The upenyu nebasa Chekhov. The yakanakisisa mabasa Chekhov

Munyaya ino isu achasuma kuti upenyu uye basa Chekhov, wokuRussia munyori mukuru uye munyori wemitambo. Mariri uchadzidza sei kuitika kwayo inotungamirwa somunhu munyori rokusika nhaka Anton Pavlovich, ndivanaani uye unhu musiki usingafi mabasa yepakutanga. The upenyu uye basa Chekhov vanotanga kurondedzera kuna Biography ake.

makore munyori Early

Anton Chekhov akaberekerwa Taganrog. baba vake, Chehov Pavel Georgievich, aiva mushambadzi anopinda chikwata rechitatu. zita ramai vake rakanga Eugenia Yakovlevna. Yakanyorwa muna mazita ari Church mukereke Taganrog.

Maererano netsamba kuna Chekhov hama uye pachake, Marererwo yakanga yakaoma mumhuri. Akadzidza wechidiki munyori pachikoro chekare, akabatsira hanzvadzi yake uye hama wokuti ndibhadhare mari muchitoro kuna baba vake, uye Akaimbawo mumakwaya, iyo yakarongwa nokuda Pavlom Georgievichem. Maererano baba vake, muchitoro waida ziso tenzi wacho, saka Anton ari vose vana vakawanda nehana, kazhinji akasangana basa mabharani. Ndakapfuura pamberi yemberi munyori mhenyu maberere-siyana kwevanhu marudzi, kukurukurirana, vatambi. Iye akazova unwitting uchapupu dzakasiyana-siyana muupenyu ezvinhu, zvokudya kunetsana. izvi zvose vakabatsira kuti Anton Pavlovich precocious ruzivo vanhu, nokukurumidza yakura.

Kutamira kuMoscow

Baba vakaenda kusauka muna 1876, akatizira kuMoscow kubva chikwereti, apo mhuri yake uye akagadzirisa. Elder vanakomana, Nicholas uye Alexander, vakaenda kudzidza guru kwokutanga. Zvisinei, Anton, akaramba ari Taganrog kuti sekondari. Iye aiwana chouviri nokupa zvidzidzo, kunyange akatuma Moscow mari mhuri. Saka anotanga yakazvimirira upenyu uye basa Chekhov. Munguva kurovedza mutambo "Baba" wakasikwa kuchikoro kwavo, basa, "Chii huku vakaimba" (vaudeville), uyewo enyambo mabasa mazhinji pfupi.

Kudzidza kuYunivhesiti

The upenyu nebasa Chekhov negore nguva kubva 1879 kusvika makore 1884, hunomiririrwa zvinotevera zviitiko. Panguva ino, munyori akava mudzidzi pa Moscow University, akapinda Medical weVadzidzisi Vedare.

Panguva iyoyowo akabudisa pfupi skits, parodies, majee siyana enyambo magazini ( "Clock", "Remukonikoni", "Zvimedu") pasi mazita akasiyana (baba vangu munin'ina, The Man Pasina chirwatata, Antosha Chehonte, Purselepetantov). Mabasa ekutanga kuti akadhindwa - a Parody vanoda "Tsamba musayendisiti muvakidzani" uye "Chii chinonyanya zvakafanana ..." Zvose mabasa dzakabudiswa muna 1880. Anozviratidza pashure 4 Makore bhuku rokutanga akanyora nyaya pfupi, "Tales pamusoro Melpomene", ipapo mu 1886 - "Motley Stories" muna 1887 - "In rubvunzavaeni", muna 1890 - ". Richikwidibira vanhu"

The Kuzivikanwa vaverengi uye nevatsoropodzi vokutanga

Haina pakarepo kuuya kuziva Chekhov vatsoropodzi Russian, asi kubudirira chete nevaverengi, akawana ipapa. Uye Vatsoropodzi ava kunzwisisa. Zvakanga kujeka zvinotaurwa narrator inoti Chekhov, nokuti chii chinangwa ndizvo, sezvo akashevedza. Achiri kujairika kurambwa kuparidza, chido kugadzirisa nyaya "guru" iri mabhuku ( "Chii?", "Ndiani anokonzera?"), Sezvo zvakaita rakagara richidudzirwa zvakaitika mabasa Classics Russian. Zvisinei, makore mashomanana pashure debut ayo ari munyori muna 1887, Chekhov kuti muunganidzwa nyaya pfupi vanoda "Nenguva yorubvunzavaeni" nomukurumbira Pushkin Mubayiro. Raiva kuziva kwete chete naye ave munyori, asiwo Genre kuti akaita Chekhov. Vakawanda vakararama panguva yake vakanzwisisa somunhu rondedzero nyaya pachavo, hwavo. Chukovsky Somuenzaniso, akati NdiTolstoy airatidzika anoziva zvose, asi mabhuku ake akanga pamusoro mumwe, asi Chekhov Nyaya "Upenyu Hwangu" zvakanyorwa sokunge nezvazvo, tichiriverenga, kana uchiverenga yako Blog.

Okurapa uye kuratidzwa kwayo pamabasa

Akagadzwa dunhu chiremba 1884, Chekov vakava vanobatanidzwa mune zvebhizimisi zvokurapa.

Kubva April kusvika December 1890 munyori akanga pachitsuwa Sakhalin, akava nenguva nzvimbo vakararama Anton kushumira pakupona. Yaiva wehurumende chiito Chekhov, "kuenda kuvanhu." Anton Pavlovich mubhuku rinonzi "The Chitsuwa Sakhalin" (Makore zvakasikwa - 1893-1894) aiita sezvo dzendege woupenyu vanhu kuyerera ezvinhu nhapwa uye zvakaoma. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, mashoko Chekhov pachake, zvose basa rake rakanga "prosahalineno". Somuenzaniso, mune nyaya "Chamber №6", "In muutapwa" (zvose zvakanyorwa 1892) kuratidza zvakaitika kushanyira chitsuwa. Sezvineiwo hwakawedzera kuderera rwendo wehurumende munyori utano, iye kwakawedzera ari tubercular muitiro.

Kutamira Melikhovo

The upenyu nebasa Chekhov, pepfupikiso Biography izvo isu tsanangura, vave kuitika munyika Melikhovo. Czechs muna 1892 akatenga munda pedyo Moscow. Mairi, haana chete akasikwa mabasa ake, asi kurapwa vanhuwo zvavo yakawanikwa vana vavo zvikoro zvinoverengeka, zvipatara, akaenda kudunhu, izvo akaputirwa nenzara, uye zvakare muchirongwa okuverengwa. Manor ichi kusvikira 1898 vaiva upenyu uye basa Chekhov. Vakanga akanyorwa mabasa "Rothschild Fiddle", "nemhashu," "The Gaviota," Mudzidzisi Literature "," Sekuru Vanya "uye vamwe.

A. P. Chehov: upenyu, okugadzira zvinhu uye kubudirira mune Yalta

Munyori muna 1898 takatamira Yalta. Ikoko akawana munda pamusoro wakavaka imba. Kushanyira Anton Pavlovich akashanyira zvakadai nomukurumbira vakararama se Bamba Gorky, Lev Nikolaevich NdiTolstoy, Aleksandr Ivanovich Kuprin, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, Isaka Ilich Levitan.

Czechs mukupera 1880s akasika zvidimbu zvakawanda yemitambo, akadai "Goblin", "Smith", "Wedding" uye vaudeville "rejubheri", "Bear."

Muna 1896, kwete kunzwisisa vateereri uye vatambi, akatambura kukundikana mumwe inozivikanwa zvikuru nhasi, mitambo ake - ". The Gaviota" Asi makore maviri gare gare, raiva rakabudirira kufanorongwa Moscow Art Theater, kuva chiratidzo itsva achiita hwemashiripiti. Achisonganira yemitambo panguva ino upenyu nebasa Chekhov. Akanakisisa nemabasa munyori akaisa Moscow Art Theater, "Sekuru Vanya" (1898), "Hanzvadzi Three" (1901) uye "The Cherry Orchard" (1904). Sezvo havasi kuzobva zviri yemitambo nezvinobvamo pasi pose.

Anton Pavlovich muna 1900 akasarudzwa kuva academician pakati belles-lettres, asi akarega kuti zita muna 1902 (pamwe Vladimir Korolenko), sezvo nesananguro Gorky Academy akanzi ndonda maererano nomurau wamambo.

mumakore achangodarika

Czechs muna 1901 kuroorwa O. L. Knipper, imwe mutambi, uyo vaitambira Moscow Art Theater. Makore matatu gare gare, munyori anopfuurira dzisina Badenweiler, Germany, kunorapwa sezvo utano hwake iri kuipa. Pano akafa musi June 2 (New Style - June 15). Anton Pavlovich Chehov akavigwa muMoscow, Novodevichy kumakuva.

Chii chatingadzidza pamusoro Biography pamusoro Chekhov?

Anorayiridza Biography pamusoro Chekhov: murume pachake Akabudisa. Mashoko ake: "Tinofanira uzvirovedzere." Somunhu munyori muduku akanga asina panguva Chekhov, uyo anozivikanwa kwatiri. Apo mudzimai wake akashuma kuti Anton nyoro ateerere hunhu, akamuudza kuti chokwadi hunhu hwake hasha uye unopinza, asi akanga rambochengeterwa musana, sezvo asina zvakakodzera kukurumidza pachavo yekutenga murume akaita Chekhov vaiona.

Life uye basa munyori titsigire. Zvaakanyora nemabasa, munyori akaedza kuratidza hwavo. Biography ake uye unodzidzisa kuti munyori aikwanisa kudzvinyirira hasha dzangu uye kutsvinyirwa, kuva softness uye delicacy Zvisinei, hapana vakanyora nguva vasina. Izvi zvinoratidzwa basa rake. Kusiyana mangwanani Chekhov (munyori parodies uye satirical nyaya) uye Chekhov nguva 1890s zvinoshamisa kubva panguva yaro zvisikwa akawana kwamachinda, dzekare kuzvidzora uye kururama tichitarisa manzwiro uye mafungiro, chiremera. Chimwe zvakanyatsobatana upenyu uye basa Chekhov.

Favorite nhetembo, zvaakanga yakatsaurirwa makore 23 Catherine Yunoshevoy, waunodzidza naye ake ( "wokupedzisira yokuoneka"), papera gore Akapinza nyaya yake, "O vakadzi, vakadzi! .." se muenzaniso sagona crambo.

Chekhov shanduko akaratidza kunyange pakuonekwa munyori, izvo zvabatanidzwa artless, yemanyorero unhu Russian vane unyanzvi uye zvikuru rupo.

Anton Pavlovich Chehov, ane upenyu uye basa tiri kutsanangura, aizvininipisa chaizvo, hanya uye vaishanda nesimba munhu. Akanga asiri munhu vanonzi "mudzidzisi youpenyu" uye kudziviswa zvakananga hurukuro pamusoro aesthetics, magariro pabasa ravo. Asi mabhuku ake ennobling kukosha kwedzidzo aiva (uye, chokwadi, anoramba) pamusoro matambudziko chero mharidzo vaneshungu. Kurerutsa Mafungiro munyori kuti mediocrity, vulgarity, asi ushingi uye intransigence izvi zvaiva ake anokosha - mutete, nokungwarira, Chekhov.

LN NdiTolstoy akadana Anton Pavlovich "Artist roupenyu." In Pakusarudza ichi pane zviviri: rinoreva "Artist" hakusi bedzi "tenzi mashoko." Czechs akavhomora upenyu hwake, nekuivaka kubva pakutanga kusvika pakupedzisira miniti sezvo uchapupu tsika theorem no.

Zvinoumba Chekhov kuti nyaya

Sezvatakamboreva, nyaya iyi multi-faceted munyori akaita Chekhov, rondedzero uye zvinhu upenyu iro tichati kusuma munyaya ino mangwanani akasiyana chaizvo nevamwe, akanyorwa pashure 1888. chinhu chinokosha ichi kwave kutaurwa nemasanga - riri kuonekwa yakachinja basa tiri kufarira munyori. In nyaya mangwanani ( "gobvu uye dzakaonda", "Rufu kumupurisa," uye vamwe.) Kunodzora pamusoro ose enyambo maatomu akafanana. Fantasy nemunyori, achidana pachake Purselepetantovym, Antosha Chekhonte and said., Zvakanga hariperi uye akapfuma inopenya uye chisingatarisirwi mamwe nyaya, mifananidzo, dzinotaura. Akakwanisa kuchengeta navo hwavo.

Ndizvo mataurire nyaya kuzviisa pasi 1890s. Zvinomukunda kwavo kusava nechokwadi, kusuruvara, kuzvidemba munyori, ivo zvikurukuru philosophic. poetics siyana ari akazotevera mabasa Chekhov, chinotaurwa ari Genre zvaraireva zvisikwa izvi ave satirical ngano.

Kutaura zvazviri, mabasa pachena nyore vari kunzwisisa, pane chinoramba nepfungwa isiri kuneta, reticence. Yemunyori nzvimbo haina akasimbisa navo. Matauriro rinowanzova - lyrical ndyaringo. With chinosuruvarisa kunyemwerera munyori unocherekedza munhu anoyeuka akanaka, upenyu hwakakwana, nenzira inofanira kuva. Chikuru chinhu Chekhov - akamuka ari mutsika kuziva vaverengi uye kusangomanikidzira pfungwa dzavo pamusoro nyika uye uye murume, mabhuku upenyu.

Zvinoumba Chekhov kuti mutambo

Chekhov akasika wake yemitambo, rayo mutauro dramaturgical inokosha. It haana pakarepo zvinonzwisiswa venguva yake Chekhov. Mitambo ake havana vazhinji sokuti chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo, clumsily aita, nokusava chinhu, pamwe sechisina musoro Rwakatambanudzwa nhaurirano ine damerau posita design, uye zvichingodaro .. Somuenzaniso, Bamba Gorky akanyora "The Cherry Orchard", anobudisa vateereri kupanga girini motokari basa USINGAZIKAMWI. Chekhov Theater mudhu akasikwa: rasterointi, nemadimikira kuti "undercurrent" (Nemirovich-Danchenko) - zvikuru kutotarisira zvinoshamisa tsvakurudzo muzana remakore rechi20.

Chronotope muna Chekhov kuti mutambo

Anton Pavlovich akawedzera yokuti chronotope (nguva uye nzvimbo), tive Russian mabhuku dzenhoroondo remakore rechi19. Nemabasa ake vamutangira pakati yakanga yakapiwa zvikurukuru revatongi Manor, vanhuwo zvavo uye kwamachinda Russia. Uye Chekhov chakaunzwa mabasa ane madhorobha munhu pamwe unoenderana dzomumaguta mafungiro. Chronotope Chekhov - nguva-nzvimbo muguta. Handisi kureva munzanga, kwete jogirafi, uye zvepfungwa, nemanzwiro guta murume.

Chekhov uye yakatanga yake yokuti murume uye upenyu mufananidzo - chezvematongerwe unheroic, zuva nezuva. Nemabasa asina unopinza kupokana, zvinotitambudza, kurwisana. Dzimwe nguva zvinoita sokuti hapana chinoitika kwavari. Sangano haabvi chimwe chiitiko mumwe, uye kubva manzwiro kusvikira kumunetsawo.

Polysemous mutauro dambe, melodic, wokufananidzira, dzokufananidzira, kuti aifanira kusika Kazhinji pfungwa kunanga, mukuru mukuru manzwiro.

Ukoshi zvisikwa Chekhov

• Bhuku rinonzi "The Chitsuwa Sakhalin" yaiva mifananidzo gwaro yazvino Nguva nemunyori.
• Chekhov vakatanga kutanga yazvino tragicomedy.
• Basa naro zvipo zvakanakisisa mimwe mabhuku nenyika dzakasiyana-siyana zvose pfupi senhema Genres.
• Chekhov kwakaita dramaturgy kwava mhando kudana kadhi mabhuku Russian munyika.
• Kudanidzira, izvo akatisiira pamwe Chekhov: "Iva nehanya mu munhu!" - nokusingaperi.
• munyori uyu akanga asiri chete munyori uye munyori wemitambo, asiwo nyanduri. The nhetembo, akanyorwa makore kudzidzisa pachikoro, kufungisisa upenyu hwake.

• Uye basa Chekhov, kuti nhetembo yakanakisisa inogona kuwanikwa namasere vhoriyamu "Complete Works uye Letters," uye ake Biography riri chishamiso.
• Artistic Zvakawanikwa munyori uyu vanofurirwa zvakasimba yemitambo uye mabhuku remakore rechi20. Mumitauro yakawanda mabasa kunoshamisa hwakatanga kunokonzeresa zvaisanganisira mune chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo repertoire pose.
• munyori uyu akakwanisa kusika mumabhuku matsva unotii, yekudyidzana rinobaya kukura Genre nyaya. The utsanzi ndiko kushandiswa vainzi parukova pfungwa, kugamuchirwa, iyo gare gare akatorwa pamusoro naJames Joyce nevamwe vanyori modernists.
• Chekhov aiva wokutanga Russian mabhuku, uyo akaratidza zvakajeka kwatiri mufananidzo womunhu mumugwagwa enyika, kunyimwa nyota chiito, munoremekedza, zvinangwa zvakanaka. Kufanana hapana mumwe, munyori akaratidza zvakajeka kuti nzanga uye munhu ngozi philistinism (nyaya "mudzidzisi Literature", "Ionich") ndiyo.

Saka, tine zvavo akapa upenyu uye basa Chekhov. Yakanakisisa uye zvinofadza zvikuru uye anorayiridza, tava vakasarudzwa kwamuri. Tinoratidza Zvisinei, kushandisa mamwe matsime. The upenyu nebasa Chekhov Mikoko unogona kuongorora kana uchida zvizere. Books akanyorwa munyori uyu, pane zvino zvakawanda. Zvinofadza kuverenga tsamba pamusoro Anton Pavlovich nomudzimai wake, rakabudiswa muna 1972 Schatsem V. Danilova S. nevamwe, uyewo zvakaoma-Gitovicha N. I., akasikwa 1986, iro rinotaura zviri netsamba vakararama panguva romunyori ichi chikuru. Chronology upenyu uye basa Chekhov inogona kuzadzikiswa vanotsigira izvi uye kumwewo.