Turbellarians: unhu uye rondedzero mukirasi. Representatives turbellarians

Turbellaria kana turbellarians (Turbellaria) ndezvaiye kunyikadzimu mhuka, mhando flatworms, anopfuura 3500 marudzi. Vazhinji vavo vakasununguka-mupenyu, asi dzimwe mhando vari tupukanana kuti kurarama mumuviri wehondo. Size evanhu zvinosiyana zvichienderana dzinogarisana uye netsika dzokudya dzakanaka. Vamwe Honye zvinogona chete kuonekwa nemaikorosikopu, vamwe vanosvika kureba kupfuura 40 cm.

Tupukanana vari zvinenge zvose nhengo mhando flatworms. Ciliated Makonye - kirasi chete rinosanganisira siyana pachena kurarama zvakatipoteredza, asi ari chinorura.

Makonye inogona kuwanikwa munyu uye mvura yakachena, iri ivhu nyoro, pasi mabwe, pedyo nemahombekombe nzizi uye madhamu. Vamwe vanogara pamusoro penyika, mumwe pazasi paro. The shoma howa kurarama pahondo muviri pamusoro, ari chisvetasimba, asi pasina kukonzera zvakaipa kwaari. Kupfuura vakawanda uye zvinoshamisa vamiririri kirasi ndivo planarian, vanopinda ose mavara (kubva vatema uye chena kuti mashava uye rwebhuruu).

Description chitarisiko turbellarians

Kirasi ciliated Makonye saka zita nokuti zvose muviri honye wacho akazadza duku cilia, kupa mhuka kufamba uye kufamba zvipfuwo zviduku muchadenga. Kufambira ciliated Makonye swimming kana kukambaira senyoka. Animal Chimiro flattened, denderedzwa kana zvishoma elongated.

Kungofanana nhengo dzose flatworm, muviri wavo haana zvemukati mhango. Izvi bilaterally zvakafanana, ichibata zvinenge pamwe varonga pfungwa uye muromo pamusoro peritoneal chikamu muviri.

Features ciliary pabutiro

Ciliary epithelium iri nezvezvikwata zviviri:

• pamwe zvakajeka vakaparadzana mumwe cilia;
• pamwe fused cilia muna imwe cytoplasmic rukoko.

Cilia vasina nhengo dzose vekirasi flatworms. Ciliated nemhando Makonye pasi epithelial paiva nedebwe shwanu secretion. Madzihwa asunungurwa kubva pamberi muviri, kunobatsira honye yakabatanidzwa uye vakabata pamusoro substrate pamusoro, uyewo kufamba famba pasina kurasikirwa nomwero.

Pamwe kumicheto honye miviri vari unicellular mumasero secreting madzihwa ane chepfu ehupfumi. madzihwa uyu mhando kudzivirira mhuka nemamwe zvikara hombe (eg hove).

Ciliated Makonye pamusoro kwenguva, sokunge miparavara, kurasikirwa zvidimbu epithelium chinoratidza molting mhuka.

Sechivako ganda-tsandanyama zai

Structure turbellarians kufanana maumbirwo flatworms. Muscular muviri unoumba munhu ganda-tsandanyama bhegi inoumbwa matatu akaturikidzana ose fibers:

• annular rukoko iri kunze pemvura muviri;
• diagonal rukoko ane fibers vari necheparutivi;
• munhu longitudinal pasi rukoko.

Kuderedza, tsandanyama nechokwadi nokukurumidza kufamba uye vapedzisire ane specimens kunyanya guru.

alimentary maitiro

Vamwe vamiririri turbellarians vasiri zvakajeka akambochera ura uye vari beskishechnyh. Vamwe vane zvomudumbu nhengo dziri hunomiririrwa rose hurongwa mapazi migero, achizivisa zvokudya kumativi ose muviri. It bowel mamiriro akasiyana turbellarians. Mukuwedzera beskishechnyh (akaberekwa konvolyut) mugove turbellarians:

• rectal (mesostom);
• vetvistokishechnyh (lactic Planaria trikladidy).

Roth vanhu mapazi ura iri pedyo rwemberi muviri, pane rectal - kumberi. Muromo dzinoenderana Nokuhonye pahuro, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma rinobva mune bofu ura bazi.

Kirasi ciliated Makonye pharyngeal shwanu ndiye anokonzera kwokunze (kunze muviri) kugaya.

yavaive hurongwa

Excretory hurongwa inomiririrwa muzvizhinji pakati pores pakupedzisira mugove muviri mhuka, iyo kuburikidza chaiwo migero vabudiswa vasingadiwi zvinhu. Migero rakanaka zvakabatana imwe kana mbiri huru yakabatana ura.

Kana intestinal kusavapo kusarudzwa (uyezve nendove) uchingounganidza panguva pemvura ganda mumasero anokosha iyo pashure kuzadza zvinopedzwa zvakanaka.

tsinga

Turbellaria zvinhu zvinosanganisira kusiyana sechivako tsinga. Mune dzimwe mhando samambure nayo inomiririrwa diki tsinga harinzwi (ganglion) pamberi chikamu muviri.

Nokuti vamwe, pane kusvika 8 yegwara tsinga hunde dzacho yakawanda neuronal branching.

Pfungwa nhengo dzinokudziridzwa, wakaiswa anokosha cilia vane basa tactile ushande. Vamwe vanhu vane pfungwa nepakati mabasa muviri statocyst chinokosha chiri muchimiro subcutaneous matema kana Makomba.

Omumwe kufamba uye kunovhiringidza chiito kunoitika kunze kuburikidza sensilla - kuita chinhu ciliary muviri pamusoro pepasi.

In pamberi honye vakaumba statocyst chokuita kwazviri ortogon - pfungwa hurongwa yekamuri-mhando makwara.

Dzakabudirira kunhuhwidza uye kuona

Turbellarians ane olfactory zvomukati, izvo basa rinokosha muupenyu hwake somunhu chinorura. Zviri ngaavongwe kwavari turbellarians kuwana zvokudya. Kumativi mberi neshure nemigumo nomuviri akaronga makomba kuti vane basa kuchinjwa anonongedzera kubva kunze uye mamorekuru hwema zvinhu muuropi nenyere.

Makonye havana zvakaratidzwa, asi pane kubvuma kuti zvimwe guru kwazvo pano mhando vanokwanisa nemaziso kusiyanisa zvinhu, havana akaumba izvo. Kunyange zvazvo ziso, uye kazhinji kacho akawanda makumi ezviuru aiwanzopiwa wokushanda uye unpaired ziso riri pana honye munzvimbo cerebral ganglia pamberi pechiso muviri.

Light achirova vasanonoka retinal ziso masero ari concave migove ziso chinokurwadzai chiratidzo chizvarwa, iyo runopiwa kuuropi kuti ongororo nokuda tsinga harinzwi. masero Retinal vari vakafanana optic etsinga iyo anotumira mashoko cerebral ganglia.

kufema mhuka

Kirasi Characteristics ciliated nehonye rakasiyana vakasununguka-zvipenyu vanhu vanokwanisa yekubata okisijeni mhando flatworm - kufema. Pashure pezvose, vakawanda flatworms - anaerobes, kureva kuti, kurarama munguva okisijeni isina ezvinhu muviri.

Kufema kunokosha uye kunoitika kuburikidza yose muviri pamusoro kuti absorbs okisijeni zvakananga kubva mvura kuburikidza muzvizhinji kuti nemaziso pores.

Power turbellarians

Vazhinji mhuka idzi zvikara uye vazhinji vavo vane kwokunze mumatumbu hurongwa. Vakaiisa muromo kuti zvinogona akuvara, honye zvakabviswa rinokosha chakavanzika, zvinoberekwa pharyngeal omumuviri, izvo digests zvokudya kunze. Shure kwaizvozvo, honye sucks zvinovaka facial. Fani iyi inonzi kwokunze kugaya.

Feed mhando flatworms Kirasi ciliary crustaceans kunyanya duku uye dzimwe invertebrates. Vasingakwanise kumedza uye kutsemuka kuti goko crustaceans guru, honye secrete madzihwa kuva anokosha yakazara makemikari. Kunopfavisa wacho, anenge kugaya nayo, uye honye ipapo chete sucks zviri goko.

Kuvapo zino nehonye unotsiva pharynx, ravakanga kumedza chikafu yose. Kana munhu akuvara ari guru, honye unopinza yakayamwa fambisa muromo misodzi yake zvishoma chimedu, zvishoma nezvishoma rokutora ose chakapambwa.

kubereka

Kirasi ciliated honye akauya hermaphrodite, rine vanhurume gonads. Men vari masero testes. Kuzobva chinokosha mbeu migero kuti anunure dzisingaoneki kunzvimbo musangano mazai.

Female pabonde nhengo vanomirirwa ovaries iro zai iri fallopian sepombi vanotumwa mberi kupinda nyinyo, uye ipapo kuumbwa kupinda dzokubereka cloaca.

Sexual muchangosangana kunoitika kuburikidza muchinjikwa. Makonye rave isa fotereza mumwe, rave Kubayiwawo jekiseni dzisingaoneki kuburikidza copulatory nyere kuti fananei yemukomana kupinda kuvhura pasikarudzi cloaca.

Seminal Urume fertilizes zai uye zai aumbwa, zvemapuranga deko. Yabudiswa honye chiri mazai tsotsonya chiratidzazvizhinji ane yakafanana chitarisiko kuti mukuru nehonye.

Chete turbellarians (mhando ciliated flatworms Kirasi) kubva zai rinowanika akafanana mukuru roga mazana kuti ashambire tichibatsirwa cilia chete plankton kusvikira vakura uye kwete kushandurwa kuva mukuru nehonye.

Makonye aya anogona kukura sezvo asexually. Panyaya iyi, muviri honye sokuti muchiuno, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma rinokamukana kuva mbiri dzakaenzana zvikamu. chidimbu chimwe nechimwe anova yoga munhu hunokura pacharo zvakakodzera kuti nhengo kushanda.

An zvinoshamisa tichikwanisa patsva

Vamwe vamiririri ciliated honye Somuenzaniso, planarian, vanokwanisa zvakare kudzorera nzvimbo muviri zvaparadzwa. Kunyange zvipenga muviri ukuru ramazana chikamu yose vanhu vanogona kuzodzosera kukura kupinda gonye dzakazara itsva.

Kubva hurongwa Planaria trehvetvistyh Saka vakadzidza kurarama pasi vanoshorwa wake zvakavapoteredza. Kana kuwedzera rinokosha mune tembiricha mvura, pamwe kuperevedza okisijeni nehonye nomuzvarirwo kuputsa zvimedu kuti vadzorerwe zvakare pakuberekwa kutsva kana zvimwewo zvinhu kudzokera dzose.

Turbellarians Planaria - chikuru mumiririri kirasi kuti anogara madziva. Chikara anodya invertebrates diki. Pachavo zvokudya nehonye hove usaswedera nokuda mumasero kuti pave zvine chepfu.

inda

For parasitic turbellarians dzinosanganisira:

• Temnotsefaly kuti vanorarama paganda Freshwater invertebrates uye njiva, nokuiswa pemvura muviri wehondo mazai. Temnotsefaly diki kukura (15 mm) ari sandarara muviri, pane tentacles dzakawanda. Turbellaria ndiye hermaphrodite ichigara kunonyanya kumaodzanyemba hemisphere.
• Udonellidy - kare semhosva flukes, asi zvino ivo vanosarudzwa mune kukupfura turbellarians. Vane muviri ari cylindrical chimiro uye duku kukura (kusvika 3 mm). Achibatsirwa kubvisa mikombe vari vasiyana crustaceans, izvo, akavapindurawo, muri tupukanana pamusoro gills hove huru zvomumvura.

Dzimwe turbellarians kuwanikwa bedzi Baikal mumvura, nokuda kusiyana mvura yaro. turbellarians Most kwete kwete anokuvadza chete, asi tiri chinokosha zvakavapoteredza. Achiparadza mollusks duku, vanoramba kudzora vanhu pamusoro invertebrates, kwete kuubvumira kukura zvinoshamisa hukuru.