezvakasikwa uye vanhu vose. Uyewo, Vladimir aiva mutungamiriri Constitutional-Democrats uye Liberals Zemsky kufamba. Akagamuchira State Prize of USSR muna 1943.

Uduku ramangwana academician

Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich (Biography inosimbisa izvi) akaberekwa muSt Petersburg musi March 12 1863 gore. Akararama mhuri chakanaka. baba vake aiva Economist, uye mai vake - mukadzi enyika zvoupfumi yokutanga Russian. Vabereki nendumure chaizvo anozivikanwa nevanhu uye nezvoupfumi uye kumbokanganwa kwakatangira ake.

Maererano mhuri ngano, akaberekwa Vernadsky anobvawo kubva Lithuanian vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata Verna, uyo asiya kune Cossacks uye Poles akanga aurayiwa nokutsigira kwavo Bogdana Hmelnitskogo.

Muna 1873, gamba redu nyaya yakatanga zvidzidzo ake pana Kharkov chikoro. Uye muna 1877-M mhuri yake kwakamanikidzwa kuna St. Petersburg. Panguva iyoyo, Vladimir pachikoro chesekondari uye zvinobudirira kudzidza. Muguta iri Neva baba Vernadsky - Ivan - akazarura rokubudisa kambani yake, yainzi "zvokudhinda imba necheSalvic", uyewo mutariri chemabhuku pamusoro Nevsky Prospekt.

Pazera nenhatu mune ramangwana academician vanotanga kuratidza kufarira dzinongoitika history, Slavs, uyewo upenyu vanoshingaira munzanga.

1881 akanga akapfuma zviitiko. Kusenza akavhara magazini baba vake, avo panguva iyoyo zvakare mitezo. Uye akaurayiwa Alexander II. sezvo Vernadsky pachake vakabudirira vakapfuura napo bvunzo uye akatanga ake upenyu mudzidzi pa St. Petersburg University.

The chokuva musayendisiti

Vernadsky, ane Biography kwakafanana nevakawanda sezvo nokubudirira ake kwesayenzi, akatanga zvidzidzo ake paUniversity of St. Petersburg muna 1881. Akanga rombo kuti hurukuro Mendeleev, uyo akakurudzira vadzidzi, uye kusimbisa kwavo nechivimbo uye akadzidzisa zvakakwana kukurira matambudziko.

Muna 1882, ivo Scientific uye mabhuku Society yakavhurwa payunivhesiti iyo Vernadsky aiva rukudzo kutungamira mineralogy. Professor Dokuchaev akataura chokwadi kuti vechiduku mudzidzi anodzidza kuchengeta dzinongoitika kwendangariro. Great ruzivo nokuti Vladimir akava purofesa akaronga rwendo, izvo zvichaita kuti vadzidzi vave makore mashoma kuti kuburikidza wokutanga Geological nzira.

Muna 1884 Vernadsky anova mushandi ari mineralogical cabinet St. Petersburg University, kushandisa chikumbiro zvakafanana Dokuchaeva. Mugore iroro iye achipinda nhaka wemunda. Uye makore maviri gare gare kuti aroore musikana akanaka Natalia Staritskaya. Nokukurumidza vane mwanakomana George, uyo mune ramangwana ichava purofesa Yale University.

In March 1888 Vernadsky (Biography anorondedzera rwendo hwake) anoenderera mberi nebhizimisi rwendo uye vakashanyira Vienna, Naples uye Munich. Saka anotanga basa rake murabhoritari Crystallography kunze.

Uye pashure anobudirira kuvakwa yunivhesiti zvedzidzo gore Vernadsky anosarudza kuwanazve parwendo kuEurope kuzoshanyira Mineralogical Museum. Pavaifamba, iye apinda Fifth Conference of International Geological musangano, vakatora nzvimbo muEngland. Pano akanga akabvuma kuti British Association of Science.

Moscow University

Vladimir Vernadsky, akasvika muMoscow, akava paUniversity of Moscow, achitora nzvimbo baba vake. In zvake aiva mukuru makemikari rabhoritari uye mineralogical kudzidza. Nokukurumidza Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich (zvipenyu yakanga isati kwazvo iteresovala musayendisiti muduku) akatanga kutsoropodza pane zvokurapa uye mumuviri-kwemasvomhu fakaroti. chokwadi Students akataura anokosha uye anobatsira ruzivo, iyo akapa mudzidzisi.

Vernadsky akarondedzera mineralogy sezvo kurangwa nesayenzi kuti unobvumira kudzidza zvicherwa zvakadai dzinongoitika yeimwe goko.

Muna 1902, gamba nyaya yedu doctorate mu crystallography uye akava purofesa zvizere. Panguva iyoyowo, akatora mugove Congress of Vanodzidza pasi pose, vakatora nzvimbo muMoscow.

Muna 1892 Vernadsky mumhuri aiva mwana wechipiri - mwanasikana, Nina. Panguva iyoyo, mwanakomana mukuru akanga atova makore mapfumbamwe.

Nokukurumidza purofesa inoti "akakura" mumwe sayenzi yose itsva chakaparadzaniswa mineralogy. nheyo dzaro, akati unotevera Congress of vanachiremba uye masayendisiti. Kubvira ipapo, bhizimisi idzva - geochemistry.

May 4, 1906 Vladimir Ivanovich vakava mutevedzeri purofesa mineralogy panguva St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Rinotaurawo kusarudzwa musoro weDhipatimendi Mineralogy Geological Museum. Muna 1912 Vernadskii (Biography nayo - Direct uchapupu) anova zvechikoro.

Vatariri pasi pose, musayendisiti anounganidza uye inounza kumba kupfuura siyana muunganidzwa yematombo. Uye muna 1910, rokuItari zvakasikwa rakavhurika kudanwa Vladimir Ivanovich chicherwa "vernadskitom".

Ake kudzidzisa mabasa ari Moscow University muzvinafundo chakapedzwa muna 1911. Zvaive munguva iyi, hurumende akakunda kadheti dendere. In kutsutsumwa pamusoro pamusoro nzvimbo akasiya chetatu vadzidzisi.

Upenyu St. Petersburg

Muna September 1911 musayendisiti Vladimir Vernadsky vakatamira St. Petersburg. Mumwe nyaya kuziva purofesa, aiva Kushandurwa Mineralogical Museum of Academy of Sciences mune chevanorwara pose. Muna 1911, kuti miziyamu akagamuchira chinyorwa nhamba siyana zvicherwa kuunganidza - 85. Pakati pavo paiva pamatombo extraterrestrial mavambo (meteorites). The Exhibits akawanikwa kwete chete muRussia, asi yabva Madagascar, Italy uye Norway. Pamwe chete muunganidzwa itsva Museum of St. Petersburg yazova rimwe chakanakisisa munyika. Muna 1914, nokuda kuwedzera mudonzvo vakaumba Mineralogical uye Geological Museum. Vernadsky akava mukuru waro.

Paaigara St. Petersburg musayendisiti anoedza kusika Lomonosov Institute, waiva panofanira anoverengeka madhipatimendi: makemikari, panyama uye mineralogical. Asi, zvinosuruvarisa hurumende yeRussia aisada yaungapedzera mari yake.

Sezvo World War First, zvikwereti nokuti Radium muRussia akatanga ndirambe zvinokosha, kuti nokukurumidza akaputsa nokuda mhiri kwemakungwa pamwe Zvinovheneka nesayenzi. Vernadsky tega kusika komiti kudzidza dzinongoitika masimba zvibereko pamusoro Russia. The Board, iro raiva mashanu nevatanhatu vanhu, akanga inotungamirirwa musayendisiti. Uye panguva ino Vladimir akatanga kunzwisisa sei yose zvesayenzi uye voruzhinji upenyu inovakwa. Pasinei chokwadi kuti zvose zvakaipisisa kuRussia, kuti Commission, nekusiyana, kuwedzerwa. Uye muna 1916 akakwanisa kuronga gumi nzendo nesayenzi kuti siyana dzenyika. Panguva imwe chete iyoyo, Academician Vernadsky akakwanisa nheyo ive sayenzi zvachose itsva - biogeochemistry, waiva kudzidza kwete chete kwezvakatipoteredza, asi hunhu murume pachake.

Vernadsky basa kukura Ukrainian sayenzi

Muna 1918 Vernadsky imba, yakavakwa muna Poltava, I airwadziwa Bolsheviks. Kunyange pasinei kuti muUkraine vokuGermany vakauya, musayendisiti akakwanisa kuronga Geological excursions akawanda, uyewo kuti vape pamusoro unoti "Kurarama nyaya".

Pashure shanduko simba, uye akatanga kutonga Hetman Skoropadsky, kwakasarudzwa kuronga wokuUkraine Academy of Sciences. Izvi zvinokosha basa raakapa Vernadsky. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti vakawanda zvakanaka mhinduro yaizova kutora muenzaniso Russian Academy of Sciences. nzvimbo iyi yaiva zvakonzera kuti pave zvokunyama tsika yavanhu, uyewo nokuwedzera zvibereko mauto. Vernadsky, ane Biography ari kusimbisa vakawanda zviitiko zvichiitika muUkraine, akabvuma kutora nyaya yakadaro inokosha, asi mamiriro ezvinhu akanga asina kuva achava mugari Ukraine.

Muna 1919 iye akavhura UAS, uyewo raibhurari nesayenzi. Panguva iyoyowo, masayendisiti ari kushanda kuwanikwa mumayunivhesiti anoverengeka muUkraine. Zvisinei, kunyange izvozvo zvakanga zvisina kukwana kuti Vernadsky. Akasarudza kushandisa nyaya mhenyu. Uye mumwe kuedza kwakadaro akapa anonakidza uye anokosha mugumisiro. Asi nokuuya pamusoro Bolsheviks vari muKiev anova ngozi, saka Vladimir akatamira kune chaivo yemapurisa Staroselie. ngozi Zvisingatarisirwi Hunoita kuti kuenda Crimea, apo mudzimai wake uye mwanasikana vakanga vakamirira.

Science uye Philosophy

Vladimir Vernadsky aidavira kuti uzivi uye sayenzi - ava mbiri dzakasiyana zvachose nzira kuziva nyika wemunhu. Vane zvinhu zvakasiyana kutsvakurudza. Asi uzivi haana miganhu uye zvinoratidza zvose. Uye sainzi, kusiyana, une paunogumira - nyika chaiyo. Asi panguva imwecheteyo, pfungwa mbiri zvakabatana. Philosophy - rudzi "muviri" zvakatipoteredza nesayenzi. Masayendisiti okuti kuti upenyu - ndicho chete cheefa zvakasikwa kusingaperi, sezvo simba kana basa.

Mumakore okupedzisira oupenyu hwake, Vladimir Ivanovich akaratidza ake philosophic pfungwa zveEl zvoupenyu munzvimbo mupfungwa, kuti ndiye biosphere kupinda noosphere. Aidavira kuti pfungwa dzevanhu - ndiro kweupenyu-shanduka, saka dzinongoitika pezvakaitwa inotsiviwa vanoziva.

Geochemistry uye Biosphere

Muna 1924, Vladimir Vernadsky yakabudisa bhuku rakanzi "Geochemistry". Basa rakanyorwa mu French uye yakabudiswa muna Paris. makore matatu chete gare gare, "Essays musi Geochemistry" akaonekwa Russian.

In basa iri musayendisiti generalizes mashoko anobatsira uye yokungotaura kuti chokuita goko maatomu, uyewo kudzidza yepanyama nziyo geospheres. In iri basa iroro rakapiwa pfungwa "kurarama nyaya" - chine zvipenyu kunogona kudzidzwa nenzira sezvo chero nyaya, kutsanangura uremu hwavo, makemikari anoumba uye simba. Geochemistry akaita se sayenzi kuti vanodzidza makemikari anoumba uye mitemo Mashoko zvine maatomu akafanana Panyika. Geochemical pezvakaitwa vanokwanisa kufukidza dzose goko. Chinonyanya kushamisa kuparadzana kwacho anonzi zvinhu panguva solidification uye kutonhora. Uye pano ndipo panobva zvose geochemical pezvakaitwa anonzi kuva simba kwezuva, giravhiti nokupisa.

Kushandisa mitemo kuparadzirwa zvine maatomu akafanana, masayendisiti Russian kukura geochemical Zvaifungidzirwa, uyewo nzira kuwana zvicherwa.

Vernadsky akaita mhedziso kuti chero kuratidzwa muupenyu kunogona chete zviripo chimiro biosphere - guru hurongwa "kurarama munzvimbo". Muna 1926, purofesa zvakabudisa bhuku "Biosphere" umo iye akataura zvose zvinokosha dzidziso dzake. Bhuku akapiwa diki, rakanyorwa nyore mutauro okusika. Zvakakonzera chinofarirwa vaverengi vakawanda.

Vernadsky akagadzira biogeochemical pamuviri of biosphere. Mariri pfungwa wakaonekwa ari Chipenyu, zvinosanganisira dzakasiyana-siyana zvine maatomu akafanana zvakawanikwa zvose zvipenyu zviri vemo.

biogeochemistry

Biogeochemistry chinhu nesayenzi kuti vanodzidza nziyo, mamiriro, musimboti yacho mhenyu. Masayendisiti akaratidza pfungwa inokosha akawanda, achiratidza muenzaniso wenyika.

Chii akaudza Vladimir Vernadsky?

The biosphere - mupenyu ezvinhu Nyika - handingatongogumburwi kudzokera ayo yapfuura mamiriro, saka anochinja dzose nguva. Asi nyaya mhenyu ane chenguva geochemical kukanganisa munyika yakatipoteredza.

The Earth muchadenga - a biogenic inotungamirwa, sezvo kutamburira okisijeni kupote nyika kupfuura kurwa zvokudya.

Kupfuura simba uye siyana chipenyu simba munyika iri kwemabhakitiriya, akazaruka kunyange Leeuwenhoek.

Muna 1943, musayendisiti akanga paakavapa ari Order uye ari Stalin Prize. Wokutanga hafu remuneration purofesa vakapa kuzvidzivirira Kumusha Fund uye wechipiri yakawandisa kutenga Geological kuunganidza yeRussian Academy of Sciences.

Dzidziso Vernadsky nezvemweya biosphere uye noosphere

Noosphere - imwe Integrated Geological hamvuropu Nyika, iyo yakaumbwa somugumisiro zvetsika uye kwesayenzi mabasa vanhu, uyewo zvakasikwa uye muitiro. Chinonyanya kukosha tenet mafungiro aiva basa vanoziva simba kwevanhu zvakatipoteredza.

Dzidziso Vernadsky pamusoro biosphere uye noosphere anoongorora kwaita pfungwa somugumisiro zvine musoro-shanduka. Uyewo muzvinafundo akakwanisa kufungidzira pakuwedzera miganhu yacho noosphere, zvichireva kuwana murume muchadenga. Maererano Vernadsky, kuti noosphere ndiyo nheyo kupindirana rwokuzvarwa runako uye murume. Saka, zvisikwa akapiwa chikonzero, ngwarira ne kuwirirana ichi uye kwete kuiparadza.

Pokutangira kuti chidzoke vanhu noosphere ndiwo chidzoke ari munhu upenyu wokutanga zvishandiso uye moto - saka akatendeukira zvakanakira wemhuka uye chirimwa nyika, akatanga nyanyisa dzinotsanagura kusikwa kurimwa zvinomera uye domestication emhuka. Zvino murume hakutangi kuita sezvo ndaisagona munhu, uye somunhu Musiki.

Asi sayenzi runotaura kudzidza inokuvadza zviito zvevanhu zvakatipoteredza, akazviratidza afa Vernadsky uye rinonzi ikoroji. Asi sayenzi iyi hazvirevi kudzidza Geological basa vanhu uye nemigumisiro yayo.

Mupiro nesainzi

Vladimir Ivanovich akaita zvakawanda zvinokosha. Kubva 1888 kusvika 1897 musayendisiti yakatanga pfungwa silicates, akasarudza kuti kupatsanura pakati siliceous yeimwe, uye akazivisa pfungwa yacho kaolin musimboti.

Muna 1890-1911 gg. Akava muvambi majini mineralogy kugadzwa chaiyo kubatana pakati zvicherwa crystallization nzira, uyewo yaro sezvamunoita uye inotungamirwa Genesisi.

Masayendisiti Russian Vernadsky vakabatsira kuronga uye mamiriro ruzivo mumunda geochemistry. Vaongorori kutanga kudzidzisa RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA kudzidza kwete chete paNyika mhepo, asiwo lithosphere uye hydrosphere. Muna 1907 ndipo pakatanga radiogeology.

Mumakore 1916-1940 chinorondedzerwa chikuru nenheyo biogeochemistry, uye waiva munyori dzidziso biosphere yayo shanduka. Vernadskiy Vladimir Ivanovich, kuvhurika rikarova yose nyika, akakwanisa kudzidza quantitative zviri mhenyu zvinhu muviri, uyewo geochemical mabasa kuti vaite. Akatanga pfungwa yezwi iri biosphere kupinda noosphere.

A mashoko mashoma pamusoro biosphere

The nemamiriro biosphere, maererano nokufungidzira Vladimir Ivanovich, vaiva marudzi makuru manomwe zvinhu:

1. Vakapararira maatomu.
2. Zvinhu zvinobva mupenyu.
3. Chinobatanidza yepasi pose mavambo.
4. Zvinhu akaumba panze upenyu.
5. Zvinhu kuora radioactive.
6. Biokostnye.
7. Living fuma.

Chii Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, anoziva mumwe nomumwe anozvipira pamusoro. Aidavira kuti Chipenyu angatanga chete nzvimbo chaiyo, iyo inozivikanwa nokuva imwe marongerwo. Makemikari anoumba nyaya mhenyu unoenderana nenzvimbo, zvisinei mamwe zvinhu, zvikuru pakati dzezvimwe dzakadaro.

Asi kuchinja ari biosphere kupinda noosphere Akaperekedzwa zvinoverengeka:

1. Settlement pakati Homo sapiens mhiri pemvura Nyika, uyewo yaro kukunda uye pakudzorwa pamusoro zvimwe zvipenyu.
2. Creation rakabatana mashoko marongedzero yose vanhu.
3. Kuwanikwa zvinyorwa itsva simba (akadai kunyanya Nuclear). Pashure mberi kwakadaro vanhu vakagamuchira chinokosha uye simba Geological simba.
4. Kukwanisa kudzora vanhu zvavo.
5. Kuwedzera kwenhamba yevanhu vari kuita zvesayenzi. chinhu ichi anopawo vanhu mutsva Geological simba.

Vladimir Vernadsky, vane mupiro zvipenyu kunokosha, aiva tariro uye vakatenda kuti kusingarapiki kukura ruzivo yesayenzi - ichi ndicho chete nouchapupu uchapupu hwaivapo mberi.

mhedziso

Vernadsky Prospekt - wakarebesa mumugwagwa muMoscow, zvinoita kuti kumaodzanyemba-kumadokero guru. mavambo Its zvinotora pamusoro Geochemistry Institute, vane muvambi uye vasiri masayendisiti, uye inoguma pamwe Academy of General Staff. Saka inomirira mupiro Vernadsky zvesayenzi, iyo kunoratidzwa muna kwokudzivirira nyika. In prospectus ichi, sezvo vaitarisira musayendisiti, pane dzakawanda tsvakurudzo ne dzidziso kumayunivhesiti.

Kufara uye siyana musayenzi nemaonero musayenzi zvakawanwa Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky aikosheswa, zvichida, nevamwe masayendisiti guru nguva yedu. Kunyanya nokuti pamabasa ake, akavonga vadzidzisi vake. Kazhinji akarwa upenyu shamwari dzake uye vadzidzi vari vakaurayiwa kuri hurongwa. Nemhaka rakajeka pfungwa uye unyanzvi hunoshamisa, pamwe nemamwe masayendisiti akakwanisa kusika yakasimba tsvakurudzo masangano pose kukosha.

upenyu uyu dzakaguma payakakurudzirwa.

December 25, 1944 Vladimir Ivanovich akakumbira mudzimai wake kuti auye kofi. Uye apo akaenda mukicheni, musayendisiti aiva uropi ropa. A yakafanana zvakashata yakawira baba vake, uye mwanakomana aitya kufa rufu chete. Mushure chiitiko, musayendisiti akararama kwamazuva gumi nenhatu, uye haana kuwana kuziva. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky akafa January 6, 1945.