The mapazi eumambo musana. musana basa

musana hurongwa ichaongororwa kupfuura yekare nzvimbo muviri. The vakawanda mugove uyu akura anenge 34-38 Pane kuchiita nechepakati chikamu tsinga panguva shanduka reshiyo pakati kukura uropi uye musana chakachinja nyasha wokutanga. Next, kunyatsotarisisa, chii chidziro, iyo anoita basa.

General bhayoroji

The musana chinhu cylindrical muviri kwemashifiti chimiro. kureba kwayo varume - vanenge 45, vakadzi - 41-42 masendimita Pane zvikamu zvakasiyana pamusoro musana .. Mumwe muviri mugove ane miganhu siyana. Saka, chipfuva mugove ane sagittal divi (mu ndege yacho shure kusvika dumbu) - vanenge 8 mm. The dhayamita Nzvimbo iyi - 10 mm. Thickening kunotanga ikoko uko II-III chidimbu (mutsipa). Muchikamu chino dhayamita rinosvika 13-14 mm. Saka sagittal kwemavara - 9 mm. In chikamu, riri kubva pakutanga kusvika yechipiri lumbar sacral zveMagwaro dhayamita vanenge 12 mm. Sagittal saizi yayo - 9 mm. The muviri wose rakakamurwa zvimwe zvikamu (nhamba musana zvikamu zvichakurukurwa pazasi). Next funga nemamiriro constituent zvinhu.

musana zvikamu: kudhirowa, tsanangudzo

Muviri akaita zvakafanana mumwe (homomorphic) zvikamu. Musana zvikamu chokuita ne conductors tsinga neumwe nzvimbo mumuviri. Kureba imwe nzvimbo muviri zvakasiyana. Uwandu musana zvikamu - 31. Least zvinhu coccygeal mapazi. In aripo mamiriro:

• The lumbar zvikamu (5).
• Sacral (5).
• Zamu (12).
• Coccygeal (1).
• The zvikamu zviri remuromo nomuzongoza (8).

Pakupedzisira nhoroondo inenge 23.2% of urefu yose mamiriro. Most (56.4%) rwugare thoracal zvikamu. 7.3% of urefu chinoita sacral nzvimbo. musana zvikamu externally vari shure uye mberi kodzero rakatumbuka chiutsi stubs - pezvakaitwa tsinga. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti marongerwo harizadzi rose gwara. Panyaya iyi, musana zvikamu sezvarakakwirira kupfuura chete zita vertebrae. Musiyano pakati mumwe wechipiri uye kunowedzera kubva kumusoro kusvikira pasi.

nzvimbo

Individual variability skeletopy nzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, nzvimbo yakaderera iri lumbar mugove inogona akaiswa mu vakuru kubva pasi rechitatu muviri XI thoracal vertebrae kuti Disc pakati rokutanga uye rechipiri lumbar vertebrae. Maererano neizvi maonero chaicho chinhu. Kana repamusoro stubs Voda ari transverse mirayiridzo, achigura pasi mugero, dzakanga dziri goho hama kuti mazano chikamu intervertebral foramen. Recent zvinhu vertically vanowanzotevedzera kunzvimbo iri pazasi padanho panguva iyo musana inoguma. izvi zvose akapoteredzwa achagumisa danda filament. Akadana "ponytail".

filum terminale

The chinhu wechipiri lumbar musana pasi mukati wokugaya dzidzo chaiyo. Inonzi "shinda mugumo." Zvinonzi akaumba kunyanya pia mai. In dzakawanda aro okumusoro mapazi pane masero etsinga. End shinda riri nezvezvikwata zviviri. Zvinogona kuva zvemukati. Muchiitiko ichi nayo asiwo mune meninges kune yechipiri vertebra iri sacrum. Kuguma mutsvuku anogona kuva kwokunze. Muchiitiko chino, izvozvo runosvika mhiri vertebra yacho coccyx wechipiri. Rokunze shinda iya unotora kuramba connective fibers. Yomukati magumo ane shinda kureba vanenge 16, uye kuruvanze - 8 cm.

dissymmetry

musana zvikamu havasi zvachose zvakafanana, ichibata. Kuenzana uye yakasiyana siyana pakuyerera yemidzi pasika padariro embryo kukura. Pashure kuberekwa dissymmetry sezvo nguva inowedzerawo. Zvakajeka zvakawanda thoracal munharaunda. In dorsal mudzi dissymmetry zvakawanda raidudzwa kupfuura panguva mberi. Zviripachena, Fani iyi imhaka kusiyana ganda uye tsandanyama innervation pamusoro kuruboshwe nezvakarurama mativi mutumbi.

Dzomunyika zviri zvinhu

Ngatimboti nokuongorora nemamiriro musana chidimbu. Nechimwe chine maatomu akafanana aripo Disc - ndiro iri yakatambarara. At padanho mugove ichi nokurebesa neuronal kubatana. nzvimbo yavo yakatambarara. Pakati discs pane tote neuronal kubatana. Saka, nezvekutanga inogona anomirirwa muchimiro mahwendefa pamurwi. Ivowo, akabatanidza interneuron kubatana. In paumbwe Anterior midzi nidzwa axons masero zvinoenderana lateral nyanga musana. Inosanganisira preganglionic tsitsi uye efferent injini fibers; mu dorsal mudzi rine afferent mamiriro. Ndivo pezvakaitwa ganglion Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. Yaipedzerwa chipo ari dorsal mudzi fibers - anenge 1 miriyoni neimwe divi; zvinhu zviri mberi iri kuona ari kunzwisisa anenge 200 000. Sezvazvakanyorwa anoshandura nhamba 5: 1. The vamiririri

mhuka Kuwanda uwandu dorsal mudzi pamusoro avo fibers kuti varipo pamberi, kwete saka haana. Somuenzaniso, mune mbeva, nhamba 2,5 makonzo uye imbwa: 1. Izvi, saka, rinowanika mumwe shanduka mifananidzo pakukura tsinga pakati vertebrates. It iri chokwadi kuti paumbwe mazano migero zvakawanda kushingaira kupfuura kwevhiki. With ekupedzisira ndivo yakatsiga zvikuru. Nhamba tsinga fibers vari posterior uye Anterior midzi muna imwe musana chidimbu vanowanza siyana. Musiyano zvingava kusvika 59% of hurongwa kurutivi mavakanga kuverenga zvishoma.

pfumbu nyaya

Muchinjikwa-sectional chimiro zviri zvakafanana shavishavi mapapiro buritsa kana tsamba N. Pane neshure, kumberi uye divi nyanga. chimiro chavo zvichisiyana achitevedza musana. On the site shoma lateral uye posterior nyanga, ndiye ari reticular inotungamirwa yacho pajira riya mhando. Gray nyaya kunotora inenge 5 masendimita ³ (anenge 17.8%) kubva zvachose Vhoriyamu musana. Kuwanda Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu aripo zviri vanenge mamiriyoni 13,5. Vanobatana mumapoka matatu: intercalary, danda, radicular. Gray Basa iri rinokosha zano mamiriro. Pano, akateya vamwe mashandiro ari musana. Kutsamwa inongouya afferent fibers kunokwana kwokubatana anogona kutora nzvimbo zvose downlink uye uplink negwara. Ivo, vari ochred kwavo vanotsamwisa kwakapararira motokari mhinduro.

chena nyaya

Rine fungidziro, commissural uye associative Neural anotenderera. Ekupedzisira muri matanda Achitambanudzira circumferentially kuchena yakarongeka, nokuda musana. Commissural nzira akaumba chena Spike. It nhema pakati pamberi yapakati mutswe uye ndachena nyaya (by tichibatanidza sezvikamu kwayo). Fungidziro nzira (pasi (efferent) uye akwira (afferent)) kutaura pfungwa.

ropa zvitengeswa

ropa rive riri kuitwa vakawanda vascular network. Ivo vakaenda repamusoro chikamu subclavian, thyroid uye vertebral arteries. Uyewo pangagara Uchabva mugove apo rechipiri nerechitatu zvikamu musana. In mapazi ichi, ropa rive anobva mapazi yeropa. Vanopfuura makumi matanhatu aiwanzopiwa wokushanda radicular arteries, izvo yakaumbwa kumativi mumakomba intervertebral zvakasiyana diki (150-200 micrometers) mu dhayamita. Ivo kupa ropa kuti chete midzi, uye goko yakabatana nayo. Zvokudya, chaizvoizvo, pamusoro musana kwaisanganisira arteries zvikuru anenge 5-9 (400-800 mm) caliber. Zvose midziyo wechigypsy mhando. Vanopinda mugero pamwero yakasiyana-siyana kuburikidza kurudyi, kuruboshwe kuburikidza buri. Vakadana tsinga hunde kana shure-medullary. Number remasangano pavo nguva dzose. Kusunungurwa vascular Mibhedha matatu:

• Upper kana cervico-dorsal. Ane mapazi apo pane zvikamu zviri musana C1 - Th3.
• Zvenguva kana avhareji. Zvinosanganisira zvikamu Th4-Th8.
• Lower. It zvinogara munzvimbo pazasi Th9 chidimbu pamwero.

Anterior musana tsinga kunosvika mashomanana zvimedu chacho. Uyezve, hazvina kumiririrwa mu mudziyo chete. Zviri ngetani vakawanda anastomoses radicular-medullary guru arteries. Blood kuyerera ari Anterior musana tsinga kuenda kwakasiyana-siyana. In okumusoro zvikamu - kubva kumusoro kusvikira pasi, pakati - kubva pasi kumusoro, uye nechepasi - uye pasi.

chikuru mabasa

Pane nzira huru mbiri mashandiro ari musana. Chokutanga - dzepanguva, wechipiri - conduction. Mumwe chidimbu Rinobatanidzwa ne dzimwe nhengo uye kunovimbisa basa ravo uye functionality. Somuenzaniso, mashoko sacral okunze ndiwo makumbo uye pelvic zvomukati uye vane basa nezvebasa munzvimbo idzi muviri. Mumwe kana zvimwe thoracal chidimbu interacts pamwe kuMudzidzisi zvomukati uye tsandanyama. Upper zvinhu chokuita musoro uye maoko. Reflex kushanda musana vari nyore hunenge yokusafa hunhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira, kunyanya zvinosanganisira mhinduro marwadzo - murume kuminyuka rwake, somuenzaniso. Uyewo vanozivikanwa munyika muchikwata ichi ibvi-jerk kuita. In kuratidzwa wanda izvi, uropi havagoni kutora chinhanho. Dzidziso iyi akaratidza chimwe chiitiko nemhuka. In kusavapo datya aruise kupindura vose simba uye simba marwadzo kuitika. Conductive musana akanyudzwa kufamba kweropa hutachiwana. Kutanga, anoenda. Uplink nzira zvairatidza zvikanzwika muuropi, uye kubva ikoko vakatumira sechipiriso neizvi murayiro upi simba. Nokuda ichi waya kubatana kunoratidzwa, chero pfungwa basa: kutora, enda, simuka, vachasimudza, akachekwa, Mhanya, kukanda, kuzochera. Sezvo kondakita of musana basa nechokwadi Implementation zvinoitwa kuti vanhu havana kucherechedza, kuti zuva rimwe nerimwe kubasa kana kumba.

lateral nyanga

zvinhu izvi vane zvavo mabasa. The lateral nyanga (zvenguva nharaunda mune wachena nyaya) vanosarudzirwa tsitsi autonomic huta muchitokisi mamiriro. Uchibatsirwa wavo, kubata pamwe zvomukati. Masero aya vane pezvakaitwa izvo nechokuita Anterior midzi. mapazi ichi chakaumbwa nenzira: iri zvikamu vaikudzwa zvikamu maviri musana ndiye reticular dunhu - svinga vakawanda tsinga dzinoitwa nzvimbo cortical activation muuropi uye dzepanguva basa. Basa vachena uye chena nyaya matanda, kumberi uye dorsal mudzi inonzi dzepanguva kuita. Saka Sami hunenge akadana, kubudikidza tsanangudzo, Pavlov, unconditional.

The vachikwira nzira

Front namabote chena nyaya dziri nzira dzakawanda, chimwe nechimwe anoita chairo:

• Corticospinal (pyramidal kumberi) ndiye anokonzera kuchinjwa injini nomunhu kubva uropi cortex nechemberi ari dorsal nyanga.
• Front spinothalamic anopa tactile nehanya.
• Danda Leventhal uye Gel'd - chena nyaya fibers ungasunga vestibular nuclei 8 yegwara cranial tsinga injini Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu ari pamberi nyanga.
• Tectospinal nzira unoumba rwokudzivirira dzepanguva, iro rine chokuita kutarisana kana auditory kuitika. Izvi zvinoitwa kukurukura nzvimbo pasi kutarisana cortex muuropi pamwe nuclei vari Anterior nyanga.
• Longitudinal danda rinopa Kufambisa nezvimwe ocular tsandanyama, nokusunga okumusoro mapazi eumambo musana pamwe Upfu.
• By akwira nzira kunosvika yakadzika chikonzero wanda. Zvinoguma pfungwa muviri muvanhu. The pulses nomunyika spinothalamic, tectospinal uye cortico-musana Canal.

uchiburuka nzira

tichimhanya kuchinjirwa kubva cortex muuropi kuti wachena nyaya iri Anterior nyanga akatakurirwa lateral cortico-musana Canal. Krasnoyaderno cerebrospinal gwara kunopa otomatiki kugadziridzwa kuti tsandanyama matauriro uye sangano riri subconscious chechetere. gwara iri riri pamberi laterally-pyramidal. By krasnoyaderno cerebrospinal nzira pedyo spinnotalamichesky spinnomozzhechkovy divi uye neshure.

zera zvinhu

Temporary kuchinja hanya zvose nemamiriro musana, uye ayo kwakaita nzvimbo yacho. In yechipiri yezana fetus nguva kwakaratidza zvimwe anononoka kukura kwayo. Zvikurukuru, izvozvo lags shure kukura musana mbiru. Uye zvazvinoita pamusoro refu zvakakwana nguva. In vacheche uropi cône iri rechitatu lumbar vertebra, uye rinopera munhu mukuru pakutanga kana wechipiri. Munguva yose nguva kukura Kureba mamiriro ichiwedzerwa 2.7 p. Izvi advantageously kuwana nemhaka thoracal zvikamu. Weight mamiriro kunowedzera anenge 6-7 nguva. Kukura chena uye ndachena nyaya musana rinopfuura zvakakwana gogonera. The muvhoriyamu yakawanda rokutanga 14 uye rechipiri - 5 nguva. Izvi imhaka yokuti yazvo segmental chikwata kukura kwapera kwokutanga kupfuura fungidziro yacho etsinga anotenderera.

In mhedziso

Pakati musana uye pfungwa, nechepakati tsinga, ose nhengo uye mapazi murume akaisa Rwunoshamisa. Zvinonzi sechinhu "kurota marobhoti". To musi, hapana kunyange zvemberi robhoti havagoni kuita zvose zvinobvira zviito uye kufamba, izvo pasi munhu zvipenyu muviri. Michina iyi ano vari chiite kuita chaizvo mabasa. Kakawanda marobhoti izvi zvinoshandiswa pamusoro zvoga gungano-mutsetse kugadzirwa. musana gobvu ave chikamu vamiririri siyana hwemhuka nyika yakasiyana tsika. Somuenzaniso, datya - 45, nenjiva - 120, makonzo - 36, Macaque - 12 imbwa - 18, uye muvanhu - 2. musana mamiriro zvakajeka zvikuru pachena zvakafanana magadzirirwo zvinhu uye mifananidzo musimboti tsinga nzvimbo.