The Radeon 6970: zvayakaita, unhu, tichienzanisa vakwikwidzi uye wongororo

Radeon HD 6970 - Graphics kadhi, AMD, yakabudiswa December 2010. mapurani Its nyore namaapuro yorwizi processors uye akavapa mukuru kunyatsoshanda.

wokuenzanisira nhoroondo

Muna 2008, AMD kwakasimbiswa uye zvakabudisa Radeon HD 4000 series, codenamed R700 uye ATI Technologies muchiso. Zvichida, vanhu vakawanda vachiri kurishandisa PC yavo. R700 akitekicha kwakatsiva akamirirwa kwenguva refu R800, izvo rwakagadzirira nzira kuti lineup AMD paakarega ATI racho Radeon HD 5000. The parera yaiva HD 5870 akatevedzana kadhi, akatanga September 2009. Chaiva mabhiriyoni 2.15 transistors uye aiva akabudirira, akasara flagship chete-processor muenzaniso inenge 15 mwedzi. Akatsiviwa pakupera 2010. Panguva iyoyo zvakanga mumwe yakanakisisa makadhi racho mutengo siyana kuti anotaura pacharo.

akatora Nvidia pamusoro 6 mwedzi pamoto shure kusunungurwa GeForce GTX 470 uye 480, uye kunyange panguva iyoyo vakawanda vaidavira kuti iye haana kurarama zvinotarisirwa. Pashure mashoma nokukurumidza maronda mitengo uye nani mutyairi rutsigiro kadhi akakwanisa kuita zvemakwikwi. Uyezve kuwanika GTX 460 GF110 mapurani uye rakanatswa vakabatsira kusika chinhu chine musoro chigadzirwa, uye pave zvinotevera yokutevedzera, dzinova GTX 580 uye 570.

Zvichakadai, AMD akaita akapisira HD 6000 October 209 vakasuwa nepamahofisi Baton kuti Graphics kadhi HD 6870 sechinhu counterweight kuti GTX 460, kukosha iyo yaimbova $ 240. Yaiva anoyevedza womuenzaniso, kunze tangled enyika zita uye mugadziri wacho kugara vachiyeuchidzwa kuti haisi anotsiva 5870-fung womuenzaniso. Kutanga dzino, pamwe ATI Technologies muchiso akanga pamutemo kuitwa nechinangwa kuwirirana pakati Graphics zvigadzirwa kubva AMD uye ayo platforms kombiyuta. Saizvozvowo, vakashandura Logo kugadzirwa.

Pashure pfupi kunonoka, zvakanga akasunungurwa itsva Radeon HD 6970 2GB. Graphics processor, codenamed Cayman inoumbwa bhiriyoni 2,64 transistors, inova 23% kupfuura muna 5870-fung womuenzaniso. Kufanana GTX 570 uye 580, izvo nani shanduro GTX 470 uye 480, HD 6970 rava modernized shanduro 5870-fung womuenzaniso.

Updates 6900 Series

soro-mugumo mapurani Cayman, anoshandiswa akatevedzana HD 6900 siyanei kubva Barts, debuted muna 6870 ndipo uye 6850 ndipo yokutevedzera. Richishandiswa configuration VLIW5 HD 5000 zvinosanganisira SIMD mana nyore uye 1 kunzwisisa rukova kugadzira dzakabatana. Video kadhi 6900 Series zvakasiyana configuration VLIW4, umo kubudiswa aibuda rakarongwa mumapoka 4 inoperera pamwe zvavo evoruzhinji. Pavakanga zvose vane mikana yakaenzana, 2 vavo (3rd uye 4th) kuita chaiyo mabasa. Maererano mashoko kubva kambani AMD, VLIW4 configuration rinopa kubudiswa simba haana muduku VLIW5, apo achidzikisa Chip nharaunda kubudikidza 10%.

Cayman processors zvinopa refu azvipire parallelization ichienzaniswa miti yakasvibira / Cypress mapurani yaishandiswa HD 5800. Barts GPUs vari pane imwe nzvimbo iri pakati, sezvo vanga danho mberi kubva Cypress yachengetwa nomumwe aibuda controllers nerimwe maviri SIMD-zvinogumbura. Cayman Chips tinotova nzira nemhaka injini vaviri GPE uye chinangwa neimwe kuna SIMD-chimwe. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mavakirwo zvino miviri rikurumidze tessellation chikwata sezvo zvichienzaniswa neriri Barts. In HD 6900 Graphics kadhi, saka tessellation waivako inogona yekudyidzana hwakavandudzika. Maererano AMD, chakatowedzera 3-ukagunzva zvichienzaniswa HD 5870. Uyezve, Cayman mapurani uyewo akasiyana kupatsanurwa shanduro injini zvinosanganisira 128 ROP Z / rakanyorwa mabhii rinowanzodhinda mapepa, 32 ROP ruvara, pamwe anenge kaviri sezvo kutsanya 16-ikakuruma integer akavhiyiwa uye 2-4 -fold kuwedzera kumhanya 32-ikakuruma kuyangarara-pfungwa kushandiswa.

Architecture Cayman

Kuchinja kubva VLIW5 VLIW4 kusvikira nani kadambari simba AMD: rakatetepa SPU nyore kushandisa zvizere, FP64 kunonatsiridza chokupika kufananidzwa muzvina-FP32, uye akaponesa nzvimbo anobvumawo yokuwedzera SIMD. Asi kana Cayman aiva kuedza chakakomba kuwana nzvimbo pamisika Zvinhu kadambari uye snip kure chimedu keke kubva NVIDIA, saka vanofanira kuita zvinopfuura chete kuwedzera shaders itsva. Saka, AMD achinetseka kuvandudza functionality pamusoro Graphics ayo processor, saka kuti aigona dzinotyisidzira kuna Fermi mapurani.

The chikuru chepfungwa Cayman ndiye asynchronous kusaronga. Izwi zvakarurama rinotsanangura chinoita kuti kadhi. The Fermi NVIDIA akatanga rutsigiro dzakafanana cores, izvo zvakapa mukana aite Masvomhu anoverengeka zvimedu remitemo panguva. AMD inodzokororwa NVIDIA nzira, asi akaenda mberi.

Kuderedza Fermi Magadzirirwo kuti kunyange mapurani anobvumira kushandisa akawanda cores, mumwe nomumwe zvinofanira kushumirwa rimwe parukova processors. Independent mafomu Somuenzaniso, havagoni kuunza bumbiro ravo uye kumhanya nawo zvakafanana uye GPU vanofanira akapoteredza chinja pakati pavo. Asynchronous vanotumira kubva AMD chakagadzirirwa kubvumira akazvimirira nehova uye mafomu chamutsa bumbiro zvichawanikwa akaurayiwa zvakafanana. Kanenge papepa, zvinopa iwe chinokosha zvinobatsira (akapoteredza chinja iri kudhura), rakanga ipfuure Fermi unongotaura.

Nheyo asynchronous kusaronga ndechokuti GPU rinomuvanza mamwe mashoko pamusoro wake chaiye mamiriro mafomu uye code, izvo, chokwadi, kuita kuti Virtualization yacho GPU mari. Pashure pezvose, nhindi remitemo ose zvinoratidza kuti zvinoshanda pamusoro GPU yako iine murayiro tungamidzana uye private rakapotsa kero nzvimbo. It vachambokanganwa mutoro pamusoro GPU uye vatyairi, asi Mubayiro ndechokuti zviri nani pane chechinyorwa chinja.

Asynchronous kusaronga kunoda API rutsigiro. DirectCompute ari chaiyo mureza, uye chikamu ichi haritsigiri, dzinenge dziri 11-wechipiri shanduro. Naizvozvo, asynchronous kusaronga iri rakatangwa sezvo kuri kuwedzera OpenCL.

Vamwe kuvandudzika chokuita AMD kuyeuka uye cache unongotaura. The chikuru akitekicha inoramba chete pano, asi vamwe kuchinja kuduku dzemaitirwe iri chigadzirwa wakaita. Local date okuchengetera kuwanikwa nechimwe SIMD, zvino kukwanisa yokunzvenga cache akanyatsorongwa uye munyika yose mashoko okuchengetera nokuda zvakananga kuverenga. Cayman mune 2nd chikwata zvakananga ndangariro mukana, iyo nani kuverenga uye kunyora nokukurumidza, vachibvumira kuti kuvhiya apo 2 kwose kwose.

Pakupedzisira, yaiva duku wakakurumidza kuverenga shaders. Zvichienzaniswa Cypress, Cayman anogona kuderedza nhamba remapazi kuburikidza kuabatanidza.

patani

kadhi kureba masendimita 27, iyo Ndiwo ano mukuru-waivako yokutevedzera. Somuenzaniso, HD 4870 X2 kureba masendimita 28, sezvo HD 5870. HD 6970 chete kukura fanana GTX 580. Kufanana nowakautangira, AMD Radeon HD 6970 iri kugadzirwa kushandisa 40nm kwacho, asi kambani akawedzera mumwe transistors mamiriyoni 486, zvichiita chii Chip saizi yakawedzera 16%. GPU Musimboti Anomhanyira 880 MHz, inova 3.5% kupfuura HD 5870, uye GDDR5 uyewo zvishoma nokukurumidza panguva kakawanda 1375 MHz. ndangariro kakawanda, pamwe chete 256-yati bhazi, HD 6970 rinopa yokungotaura bandwidth ine 176 GB / s, chinova 14,5 muzana paanopfuura HD 5870.

HD 6970 yakasiyana vakuru 5870-fung muenzaniso wo inokosha configuration. Kana zvapedzisira yakanga 1,600 cores 80 uye 32 TAU rasterization Unit, wokutanga akapiwa rukova processor 1536, unaku chikwata 96 uye zvakafanana 32 ROP (4% ezasi cores uye 20% yakawanda TAU).

Nokuti mushandisi inofambiswa, yepamusoro chinokosha bilinear unaku mupise rinoitwa panguva nokumhanya 84,5 gigatexel / s, uye achizadza pixels - 28.2 rn / s. Chokupika 2.7 teraflops. The-dimensional matatu Chiitiko inovakwa pamwero mamiriyoni 880 polygons / chik. The kadhi inotsigira hunyambiri-rukova HD-video playback uye ane Integrated zvakarekodhwa controller.

Inside nyaya iri rakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi pamwe GPU kunharaunda 389 mm ² pakati. Around processor akaisa 8 2-GB Hynix GDDR5 ndangariro Chips ane aizviti date yevanhu 6 Gbit / s, 0,5 GB / That kumusoro kadhi uchishandisa maitikiro. Uchishandisa GDDR5 kumhanya rakaoma nematambudziko mukusika akanaka ndangariro bhazi kuti chakabata muenzaniso. AMD akaita mberi kuwana ari 5,5 Gbit / s nokuvandudza magadzirirwe akadhindwa redunhu mapuranga, asi mberi kuwedzera nokukurumidza sokuti hazvibatsiri kana chete nokuda magadzirirwe 256-ikakuruma bhazi.

unotonhorera

Kutonhora processor yakakura zvakakwana aruminiyamu redhiyeta vaporization mukamuri zvinosanganisira mahwendefa 39 urefu 13.5 cm pahupamhi 6,5 masendimita uye kukwirira 2.5 cm. Evaporator magadzirirwo yakatanga rakatangwa muna AMD ATI Radeon HD5970 uye yaainge ari NVIDIA GeForce GTX 570 uye 580. Pakupedzisira, inotonhodza redhiyeta dzinoshandisa 75 x 20 neMM, izvo anokwevera mhepo kubva dzimba uye achisunda nayo rwemberi kadhi.

Nokuti mushandisi inofambiswa, nokuti vakawanda chikamu kutonhora yanyarara chaizvo Ichibatsirwa pasi simba rakawanda (W 20) mu simbe nzira. Munguva mutambo, mumwe kurudza Chokwadi, Inowedzera, uye vapinze kadhi unopisa kusvikira watts or 250. Izvi 33% kupfuura inodiwa Radeon HD 5870, asi kunyange nokuwedzera kupisa mutoro asingadi kuwedzera ruzha pamwero isingagamuchiriki tsika.

The redhiyeta uye dzinoshandisa vari akanyudzwa mune yakarongerwa dzimba anovanza yose Graphics kadhi. AMD muitiro pamasikiro zvavo kupfuura vapfumi yokutevedzera. Maererano mushandisi inofambiswa, namaapuro Vakafanana, sezvo anotidzivirira yakavimbika kuti mudziyo wako. NVIDIA rave kare kuti vakadaro Graphics dzavo kupfuura zvinodhura makadhi, kuti GTX 295 hunyambiri-GPU, kunyange zvazvo ayo mamwe flagship zvigadzirwa (somuenzaniso, GeForce GTX 580), budiriro iyi akarega kushandisa.

connectivity

Kuti vave nechokwadi tichikwanisa kadhi yakakwana, AMD akaisa 8- uye 6-Pin connectors PCIe. mhinduro yakadaro inogona kuwanikwa HD 5970 uye GTX 580, t. To. configuration uyu unowanzoshandiswa mu mienzaniso kuti kudya simba. Chokwadi, HD 6970 CrossFire rutsigiro, zvichingodaro mwero nzvimbo, unogona kuwana peya connectors kubatanidza makadhi maviri kana kupfuura. Next kwavari ari chinja kuti anokubvumira kusarudza pakati 2 Bios. Izvi zvinoitwa kuvandudza rakavimbika muenzaniso panyaya kukundikana pakati nokupenya ndangariro. Uyezve, unogona kumhanya GPU uchishandisa negadziriro yeparutivi hurongwa, uye ipapo chinja kuna chikuru uye kuzodzosera kusona ukama software. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, AMD haritsigiri rewritable Bios siyana, asi Implementation ava inonakidza shanduko.

The zvengarava dzasara dziri pamusoro mazano / goho remadziro. Reference yokuenzanisira Video kadhi vakapakata maviri hunyambiri KE-DVI-connector, mbiri-chengarava Mini-DisplayPort uye HDMI. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti 6970-I womuenzaniso anotsigira kunonyanyisa chisarudzo kusvika 2560 X 1600 3 monitors. A nomusimboti ane multi-rukova, achishandisa Mini-connector DisplayPort 1,2, kadhi inogona kushanda kusvika matanhatu anoratidza. Kufanana 5870, seri mudziyo akafuka simbi ndiro. Kunyange pasina zvinoriumba kuti zvinoda kuchengetedzwa, chisarudzo zvakanaka nokugamuchirwa vanoshandisa, nokuti kunoita kuti kutora kadhi, musafunganya pamusoro varege kubata unopinza nembambo.

Nepo zvinonyatsorehwa kukura HD 670 Dzava kufanana kune 5870-fung womuenzaniso, User ongororo, AMD komberedza magadzirirwo hakuna kunaka chaizvo panyaya kushanda CrossFire muoti pamwe yakasimbiswa anotevera 2 makadhi. Dzimba 5870 fung vachitova akamira ari pakati, vanochengeta mhepo vent kubva ichivharira pedyo mapuranga. Muna 6970 yokutanga hwokusanyara kwakadaro hakusi, uye anogona anongoda pamusoro kadhi zindoga, zvichienderana sei iiswe. Somugumisiro, tembiricha inokwira, asi kwete dzinonetsa tsika. AMD kuti zviripo kudzidza kubva vakwikwidzi dzavo kubva NVIDIA uye vakakomberedza dzinoshandisa kuti govera zvakawanda nzvimbo raizoita kuti takasununguka "fema." Users vanokurudzirwa kuisa Graphics kadhi, zvichisiya pakati pavo kure sezvinobvira, kana motherboard uye chassis kumubvumira.

negoho

Maererano mushandisi inofambiswa, Futuremark 3DMark 11 bvunzo akaratidza kuti mumuedzo zvakanyanyisa ari Radeon HD 6970 ndiro AMD kuti dzichimhanya kupfuura 7% kupfuura GTX 570 (1821 pfungwa pamusoro 1697). Kana wakadaro mukana richaramba kwedu uchitamba mutambo nemiedzo, zvinogona kutamba mumaoko ari mugadziri. Aaisitaura bvunzo, HD 6970 7% nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva kupfuura GTX 580 (1962 pfungwa), 27% pasi HD 5970 (2506) uye 16% hunobudirira kupfuura HD 5870 (1572 pfungwa).

tsvina 2

mutambo uyu ane yakavakwa-pamuedzo naka kuti zvakarurama anoyera chaiko kuita. Tsvina 2 vanoshandisa vachimhanyira DirectX 11 muoti kusashanda 4hAA uye kunonyanyisa mufananidzo unhu Kurongwa. The Radeon 6970 hurukuro avhareji 77 ane / c chisarudzo pamusoro 1920 x 1200, zvichiita chete 10% kupfuura HD 5870. More pazvese, HD 6970 zvakava 21% nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva pane ayo chikuru mukwikwidzi, asi GTX 570. Other yokutevedzera anodhura zvakare kure shure. HD 5970 yaiva 23% nokukurumidza kupfuura 6970-fung womuenzaniso, uye GTX 580 aiva 33 muzana kwemubairo. Tsvina 2 akanga tsitsi kune HD 6970.

F1 2010

Mutambo yokutanga update akauya mumuedzo mukuru yakavakwa-pakuti zvakarurama anoyera chokupika kadhi. Users noruzivo F1 2010 muna DirectX 11 rudzi pamwe 8xMSAA uye zvakanakisisa ziso kurongwa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vakanga vasingakwanisi kuwana kushanda zvakanaka chete achangobuda vatyairi CrossFire, saka HD 6970 uye kukwanisa mberi. F1 2010 migumisiro hazvishamisi, sezvo HD 6970 - wechipiri uchitsanya Graphics kadhi, rave kuchiedzwa chisarudzo pamusoro 1920 x 1200, inova 9 chete% nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva kupfuura GTX 580. simba Graphics kadhi HD 6970 5 chete% kupfuura 5870-fung womuenzaniso. Kunoguma mutambo uyu ichiri duku kujairika, t. To. HD 6970 mberi GTX 570 ane uchapupu kumucheto 22%.

Cod: Modern Warfare 2

Kuongorora mabasa ari Graphics kadhi iri mutambo uyu, vanoshandisa vakashandisa Fraps kushanda. Kunonyanyisa mutambo unhu Kurongwa aiperekedza 4hAA uye kurekodha Gameplay 60-wechipiri. wakawanikwa kuedzwa Radeon 6970 akaratidza fefeta zvazvingava kuva 73 f / s, inova 1 / kubva GTX 480. Izvi nani approximates chokupika GTX 570 (74 f / s) uye 16% pazasi nokukurumidza GTX 580. Ichienzaniswa pamwe Dual Radeon HD 5970, 6970-I womuenzaniso yaiva 19% nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva, kunyange rinotipa mwero 30% of mapuranga kupfuura HD 5870.

Cod: Black Ops

Fraps rakabatsirawo kubereka kuenzaniswa kuongorora chete mutambi mutambo. Users furemu zvazvingava akayera pamusoro 1 Maminitsi Gameplay rukoko yokutanga kuroorwa (Operation 40) pamwe kufadza ziso zvinokonzerwa, kusanganisira 4hAA. Black Ops Zvabuda akaratidza kuti Radeon 6970 seri GTX 570 ne 5% uye 13% - kubva GTX 580. Panguva svikiro 105 kusvika / ne mu chisarudzo pamusoro 1920 x 1200, uye kunonyanyisa pazvinoitwa kuzvidzosera anoramba pokuvandudza, muenzaniso outperforms ayo aizotangira ne 24%.

simba rakawanda

Zvichienzaniswa kuna HD 5870, I-6970 muenzaniso anoshandisa kusvika 16.5% yakawanda nesimba, asi, apa kuti zvakare 24% nokukurumidza, varidzi vanowana kuti vakawanda zviri zvimwe Graphics unongotaura. Zvichienzaniswa kuna HD 5970, 6970-I muenzaniso 3% mari zvikuru, asi avhareji iri nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva ne 15% uye 26% muna Crysis Warehead mutambo, iro raishandiswa kunetseka bvunzo. Radeon HD 6970 unopisa anenge zvakafanana simba sezvo GTX 570, unoparadza anopfuura 1% mumiedzo zvinorema uye asingasviki 4% pa simbe. Akapiwa kuti vaviri Graphics makadhi kupa zvakafanana kuita, nguva ino zvinoratidzika kuti vari zvakafanana vachiwirirana.

The kudziyisa tembiricha

Nokuti mushandisi inofambiswa, HD 6970 inova zvikuru kupisa panguva kunetseka nekuongororwa muna FurMark, richisvika 90 ° C, iyo zvishoma pamusoro 87 ° C Model HD 5870. Video GeForce GTX 570, Ukuwo, chete nenharo kusvika 81 ° C, zvichiita yekudyidzana unotonhorera panguva kunonyanyisa zvinorema.

Overclocking

Tiwedzere Control Panel Control emadziro ichikutadzisa kufadza makirisito kakawanda 950 MHz kukosha kuti Radeon HD 6970 anogamuchira pasina dambudziko. Uyu chaizvo yekutenga nhamba. Kuyeuka maitikiro zvingava kusvika 1450 MHz, kunyange vanoshandisa panguva watarisana nhau kudzikama uye anomanikidzwa shure kusvika 1440 MHz. Izvi 8 muzana kumhanyisa waivako kunotungamirira kuwedzera 7.6% padzinoenzaniswa mutambo Cod: Black Ops, 7,8% - muna Crysis Warhead uye 7%, - mu Battlefield Bad Company 2.

mhedziso

Zvinoita sokuti HD 6900 uye GTX 500 wodzokorora mumwe. With mashoma misiyano, Chokwadi. NVIDIA chigadzirwa akaonekwa kumusika nenguva uye rakaratidza kuva chaizvo pavanotaurirana pamwe aikwikwidza AMD yokutevedzera. GeForce GTX 480 aiva uchitsanya chete-processor Graphics kadhi, kuti GTX 580 asi wakasara korona sezvo zvakanga zvakawanda nokuda Radeon 6970. The mutengo rinoenderana Mari womuenzaniso GTX 570, uye niche 580th rakava HD 6950. chete pakutanga gore rinouya, AMD ane mukana kudzokera Statement ukuru mukuita nokuda kwokusunungura 2 HD 6990 dzakatevedzana makadhi, codenamed Antilles.

Radeon HD 6970 anoenda ruoko muruoko pamwe GTX 570, uye zvavakabvumirana chitoro mutengo kuti kadhi ichi yakatogadzirwa pa $ 369, nepo GTX 570 kuti debut pa $ 349. Pasinei chokwadi kuti izvi zviri zviviri zvakasiyana chaizvo yokutevedzera, vanoratidza chete avhareji kuita mitambo yakawanda, bvunzo vanoshandisa mune chisarudzo pamusoro 1920 x 1200. Nokuda kworutivi musiyano iri dikisa. Radeon 6970 mune zvimwe zviitiko ndiyo 20% kupfuura GTX 570, uye vamwe - 20% nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva. Energy kunwa zvose makadhi kuri pedyo chaizvo, achiratidza zvakafanana kwevari operative kunyatsoshanda. Naizvozvo, HD 6970 wakanaka nzira kuna GTX 570. The sarudzo pakati makadhi maviri hakusi nyore, asi kodzero kuva chero mhinduro, vakapiwa mutengo wavo uye unongotaura.

Ichienzaniswa nedzimwe yokutevedzera, dzakadai GTX 580, 6970-Ndaiva avhareji 15% nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva, asi inokosha 30% dhisikaundi, uyewo GTX 570, izvo achiuya mutengo kunyange nani. Card, izvo zvinobudirira unotsiva HD 6970 - ndiro HD 5870. Pahwaro bvunzo Data vari chisarudzo pamusoro 1920 x 1200 zvinogona kutaurwa kuti HD 6970 ndiyo 24% nokukurumidza, uye chete 10% anodhura paavhareji. Uyezve, muenzaniso simba kunyatsoshanda yavewo akavandudzika. Inosimudzira simba kunwa ne 16% anopa mamwe 24% unongotaura. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Radeon 6970 anotarira zvishoma nani kupfuura GTX 570 mumitambo STALKER: Kudanwa Pripyat uye Sevatorwa vs. Chikara, dzinoshandisa tessellation. Vasati ayo okutanga, NVIDIA rwave chinokosha zvinobatsira pano.

Yose zvayo, zvose Graphics kadhi chinopa rakasiyana pamwero maitiro uye kukosha, kusarudza pakati vaviri panguva imwe chete nyore uye zvakaoma kunzwisisa. Asi chero zvaanosarudza kuva zvakarurama.