Uzivi Renaissance zvishoma. Vamiririri muuzivi Renaissance

Uzivi Renaissance - kutanga chakanangana Western Europe, XIV-XVII emakore. Shoko rokuti "Renaissance" (kushandiswa Italian shanduro - Renaissance) chokuita nevafungi achitaura kare neururami chairwo kumutsidzirwa uzivi hwechiGiriki uye Roman. Asi vanonzwisisa zviri kare, vanhu XIV-XV emakore. Zvakanga zvishoma akavhiringika. Izvi hazvishamisi, nemireniyumu akaparadzaniswa navo kubvira pakupunzika Rome, uye akapotsa vaviri - kubva ichatonga zvine mbiri yekare Greek hweruzhinji. Asi musimboti muuzivi Renaissance - anthropocentrism - akanga kunobva zvinyorwa zvekare uye zvakajeka anodzivisa Ages vanozvinyima uye Kudzivisa zvinhu zvenyika scholasticism.

Background pamusoro

Uzivi Renaissance sei? tsananguro pfupi acho anogona kutanga kutaurwa nezvokuti paiva kufarira nyika chaiyo uye nzvimbo yomunhu mariri. Zvino nemasanga panguva ino. Pakazosvika XIV remakore. akararama yayo hurongwa feudal ukama. Yakakura uye yakatanga nokukurumidza Municipality. Izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka yaiva Italy, apo kubva kare havana kudzima netsika upfumi kuzvionera mikuru maguta seRoma, Florence, Venice, Naples. On Italy equaled dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope.

Panguva ino, kutonga yeRoma Church ose mabhora upenyu kutanga kuyera vanhu: madzimambo vakatsvaka kuderedza matambudziko Papa uye kuuya nesimba kwakakwana, uye mumaguta kwevanhu uye vanhuwo zvavo vakasiya kuti simba pasi zvisingatsungiririki joko kwemitero pamusoro kwevafundisi zvinodiwa. Papera chinguva, izvozvo zvichaita kuti sangano nokuda kuvandudzwa yeChechi uye chiKristu munguva mahwanda iri dzokuMadokero European yeRoma uye Protestantism.

XIV-XV emakore. - paraiitwa guru nenzvimbo matongo, nyika yakatanga kuva zvakawanda zvakajeka uye sezvazviri, uye kuipa wakafanira kupinda Procrustean pamubhedha scholasticism Christian. Kudikanwa systematize ruzivo rwesayenzi akava pachena uye hakudzivisiki. Masayendisiti vanonyanya Vocal pamusoro ouchenjeri maumbirwo kwenyika, zvakamubaya pamusoro pezvakaitwa mitemo wefizikisi uye kemisitiri, kwete chishamiso naMwari.

Uzivi Renaissance (zvishoma): pfungwa huru uye zvinokosha zvinotaurwa

Kuti vanozivikanwa zvose izvi zvakavapo? The chikuru zviri muuzivi Renaissance - chido kunzwisisa nyika kuburikidza nesayenzi, izvo rakatangira muGirisi yekare uye vakanga kuremekedza kukanganwa murima Middle Ages, nzeve munhu Mapato zvakadai rusununguko, kuenzana, uye kune rakasiyana tsika - upenyu hwevanhu.

Zvisinei, tsanangudzo yakaperera nenguva vasingagoni asi kukanganisa nzira kukura repfungwa kwouzivi uye inovava kukakavadzana vateveri yepamusoro tsika akaberekwa neitsva maonero enyika. Uzivi Renaissance zvishoma vakadzidza zvinokosha nhaka yekare, asi yekudyidzana dzakachinjwa uye vaisanganisa. New nguva anoisa pamberi murume mashoma zvimwe zvinhu kupfuura makore 2,000 kare, kunyange zvazvo vakawanda vavo inoshandawo mu vemazera ose.

The pfungwa Renaissance uzivi tichishandisa zvinotaurwa akadai:

• Anthropocentrism kwouzivi uye yesayenzi wobvunzisisa. Man - pakati zvakasikwa, paro tsika uye kutyaira simba.
• Cherechedzai sayenzi yepanyama uye chaiwo. Chete kuburikidza nekudzidza uye kukura, unogona kunzwisisa maumbirwo enyika, kuziva zvaari chaizvo.
• Natural uzivi. Nature inofanira akadzidza sezvo rimwe rose. All zvinhu munyika akafanana pezvakaitwa ose zvinodyidzana. Kuziva navo zvakasiyana-siyana uye mamiriro ezvinhu runobvira chete kuburikidza kwetunhu uye panguva imwe chete kuburikidza deductive nzira kubva makuru kongiri.
• Pantheism - the kuziva Mwari zvakasikwa. The chikuru chinangwa pfungwa iyi yaiva kuwiriranisa sayenzi nechechi. Zvinozivikanwa kuti vaKaturike nokushingaira vakatevera chero pfungwa yesayenzi. The budiriro chamuita kuti pantheism kwakadaro mberi munzvimbo dzakadai nezvenyeredzi, kemisitiri (mu Kusiyana Yesayenzi pamusoro alchemy uye kutsvaka muzivi kuti ibwe), wefizikisi, mushonga (kudzidza mamiriro dzevanhu, ayo nhengo, nyama yakadzika).

periodization

Sezvo Renaissance rinofukidza chaizvo yakakura nguva, nokuti tsananguro uwane ayo conventionally muzvikamu zvitatu nguva.

1. Humanist - pakati XIV - wokutanga hafu XV remakore. Kunoonekwa atendeuke theocentrism kusvikira anthropocentrism.
2. Neoplatonic - yechipiri yezana XV - wokutanga hafu XVI remakore. Chokuita kubvuta masimba maonero.
3. Physiophilosophical - yechipiri hafu XVI - XVII rokutanga gumi. Kuedza kugadzirisa kune zvakanaka makasimbiswa uye anotenderwa neChechi maonero.

Govera zvakawanda dzakadai Uzivi of Renaissance, yakadai se:

• Political (mune Neoplatonic nguva), iyo inozivikanwa nokuva kutsvaka musimboti uye hunhu simba vamwe vanhu pamusoro pevamwe.
• Utopian. The Social muuzivi Renaissance (rinobatana rechipiri uye rechitatu nguva) mu zvakafanana enyika nhungamiro, asi muna Search Center aiva akakodzera chimiro kwevanhu coexistence mukati muguta uye hurumende.
• Reformation (XVI-XVII emakore.) - iri rinopiwa kuwana nzira zvokuvandudza yeChechi maererano mutsva chaizvoizvo, ndichengetedze kunamata muupenyu hwevanhu, pokutonga tsika neotritsanie pamusoro nesayenzi.

General zvechadenga nguva

Nhasi, mashoko okuti "vanhu" awana siyanei zvinoreva kupfuura muna Renaissance. Rinoreva kuti kwekodzero dzevanhu, kushivirira, rudo. Asi vazivi of Renaissance ishoko zvikurukuru kwaireva kuti nechepakati kutsvakurudza kwouzivi haasi Mwari kana huMwari, uye murume wake upenyu panyika. Saka, kana isu aunganidze zvishoma kumusoro, uzivi kuMiddle Ages uye Renaissance - zvakasiyana kutanga. Vaifarira akasiyana zvachose kumushora nyaya uye haagoni mushandirapamwe zviripo parutivi.

kutanga ideologues

Muitisi pamusoro humanistic pfungwa vakatanga Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, naLorenzo Valla, Dzhovanni Bokachcho. mabasa avo nenzira dzakasiyana, asi zvikuru zvakajeka muuzivi Renaissance anthropocentrism, kuti ndiyo musimboti nzvimbo yomunhu ari muchadenga mufananidzo.

Humanism kupararira pakutanga kwete dhipatimendi yunivhesiti, uye munyaya pakati vanokudzwa uye vairemekedzwa. Scholastica aiva mugove zvavo, kana panzvimbo vaya kudzora vazhinji, mukuru dzidziso uye Humanism - uzivi kuti vakasarudzwa yakamanikana mudenderedzwa vakadzidza vepamusoro.

Polar pfungwa - muuzivi Ages uye Renaissance. Muchidimbu tanga zvinoita mune mashoko kuti muzivi Renaissance rokutanga akasika remakore akasimbisa pachayo iri mufananidzo Dark Ages sokurota yerima vanhu. Vakatanga kuenda nyaya dzekare uye mifananidzo kufananidzira pfungwa dzavo. Basa muuzivi kwevanhu dzakaona kudzokera kuna "yendarama zera" - kubva kare, uye nokuda kweizvi ivo vakatanga mabasa zvainanga kusimudzira nhaka yekare - shanduro yechiLatin uye kunyange anokudzwa dzaishandisa akachengetedzwa mienzaniso Greek nenjodzi yekare uye Comedy. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti shanduro annotated rokutanga magwaro ekare, yakaitwa XV-XVI emakore., Nheyo philology ano.

Dante Alighieri - mumiririri yakajeka Humanism nguva

Kuti munguva humanistic Renaissance nguva munhoroondo uzivi hazvibviri kwete kugara pamusoro Biography zvakadaro chiratidzo iye nenhamba kufanana Dante Alighieri. anofunga ichi inozvikudza uye nyanduri mubasa rake haufi "The Divine Comedy" akaita murume anokosha ari chokurondedzera. Izvi zvinonyanya kunakidza kuti vamwe mufananidzo nyika akaramba kufanana kuMiddle Ages - nheyo yeChechi uye uchapupu pamusoro kweHumwari asati kukanganiswa. Asi mu "Comedy kwaMwari" zvose uye kwazvo kurondwa pamepu nyikadzimu Christian. Kuti munhu achipinda nzvimbo nokutungamirira kwaMwari. Kana ari kuona, asingakwanisi kupindira uye kufurira nzira zviitiko, asi munhu chete ndiye atova naMwari denderedzwa.

kusikwa ichi dzeChechi vakaonga kunaka kwazvo, kunyange hasha.

mugumo yevanhu Dante kuti maonero ari kuzvipira kuvandudzika, kudzingirirana yakakwirira yakanaka, asi zvachose kwete zvasiya kuti upenyu, sezvo akazviratidza nevazivi kuMiddle Ages. To "The Divine Comedy" uye pendi namavara ose tarisiro youpenyu mweya mushure mekufa, kumumanikidza kuita chiito muupenyu pfupi panyika. Munyori hunoratidza kuti Mwari akatanga murume ane nevakawanda chinangwa - kumutsa basa rake uye nenyota vaingogara zivo vapfume. Anthropocentric muuzivi Renaissance Dante zvishoma akawana mashoko ayo ari "rwiyo yokuremekedzwa hwevanhu," yakarira mu "Comedy Divine." Saka, muna chinangwa yakakwirira munhu panyika, kukwanisa kwake nokuda kwemabasa makuru, anofunga nheyo itsva, humanistic dzidziso murume.

Development of pfungwa nemabasa Franchesko Petrarki

Kunyatsogona humanistic maonero ataurwa Dante, akawana kukura kwayo nemabasa Franchesko Petrarki. Kunyange zvazvo kutaura pamusoro Genre mabasa ake (sonnets, canzone uye madrigals) yakasiyana chaizvo simba uye mabhii Dante ngapaonekwe pfungwa Humanism mavari zvakaenzana zvakajeka. Peru mudetembi ichi ndezvako dzinoverengeka akadhindwa ouzivi: "On murenje upenyu," "Invective pamudzivisi," "On ake uye mumwe kusaziva yemumwe," "About yemamongi yokufaranuka" nhaurirano "chakavanzika My".

Muenzaniso Petrarch zvakajeka kuti anthropocentrism haagari chete yakagadzirwa itsva vazivi, asi maonero akawana miitiro, gadziriro tsika. Iye pachena vaishora dzidziso yepamusoro, tichifunga mugove nhoroondo muzivi wechokwadi mifungo yake, pane nezvemashoko vamwe vanhu. Uye pakati mibvunzo ouzivi Petrarch vaiona pakutanga vaya akavakirwa munhu, upenyu hwake, dzomunyika zvido uye zviito.

The chikuru Pfungwa kwevanhu - anekodzero mufaro

Pakutanga, mu mabasa Dante kwakaita uzivi of Renaissance (Humanism) vakatakura kudanwa kuti ndidzore uvandudze, austerity uye kuramba kuzvibhakera wematambudziko. Asi yake mutsivi yokutanga yezana XV remakore. - Lorenzo Valla - akaenda mberi uye akadana chiito yave kurwira zvinangwa zvavo. Pakati yekare zvikoro ouzivi ari kupfuura tsitsi kune VaEpikuro - pachena nhaurirano "On mafaro" uye "On zvakanaka kwechokwadi nekwenhema", umo iye anosiyanisa vateveri Epicurus uye nevaStoiki. Asi kutsvaka mafaro vezvivi, unhu VaEpikuro, pano kuwana yakasiyana hunhu. Ari kunakidzwa pfungwa evasingatombonamati yetsika, hunhu pakunamata. For Lorenzo Valla Kunyanya muuzivi Renaissance muchidimbu wakaderedzwa kuti kudavira muna kusingaperi yaibvira pfungwa dzevanhu.

The chikuru budiriro yacho humanist vazivi XIV-XV emakore. kuti akarwa kuti munhu kodzero kukura, kuzvigutsa uye mufaro muupenyu chaihwo panyika, uye kwete Chechi pashure porufu yakapikirwa. Mwari anofunga zvakanaka uye mutsa, hunotaurwa okusika musimboti wenyika. Uye murume akasikwa mumufananidzo waMwari, moga pakati zvipenyu, takaberekwa tine chikonzero uye kushingaira mweya, vanofanira kuedza kushandura nyika uye vanhu vakamupoteredza ari nani.

Creative Search akabata kwete kugutsikana asiwo fomu: kwevanhu vane akarwawo evasingatombonamati enyika Genre wenhetembo, akadhindwa ouzivi muenzaniso kare kuumbwa panhaurirano, kutanga ingano uye ndimutsidzire zviri epistolary Genre.

mumagariro Nokutendeka

Social Philosophy of Renaissance vasanyanya nheyo Ages evanhu vakuru nyore uye zvakasikwa kuteterera Matsvene, kuti vanhu vose vakaenzana mune kodzero dzavo, nokuti chete akasikwa nemufananidzo waMwari. Pfungwa kuenzana kwevanhu vose kuwana kushingaira chikamu vazivi panguva Kujekerwa, uye paunenge chete akataura, asi ichi akatogadzwa zvizhinji mushure feudal Middle Ages. Kwevanhu haanamati nharo pamwe Church, asi akatenda kuti scholastics uye demagogues kukanganisa zvarinodzidzisa uye humanistic uzivi, nekusiyana, kuchabatsira kudzokera pakutenda kwechiKristu kwechokwadi. Kutambura uye marwadzo ndezvekuzviitisa hunhu, uye saka havasi kufadza Mwari.

Mune Danho rechipiri yawo kukura kubva pezana XV remakore., Renaissance uzivi muchidimbu anodudzira nenzira itsva nenzira dzidziso Plato, naAristotle uye chikoro Neo-Platonic maererano nechokwadi dzazvino.

The chikuru vamiririri pfungwa mumagariro ruenzano

Pakati nevafungi ino nguva, nzvimbo inokosha inogarwa Nikolay Kuzansky. Akanga ari pfungwa kuti inofamba chokwadi - chiri zvisingaperi muitiro, ndiko, kuti vawane chokwadi kwakaoma zvisingaiti. Izvi zvinoreva kuti munhu haakwanisi kuona nyika yakatipoteredza kusvika kuti anobvumira kuti Mwari. Uye kunzwisisa huMwari ndiyewo mhiri simba kwevanhu. The chikuru zviri muuzivi Renaissance vari muchidimbu mumabasa ake "simpletons" uye "On Akadzidza kusaziva", apo kokutanga hunobuda zvakajeka musimboti pantheism, sezvo kubatana kwenyika, kubudikidza wokuCusa, zvakaitwa muna Mwari.

Zvakananga idzidziso dzaPlato uye Neoplatonists rinoreva muverengi bhuku "Platonic Theology yokusafa kwomweya" Marsilio Ficino. Iye, kufanana Nikolay Kuzansky, akanga nyanzvi pantheism rinozivisa Mwari uye nyika iri hierarchical ino. Ideas muuzivi Renaissance, iyo inoti kuti munhu akakwana uye saMwari, zvakare hapana mutorwa kuna Ficino.

Pantheistic uzivi yakasvika apogee yayo basa Pico della Mirandola. Muzivi vakafungidzira kuti Mwari - ndiye soro hwakakwana, akanyudzwa munyika kukwana. maonero akadaro ari kumavambo XV remakore. Yakaratidza nyika muuzivi Renaissance. Pfupiso yebhuku Mirandola dzidziso kuti kunzwisisa nyika yakaenzana kunzwisisa Mwari, uye muitiro uyu kunyange zvakaoma, asi kuguma. Uyewo kuvapo uye kukwana murume, nokuti akasikwa nomufananidzo waMwari.

Pantheism. Petro Pomponatstsi

A Uzivi mutsva Renaissance, muchidimbu zvinotsanangurwa munyaya ino, akakwereta misimboti Aristotle kwakaita zvakataurwa zvakanyorwa Petro Pomponatstsi. Akaona musimboti hwenyika chenguva mberi inofamba iri denderedzwa, kukura uye kudzokorora. The chikuru zviri muuzivi Renaissance akawana ungira wake "bhuku pamusoro kusafa kwemweya." Pano munyori anopa isimbiswe uchapupu rufu mweya zvakasikwa, nokudaro vachiti yakaenzanirana uye chinovavhiringidza zvinogoneka muupenyu huno, uye vanofanira kuedza nokuti. Saka anotarisa zvishoma Pomponazzi muuzivi Renaissance. Pfungwa huru kuti vaizviti - munhu mhosva hwavo uye pantheism. Asi uno vari kuverenga itsva: Mwari haasi chete Unit pamwe zvakasikwa, zviri kunyange asina kusununguka kubva pairi, uye saka haisi mhosva zvakaipa zvinoitika munyika, sezvo Mwari haagoni kuputsa paruchaitika hurongwa hwezvinhu.

Hymn Erasmus

In rondedzero Fani iyi muuzivi Renaissance, zvakakodzera kubata zvishoma okugadzira zvinhu Erasmus. Zviri varimunyika yechiKristu mumweya kwayo, asi kunyange zvakawanda zvipo murume uye guru rinodiwa naye. Izvi zvinopa basa rakakura kuti kuramba kuzvidzora kukura uye kuzvidzora zvinocherechedzesa. Erasmus utsinye kufumura kuitwa yepamusoro uzivi feudal chivako zvarwo, akapa pfungwa dzake panyaya iyi mu bhuku rake "Kurumbidzwa Upenzi". Saizvozvowo upenzi nomuzivi akaona chikonzero vose kurwisana, hondo uye negakava, zviri censuring chaizvo zvinorehwa muuzivi Renaissance. Humanism uyewo akawana ungira mumabhuku Erasmus. Raiva worudzii rwiyo kuti rusununguko nokuda kwomurume wake mutoro zvose zvakaipa uye akanaka.

pfungwa Utopian wakanyatsojeka

The Social muuzivi Renaissance mirayiridzo iri pachena zvikuru mudzidziso dzidziso Thomas More, kutaura zvazviri mubasa rake yakakurumbira "pakuva", ane zita vakazova anofanana. Mor akaparidza renunciation oga pfuma uye zvakasikwa nekuenzana.

Chimwe mumiririri socio-enyika kuitika, Niccolo Machiavelli, mu bhuku rake "The Emperor" rinotaura zvaakaratidzwa zvakasikwa wehurumende simba, mitemo mutemo uye mufambiro mutongi. Kuti vabudirire rokumusoro zvinangwa Machiavelli, chero nzira dziri dzakakodzera. Mumwe kushoropodza kwaari kupata kwakadaro, asi iye chete akaona vane mutemo.

Saka, nokuti Danho rechipiri zvikuru dzinokosha dziri: hunhu Mwari uye ukama hwake hwepasi nyika, munhu rusununguko neururami muhurumende.

Bright zvisaririra Dzhordano Bruno

In pachikuva rechitatu (yechipiri yezana XVI remakore.), Chayo kukura muuzivi Renaissance kureva nyika dzakapoteredza hwevanhu, itsva nokududzira nemitemo pachena tsika uye mitemo yezvinhu zvakasikwa.

Moral dzidziso vakazvipira "ruzivo" Michel de mbuya, apo mienzaniso apindura mimwe tsika ezvinhu uye zvinopa mazano anobatsira kuzvibata. Zvinoshamisa kuti mbuya, kwete kuramba zvakaitika kare mumabhuku ichi, akaita vakakwanisa kusika dzidziso, kuhupenyu nhasi.

Kwokufananidzira mufananidzo rwokuzvarwa muuzivi XVI remakore. Akava Giordano Bruno. Munyori akadhindwa nevazivi uye mabasa kwesayenzi, haana kuramba huMwari, kuedza kunzwisisa musimboti wezvose uye cosmogony. In basa rake "On mhaka, mavambo chete" muzivi nharo kuti muchadenga ndechimwe (payo kazhinji yaiva nechepakati pfungwa dzidziso dzake), immobile uye hazviperi. General zvechadenga muuzivi Renaissance panguva Giordano Bruno hunoratidzika Verengai pfungwa pantheism, rwokuzvarwa uzivi uye kwesayenzi anthropocentrism. Akataura kuti hunhu hwakapiwa ane mweya, zviri pachena kubva chokwadi kuti nguva dzose Virtual. A Mwari - ichi kwakafanana kuti zvakasikwa - vane rusingaperi uye kuenzana mumwe. Vavariro vanhu kutsvaka - nokuzvidzora kuvandudzika, uye pakupedzisira tinosvika kuna kufungisisa Mwari.

General mhedziso

mhando iyi yakatorwa panguva yokupedzisira pavaipfuura muuzivi Renaissance. Vamiririri muchidimbu kuti zvinotsanangurwa muna zvaainyora sezvo kuda pfungwa dzevanhu, sezvo kusunungurwa kubva murima kudzvinyirira uye kusadzidza simba. It anoziva kukosha kwoupenyu hwevanhu ose. Saka inogona kurondedzerwa muchidimbu muuzivi Renaissance. Vamiririri yayo havana chete vazivi, asi akashanda mumunda sayenzi zvakasikwa sezvo Dzhordano Bruno ambotaurwa, uyewo Galileo Galilei uye Nikolay Kopernik. Meso avo vakamhanya kudenga uye pantheism, hunhu nezvizvarwa. Vakaziva Mwari vasisiri nokungoti zvakasikwa, asi pamwe isingaperi muchadenga. tsananguro pfupi muuzivi Renaissance ari XVI-XVII emakore. Unosanganisira kwete chete kungoda pantheism uye rwokuzvarwa-dzouzivi tsvakurudzo, asiwo mberi kusimudzira humanistic maonero. Period kunoda vanhu kuramba kuvandudza, basa uye ushingi kutsvaka zvinoreva upenyu panyika uye huMwari zvose.

Nokuti vazhinji emakore zviri kuongororwa nenyika kwesayenzi muuzivi Renaissance. General unhu muchidimbu muna Dilteya Vilgelma zvinyorwa, Russian dzekare - Buychik, Luchinina, Losev.