Mambo weBhabhironi Hammurabi uye mitemo yake. Ndiani vakarwira mitemo King Hammurabi?

The pamutemo hurongwa zvenyika yekare - yakaoma uye multi-faceted nyaya. Kudivi rimwe, aigona kuurayiwa kana "pasina kutongwa", asi pane mumwe - zvakawanda mitemo aivapo panguva iyoyo, akanga asiri muenzaniso naka vaya aita uye chiito pamusoro mundima dzakawanda ano inoti. King Hammurabi, aitonga muBhabhironi kare - muenzaniso wakanaka pakawanda ichi. More chaizvo, kwete pachake, asi mitemo avo kunge vakagamuchirwa munguva yake yokutonga.

Vakati vakawana?

Mumakore 1901-1902 yokuFrance rwendo yesayenzi kuitwa Zvakafukunurwa pa Susa. Nokufamba zvidzidzo izvi masayendisiti akawana inoshamisa matema Bhanabhasi-kusunungurwa, vane pemvura wakafukidzwa vatambi ecuneiform. Zvichida, this post akazviratidza guta pashure 1160 BC. e., apo Eramu (vanhu Susa mupenyu) akakunda uye vakapamba nendima dzakawanda kuti kare vaiva nevaBhabhironi. Zvino ichi Antiquities inokosha akaramba ari French Louvre. Iye immortalized hweBhabhironi mambo Hammurabi uye mitemo yake.

mupfupi kumashure

Bhabhironi - mumwe mukuru rinoti munhoroondo yedu yenyika. Kamwe pamusoro wayo ndima mitemo chiito akapfuura sevaSumer yekare, asi dzimwe nguva zvakava pachena kuti vakanga zvikuru kubva zuva uye regai kufunga iyezvino chaizvo. Hazvishamisi, sezvo mitemo iyi rakagamuchirwa munguva Third youmambo muUri!

Sumulailu, waiva mambo wokutanga youmambo yeBhabhironi wechipiri, vakatanga kuchinja mutemo wehurumende. King Hammurabi akaramba basa mugadzi ake. Edit rakanga kubva 1792 kusvika 1750. BC. e.

Under chii ezvinhu mutongi mutsva akatora zvitsva mitemo?

Kufanana nevatungamiriri vakawanda nguva yake, aiedza hwokuchengetedza magariro, izvo kwatova munyika. More chaizvo, simba svikiro uye slaveholders makuru. Zviri pachena, mambo mutsva akapa lawmaking kukosha kwazvo, kubva atanga basa iri mumazuva rokutanga rokubata kwake ushe. Zvinosuruvarisa, hatizivi chaizvo namambo Hammurabi akanyora pakutanga chaipo; Codes ose mutemo wakabudiswa navo chokuita Kwapera nguva kwake. shanduro All yapfuura akanga akarasika.

Right naMweya vamwari

Mitemo akanyorwa guru shongwe dema basalt. On okumusoro chikamu Profile vanoratidzwa mambo pamberi mwari Shamash zuva, izvo zvinotendwa vaBhabhironi akanga anorichengeta midziyo. Under ichi Bhanabhasi-rusununguko akavezwa chinyorwa mitemo pachavo. All chorugwaro rakakamurwa zvitatu musoro zvikamu.

Mambo Hammurabi pachake akatenda kuti mitemo yake zvinokosha uye simba, kuti chigaro wakapiwa kwaari vamwari wakarurama utongi, saka pamwe iye navana vake simba haana kuda kumanikidza kurukutika. Nenzira kutaura, izvi zvinhu zvechokwadi Kesari akaedza kuita kuti zvakazara.

Izvi zvinoteverwa imwe kumbonyanya ndandanda kubatsira namambo waikudza guta nyika yavo. Zviya, uyo akadzivirira mitemo King Hammurabi? Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu inogona kupiwa chete pashure pokudzidza mitemo nemirayiro. Nyaya ino inotsanangura vose inokosha zvinhu.

guta izvi

Pamaguta kunyanya kusimbiswa Lars uye Marie, Ashur, Ninivhi. Saka, vanyori venhau vari nechivimbo chokuti shongwe chaizvo rakadzikwa pashure kwakajeka kukunda pamusoro Rimsinom. Panguva iyi, simba Bhabhironi, chete chete, uye vari pasi vazhinji maguta, kududzwa rinogona kuwanikwa muviri chinyorwa mitemo. Ungangove, asi "tuduku" makopi gwaro wakaita zvose asi duku maguta oumambo, asi hatizombofi kuziva nezvazvo.

Chokwadi chokuti nyaya waMambo Hammurabi rinotaura pamusoro kupfuura vakapfuma uye yakanyarara kuti nyika yake, kana zvimwewo vavengi vaiva simba zvikuru. Zvadaro, kana nguva kuderera, vakakwanisa kuti andobata uye kupamba Bhabhironi. Hapana chinoshamisa pakuti vanokunda kunyanya ceremonious pamwe akare Zvivako vasara kubva mutongi wokupedzisira.

vasisina chikamu

Pashure pakatanga pabwe vari nemifananidzo mitemo yakawanda, uye inoguma ane "gwaro" rakanyatsojeka rakakura uye hwakadzama mafungiro. Kazhinji, shongwe pachayo hwaponeswa kwazvo, asi uri mberi divi, pane nzvimbo umo acho raparadzwa. Ungangove, izvi zvakaitwa panguva behest mambo weEramu, uyo akakunda mundima Bhabhironi chipo, akazotamira mutumbi mutemo wayo Susa. Ndezvipi mitemo Mambo Hammurabi anorondedzerwa pamusoro nzvimbo dzakaparadzwa nyaya?

Vanochera matongo uye mainjiniya vachiitisa multistage pakudzidza akawana kuti 35 chete vakanga ngaarayire kure nyaya (akasanganiswa 282). Zvisinei, musafunganya: nhasi tine ruzivo kubva siyana mumaraibhurari yekare, saka kuti zvakawanda kana zvishoma anogona kumisa chaizvo zvinotaurwa mumutemo kudzimwa.

A ndandanda pfupi remitemo

Saka, muna okutanga Nyaya shanu mambo hwakagara iri Kazhinji ose kuBhabhironi dare zvekufamba. In magwaro Vanos 6 kusvika 25 vanonzi pfungwa dzinotevera:

• Articles 6-13 inoratidza muverengi sei kuziva mbavha, uye sezvo inofanira kurangwa kuba. Mitemo ava zvikuru kwazvo: kutenga nechimwe waida uchapupu. Kana kwakanga kusina, mutengi aigona kunzi mbavha uye vakaurayiwa.
• Documents 14 kusvika 20 vanoonekwa zviitiko kuba vana uye kuchengeta varanda kutiza. Mitemo anopa chirango zvigumbuso izvi, uyewo mubayiro nokuda issuance ane yakazvimirira kana kubatwa ane vakapukunyuka muranda kubva tenzi.
• Articles 21-25 umboo zvakare kufunga rakasiyana-siyana kuba uye zvimwe zviitiko kunze komutemo appropriation imwe yakasimba.

Nyika gavhuna nyaya

Mune imwe chikamu bumbiro rake remitemo chaizvo mambo weBhabhironi Hammurabi anoidza muudzame dzakawanda munyika kushandisa nyaya. Ndizvo zvarinotaura:

• Articles 26-41 buritsa kodzero uye mabasa vekirasi muchiuto, asi akawanda pfungwa iri zvinyorwa yakapiwa nhau munyika gavhuna.
• Zvinyorwa akaverenga 42 kusvika 47 inoreva kodzero uye nokubatira avo vagari vari mubasa Rental munyika, zvose paruzhinji uye pasiri mavambo. Mbuva yavo yakaoma. Saka, kana munhu ari kurenda rakaorera pasi, saka chinhu, uye hauna kupera (munda raparurwa, akaita overgrowing ravo), inofanira achiri kupa hurumende kana moneylender kwavari kuvimba yakawanda zviyo.
• Articles vane nhamba 48-52 kumisa chimbadzo uye kunoratidza chii chikamu chirimwa kana mamwe chigadzirwa ane kodzero moneylender (pasi urongwa rwezvemabhengi mabasa kwavari). Kunyanya nokuti rokutonga ichi Mambo Hammurabi aizivikanwa kuwedzera mutero, asi zvakanaka vaaitonga vakakura, sezvo vakanga vasingagoni kupamba vasinganyari.
• Documents vari kuwanda 53 kusvika 56 anogona kunzi "zvakapoteredza", sezvo pave basa nokuti vanhu vakanga akangosiyiwa zvawo nyaya kudiridza Network. Zvikurukuru kana munhu budiriro mvura, nokuda izvo mvura shambidza gorosi rakanga anokonzerwa kuregeredza ari muridzi, ipapo vanosungirwa kubhadhara kukuvadza vose vakaurayiwa muhomwe dzavo.
• Articles 57-58 dzinokurukurwa nezvedzinza Zvirango avo kuti chakakonzerwa namaneja zvipfuwo varidzi, kana vakasarudza mukande kubva unodyarwa minda, uye zvibereko.
• Articles 59-66 akafanana kutaura pamusoro varidzi reminda, pakodzero dzavo, uyewo kutaura kukohwa moneylenders kodzero kana ivo wakapiwa mari kumuridzi wenyika.

The mutemo evanhu bhora

mimwe mitemo yose inogona kunzi ine "pasocial", sezvo mibvunzo munyika kushandiswa hazvina vaiona, asi kwakakanganisa matambudziko vanhu, uye kubva murugwaro mitemo, tinogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro netsika nguva. Saka, pano vari:

• Articles 100-107 hurukuro pamusoro kodzero nokubatira vatengesi (tamkarov), uyewo taura chero vabatsiri vavo.
• Zvinyorwa kuverengwa 108-111 anotambudzika zvachose yaidzorwa basa (maresitorendi) kuti vari vaviri paruzhinji dzimba.
• Pakarepo Articles 14 (№№ 112-126) vari waizoitwa kufunga chikwereti mutemo, kusanganisira yakakurukura ezvinhu enyika chikwereti mhuri, uye kuchengetera pfuma yake, yakanga yatorwa sorubatso.
• Hazvina zvakafanira kutenda kuti simba amambo Hammurabi chinoshanda bhizimisi zvinobatanidzwa vanhu chete. Saka, muna mitemo vakaverengwa kubvira 127 kusvika 195 chinorondedzerwa zvakadzama mhuri huru zvakanaka.
• Articles 196-225 mutongi asimbisa fines uye rinotsanangura rakasiyana-siyana chirango kunge vakashandisa pamwe rusarura, izvo akanyadzisa nemaune kurwisa mumwe munhu.
• Documents 226 uye 227 akatsanangura inorambidza pamusoro nemaune kuparadzwa chiratidzo pamusoro varanda.
• Architects nemainjiniya vakagamuchira Vavaki vengarava vakaparadzana mitemo kuverengwa 235 kusvika 228.
• Other mitemo vaiona chikamu basa nyaya, panguva imwe chete pamusoro savaranda. Nokuti zviri pamutemo mutemo basa vashandi mubayiro basa pamwe Article 236 kubva 277. Nokudaro, mumapeji romutemo nezve shoma mubayiro muna vakabhadhara nyanzvi dzokugadzira. Articles kubvira 278 kusvika 282 zvakananga inokurukura zvinhu nezvouranda. Vanoti muranda haagoni chete kumuuraya, kuti rufu muranda womumwe anofanira kubhadhara munhu uyo mhosva zvakaitika.

vamwe mhedziso

Saka, ndiani akadzivirira mitemo King Hammurabi? Kana iwe tarira pfupi pasi pavo, mufananidzo zvakajairika: kune vazhinji matanho uye mitemo zvinodzivirira pfuma kwete chete private, asiwo upenyu hwevanhu uye utano; pamutemo zvinodiwa kuti mabasa moneylenders, uyo vachidarika avo vakanga vasina kodzero pasi kutya, kana kwete rufu, ipapo rinorema fines kuti chokwadi.

Nokuti nyika yekare yakanga chaizvo yakasiyana mamiriro ezvinhu apo kutora musikana kuti mukadzi zvaigoneka chete pashure pakugamuchira kwavo mvumo, uyewo asunga "muchato chibvumirano" pamberi pezvapupu pakunyora. Zvikasadaro muchato kunozivikanwa sezvo zvisiri pamutemo. Uyezve, mutemo inopa munhu basa, uyo akatora mudzimai wake chirikadzi nevana, vana ava vari pautsva, zvokudya, zvokupfeka uye dzakapfeka kugadzirirwa. Zvakare, kuti vakadaro yepamusoro uye azere ushandiswe mitemo haisi nguva dzose aripo kuMiddle Ages, tisingatauri zvikuru vekare.

Meaning of mitemo

King Hammurabi aidavira kuti mitemo yayo ichaunza rugare uye kubudirira kune mamiriro, uye akanga zvakarurama. Somuenzaniso, zvakasimba unorambidza rusina kuchera uye okushora kuti kana munhu anoti kuti munhu ane mhosva mhosva, iwe aifanira kuzviratidza pamwe sezvazviri. Zvikasadaro, zvaigona aurayiwe. Zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti vatore zvemumwe, chete kuuraya muranda pezvakapambwa chinhu chomumwe mumwe munhu. Vakawanda zvokudya mitemo nguva zvimwe yakava chikamu mutemo weRoma, izvo kunobva nomutemo wokuyera anenge zvose vokumadokero nyika uye nyika yedu.

Zvokuti gavhuna ichi zvechokwadi immortalized zita rake muzvizvarwa, sezvo zvimwe raiva muparamende wokutanga, uyo nehanya nokugara zvakanaka zvose zvayo vanhu, kururamisira uye kuzvidavirira nerimwe nhengo munzanga, kana munhu akasununguka murume kana muranda. Muchidimbu, nyaya yacho kuBhabhironi mambo Hammurabi kunoratidza kuti kunyange munyika yekare vaiva mamiriro umo chokwadi kuremekedza kodzero dzevanhu, uye nemurairo yakanga apo kwete chinhu mutsara.

The mutemo - anokosha mamiriro

Uyezve, mutemo kuti anodzivirira kwete chete mutongi guru slaveholders uye varidzi, asi zvizvarwa zvavo. Havana kugona angabira, kuuraya, zvinhu asingagoni zvakapambwa, uye vakadzi pachavo. Vanhu vanonzwa vakachengeteka, asi nekuti simba ramambo rakanga yakakwirira chaizvo. Mambo weBhabhironi Hammurabi uye mitemo yake akaratidza kuti murau pamutemo zvinhu zvinogona kusimbisa nheyo ehurumende uye kuti zvisingashanduki zvechokwadi.

mhedziso

Hazvishamisi Bhabhironi zvayo ichatonga zvine mbiri aiva akapfuma uye simba mamiriro. Vavengi vakanga kuikunda bedzi wezvakashata uye kuguma vakawanda vemauto vanovatsigira. Hammurabi zvechokwadi mugove nyika yake, vakabatsira kubudirira kwayo uye kuramba kukura. In muenzaniso wake, uye mune ramangwana isu kutungamirirwa vatongi zhinji akura, vanoda nokusimbaradza masimba ake. Uyu mambo wokutanga kuratidza kuti mamiriro hazvigoni inobva chete mhirizhonga, asi ari pakuomerera kuchengeta mitemo, dzakanga zvakafanana vose.