The chikuru zvebasa RSE. Rakabatana mamiriro maitiro muzvidzivirire uye liquidation dzenjodzi ezvinhu

ANOPONESA kudiwa dzidzo Russia uye kunze akanga zvinosiyana kufambira kuwedzera chikuru kutyisidzira muchiuto, kugadzirwa uye kuramba kuvandudzika yamarudzi ose zvombo.

Somuenzaniso, munguva yehondo uye post-hondo nguva maererano yomunzvimbo kudzivirira (uri EMERCOM weRussia) havana kuponeswa chete vagari vakawanda panguva atirari uye mhepo rinopamura pamudzivisi, kubviswa blockages, zviyero vakaendeswa mukuru nechouviri chavagari, defused unexploded anoshongwa uye mabhomba, vaibvisa nezvivakwa uye chivakwa, asiwo kudzorerwa sewerage uye mvura, simba PAKAPERA HONDO uye kukurukurirana, murayiro nembiru, uye zvakawanda.

Legislative chinotaurwa pamwe maererano yokudzivirirwa vomuSouth nenharaunda yaro kubvira zvashata ezvinhu

Kokutanga munyika yedu, maererano chirevo Russian Federation № 261 kubva 18.04.1992 kwegore: "On pokugadzwa Russian nyevero hurongwa nechimbichimbi mhinduro uye", asi runoenzanirana maitiro yakavhurwa kuti kudzivirira yamarudzi ose yedambudziko uye munguva yehondo uye munguva yorugare, liquidation yavo kana kuti chiitiko, uyewo nechokwadi zvizere yakachengeteka yevanhu, Comprehensive kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuderedza kuzotadzira upfumi.

Gare gare, nesangano uye dzepamutemo dzemunharaunda yeRussian Federation kuti waidzora kudzivirira vanhu vari zvashata ezvinhu, uyewo mhepo, mvura uye nenyika nzvimbo, zvakatipoteredza uye magariro zvivako, maindasitiri zvivako, vakanga nokudzorwa Federal Mutemo "On kudzivirirwa kwevanhu nenharaunda kubva nechimbichimbi ezvinhu dzinongoitika uye akagadzirwa muzvarirwo »№ 68-FL, yomusi 21. 12. 1994

Zvakazoitwa Kuurayiwa mutemo uyu zvakaguma kuitwa RF Government Mutemo № 1113 kubva 11.05.1995, "On yunifomu mamiriro ezvinhu kudzivirira uye liquidation yokukurumidzira ezvinhu", iro rinobvumira mirayiro maringe RSE. It Akatsunga iyo anopedza dambudziko ANOPONESA, zviga kuvaka vabatane ino, kuti Zvinoumba yesangano uye simba sezvakarayirwa nekuita huru STRUCTURAL okunze. Kazhinji, nzvimbo chidhiraivho, gadziriro unoshanda sezvo rimwe.

mazwi anokosha ari ANOPONESA

Emergency mamiriro - mumwe ezvinhu imwe nzvimbo kuti kwakasimbiswa nokuda netsaona, njodzi, chiitiko ngozi dzinongoitika mavambo, dzinongoitika kana zvimwe dzoga, mhedzisiro chakanga (uchava) kukuvara utano hwevanhu kana zvakatipoteredza, chibayiro kwevanhu, zvose zvemarudzi kutyorwa pamwe maererano kuti mamiriro ezvinhu kukodzera upenyu vanhu, zvinokosha zvinhu kurasikirwa.

Kudzivirira dzenjodzi - chaizvo akagadzirwa pre-yaivapo mabasa zvainanga kurerutsa pangozi panowanikwa dzavo, ndichengetedze utano hwevanhu, achidzikisa zvaparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, chinokosha zvinhu kurasikirwa.

Liquidation kuti migumisiro zvashata ezvinhu - mhando Emergency Operations kununura hunhu, inoitiswa kana zvashata. Vari pfungwa ndichengetedze utano hwevanhu, kuponesa upenyu, nokuderedza zvinhu Kurasikirwa uye zvakadini dzakakonzerwa yepanyama kwezvakatipoteredza, uyewo localization nzvimbo (zvikamu) pakati kurongerwa.

Disaster nzvimbo - nzvimbo apo yenjodzi zvinopindura, uye izvo chechinyorwa ichi riri pasi rusingaperi kuzvidzora.

Zvinangwa nezvinangwa ANOPONESA

First anounzwa matatu kumativi:

• kutadzisa chidzoke kwaizotevera kukura zvashata;
• kuderedza zvakakanganiswa navo;
• kuva zviyero zvainanga kuchaitwa zvashata ezvinhu.

Huru mabasa ANOPONESA:

1. budiriro uye zvakakodzera aurayiwe zvoupfumi uye nomutemo dzemunharaunda chekuita kuunza kudzivirirwa azere vanogara munyika nenharaunda yaro kubvira zvinokonzerwa njodzi.

2. Implementation nesayenzi, hwokugadzira uye zvakanangwa epaTV kudzivirira zvashata ezvinhu, achisimbisa kushanda masangano, mabhizimisi uye masangano (pasina panotaurwa dzavo kwesangano uye zvemitero nezvimiro), avo omurume magariro zvivako, nokuti kugadzirwa zvinangwa dzawirwa.

3. kufungidzira uye Kuongorora socio-upfumi divi migumisiro kurongerwa.

4. nechokwadi azere unoda kuita zvimwe zviito zvashata Kutarisira masangano, mari uye mauto rakagadzirirwa avo nokukurumidza wakangwarira kwaizotevera liquidation nezvinozoitika kunokonzerwa nazvo.

5. International co-kushanda pamwe maererano kuchengetedzwa vanogara munyika nenharaunda yaro kubvira zvinokonzerwa njodzi.

6. Implementation akadai zviito yakaoma akadai muunganidzwa, operative kubudiswa, chinjanai kwaizotevera kusunungurwa mashoko sei kuti pave nevanhu nedziviriro zvashata ezvinhu.

7. Preparation vomuUmambo kuti zvimwe zviito mukati yechinangwa nedambudziko.

8. Kusika zvakakodzera matura siyana zvinhu zvicharatidza nechokwadi kubviswa nezvemigumisiro zvashata ezvinhu.

9. Kuitisa mamiriro cherechedzo, kuzvidzora uye kuongorora kuchengetedza yevanhu munyika nenharaunda yaro kubvira zvinokonzerwa njodzi.

10. The liquidation dzenjodzi ezvinhu.

11. Akatakura kubva kuva zviyero (okuyamura) pamwe maererano kune evanhu kudzivirira vagari kuitika njodzi.

12. The Implementation kodzero dzavo uye mitoro mukati yechinangwa kudzivirirwa chavagari nenharaunda yaro kubvira matambudziko anokonzerwa kurongerwa.

Matambudziko akagadzirisa ANOPONESA, uri chokutanga pazvinhu. Dzavo Tikanyatsoongorora uye nenguva kuurayiwa kuvimba upenyu zhinji, uyewo ndima, kukundikana iyo chingava kusingarapiki.

Anorega zvinangwa nezvinangwa kuti nguva dzose unofanira kugadziridzwa maererano huripo nevanhu uye murume-akaita zvinhu munyika. Emergency yambiro - huru achitungamirirwa basa.

Anorega: mamiriro, mabasa uye mabasa

mamiriro ayo chinomiririrwa miganhu uye dzichipfekeka subsystems, chinoratidzwa nhanho mashanu pamusoro-nzvimbo, yemunyika, miganhu, kwematunhu uye batana.

Miganhu subsystems vari yakaumbwa mukati mundima Russian Federation nyaya kuitira kudzivirira kwaizotevera liquidation dzenjodzi ezvinhu. Zvinosanganisira dzimwe dzakabatana izvo dzinoenderana administrative weboka mundima idzi.

Kana dzichipfekeka subsystems, vanoumba kuzviremera zvehurumende zvavo basa sectors hwenyika kuti aronge mabasa kuchengetedza yevanhu munyika nenharaunda yaro kubvira zvinokonzerwa njodzi.

Mumwe pamwero wegadziriro ane miviri inotevera (RSE chikwata):

• kufambisa;
• utariri daily;
• Management pamusoro Civil Defense uye Emergency Zvinozivikanwa;

Uyewo, mumwe nomumwe inosanganisira: anodiwa rinoreva uye nemauto, muuto dzakasiyana-siyana zvokushandisa, yambiro hurongwa, kukurukurirana uye mashoko enyika.

Security dzawirwa

Danho rokutanga kutsanangura pfungwa iyi.

Safety dzawirwa - ndiko kuti kusika chokumbofanobata nokuda zvizvarwa zvose, zvoupfumi masangano uye zvakasikwa zvakatipoteredza kubva ose nengozi dzawirwa. Zvinokosha mhando dzakawanda.

Types yokuchengeteka dzawirwa

Zviri:

• moto;
• nemwaranzi;
• kwezvakatipoteredza;
• zvizivikanwe nemichina;
• maindasitiri;
• zvoutachiona;
• mushonga.

Safety dzawirwa zvinogonawo Classified pamusoro mabasa:

• uwandu hwevanhu;
• nharaunda;
• zvoupfumi kushungurudza.

Kugona yokuchengeteka mhando iyi rinoitwa kuburikidza muzvidzivirire, kudzivirira kana kuderedza Migumisiro yakaipa njodzi.

Nhoroondo Russian Ushumiri Emergency Mamiriro Ezvinhu

Zvinonzi chokuita zvikuru munhau Civil Defence (04.10.2010 - makore 78). Nguva yaro inotungamirwa runoonekwa kusvika 10.4.1932, kana USSR Council Vanhu vaJehovha Commissars kushandisa "Regulation mumhepo kwokudzivirira USSR", iro matanho zvakatanga kuzivikanwa uye nzira yakananga pamwe maererano kune pakarepo kudzivirira zvose vomunyika nenharaunda dzaro. Ndiyo kutanga kwekupwanyiwa pakukura ehurumende wemuTesitamende munda uyu (zuva rokuberekwa Local Air Defense). Muna 1961 kwakasarudzwa kuti exchange MoEHE muna GO.

Anorega (Mabasa uye mabasa izvo isu funga) - kunokonzerwa ndeichi vatana maonero kuchengetedza yevanhu munyika nenharaunda yaro kubvira ose vavengi (kubatanidza zvinogona kushandiswa zvombo zvinoparadza).

December 27, 1990 aizivikanwa kuitwa pakati RSFSR Council of Vashumiri Resolution № 606 "On paumbwe Russian Corps pakati vanunuri pamusoro Dzevana RSFSR State Committee." Musi uyu - zuva apo kuBazi Emergency ezvinhu Russia rakaumbwa (gare gare - Day mununuri Russian Federation).

January 10, 1994 Russian EMERCOM rinochinjwa kuva ano Russian Ministry nokuda Civil Defense, Kunoda Kukurumidzirwa uye kubviswa Migumisiro Dzinongoitika Dzoga, iyo akagadzwa Minister Sergei Shoigu.

Uye December 9, 1992 yaimbopindwa mukuru nechepakati vehurumende kudzivirira makosi vakanga tinoshandurirwa pari Academy of EMERCOM kweRussia nokuda Civil Protection (unitary sangano kuti haana analogues munyika).

Saka, tinogona kutaura kuti akaumba kuitika matambudziko uye Anorega nechivako zvinobva kuna panguva MoEHE.

Mari uye nesimba ANOPONESA

The chikuru zvebasa RSE, zvange pamusoro apa, anosanganisira muvaravara chete maererano kuva nechokwadi zvizere unoda kushandisa nhevedzano zviito zvashata Kutarisira masangano, mari uye nesimba zvakagadzirirwa kudzivisa zvavo operative kwaizotevera liquidation nezvinozoitika kunokonzerwa nazvo.

Kune mhando mbiri pamusoro nzira uye masimba:

1. Zvingaonekwa uye kuongorora:

• nevatungamiri (nokuti mamiriro boilers, simba renyukireya, zvemagetsi uye gasi mapaipi, mabhiriji, etc ...);
• Kuzvidzora uye Inspection Service (Ministry of Environment);
• masangano uye basa masangano kuti kuongorora utano zvinhu nengozi, yepanyama zvakatipoteredza;
• Veterinary Service;
• zvokuongorora rabhoritari kudzora nomumbure (SNLK);
• chikafu yepamusoro rabhoritari zvichiongororwa, chikafu zvinhu;
• yambiro basa dzinongoitika dzoga.

2. kubviswa zvashata ezvinhu:

• Ushumiri yokukurumidzira, mapurisa uye MO (avo anokwana zviyero, nhengo, uye kubatana);
• idzodzo non-uto yevagari kudzivirira;
• zvinoreva uye masimba enzvimbo mamwe madhipatimendi neshumiro, vehurumende (munharaunda yacho Russian Federation).

Vafambi mabasa wegadziriro

Tinoramba kuona ANOPONESA. Mamiriro, mabasa ayo basa iri rinokosha che Nat hurongwa. Kuchengeteka of Russian Federation.

Its zvikuru mabhizimisi mitsetse ndiwo:

1. Development vaitaura pamwe maererano kuti hurumende mutemo panyaya kuchengetedza yevanhu munyika nenharaunda yaro kubvira zvashata ezvinhu, avo nenguva Implementation. basa iri vakaurayiwa Kudzorwa pamwe mauto uye achishandisa nyika (kare, dambudziko iri kugadziriswa navo piecemeal).

2. Management yokushanda nguva ino. Dare rinodzora wokuRussia Kunoda Kukurumidzirwa Ushumiri vanyatsowana, rinoronga basa miviri ehurumende uye nemakanzuru kuzvitonga mugadziriro dambudziko. Kuti uvandudze kunyatsoshanda zvinhu zvakadai, hurumende yeRussia akagadza collegial utariri muviri - the Inter-Vashumiri Commission kuti kudzivirirwa uye kubviswa zvashata ezvinhu, iyo anobata muchinjikwa-cheka murau munharaunda iyi. Its Zvisarudzo dzinoshanda yeUnited mitumbi Executive nesimba RF nyaya. The STRUCTURAL zvenyaya RSE, basa iri rinoitwa nevanhu Civil Defense zviremera uye Commission on Emergency Mamiriro Ezvinhu.

3. kuzvidzora akagadzirirwa nechokwadi zvakakodzera zvaidiwa kuMudzidzisi nomutemo mabasa, vakaparadzana mitemo, mirayiro uye tsika nokure kudzivirira zvashata yeUnited Executive miviri, ayo miviri RF vaanotonga, masangano uye hurumende nemakanzuru. Panguva Federal vanochiva basa iri kuteererwa Emergency Zvinozivikanwa Ministry.

4. Production basa, ndiko kuita matanho zvainanga kudzivisa zvashata ezvinhu, nokuderedza kukura kwavo, kuti kuderedza kukuvadza uye kurasikirwa nemigumisiro dzavo uye Emergency Operations kununura nhungamiro kubvisa pamusoro nemigumisiro mhando iyi.

5. Zvokuyeresa All nazvo basa vaiona imwe gadziriro (logistical, zvemari, etc.). Mbuva inodiwa kubvisa migumisiro zvashata pfuma zvinosanganisira zvokudya pakugadzira zvinhu, zvokudya, injiniya, zvipfeko uye zvokurapa pfuma, achishandisa pakukurukurirana uye nzira yokufambisa, mishonga, nemafuta, zvokuvakisa, mumwe makemikari uye nemwaranzi nedziviriro, etc ...

6. mushandirapamwe International. It inoratidzwa kubudirana pachena kuti ANOPONESA Russian nangananga kusangana munyika zvichiitika maitiro muzvidzivirire uye liquidation dzenjodzi akatevera. Pamwe iri rakatangwa kuburikidza zvibvumirano nezvimwe dzomunyika zviridzwa, kukura Joint repamutemo yemibvunzo chete maererano nyaya chamunofarira mose kana seboka, uyewo mabasa ari kushandiswa dzakawanda masangano uye masangano.

EMERCOM kweRussia: zvinangwa uye mabasa

ANOPONESA huru mabasa manzi Ushumiri ichi, unogona kuiswa zviviri:

1. Kugadzirwa vaitaura kuti zvirongwa zvoruzhinji mukati DPP, uye kudzivirirwa uye kubviswa nechimbichimbi akatevera.
2. Risira uye kuona zvakakodzera kushanda hurongwa (RSE) dzawirwa kwete chete munguva yehondo asi yorunyararo.

Haangavi okushamisira kuti kamwe zvakare kusimbisa kuti dzinokosha zvinangwa uye mamiriro Anorega zvakajeka yambotaurwa mutemo yeUnited pamwe maererano kuti kudzivirira vagari Russia nenharaunda yaro kubvira zvinokonzerwa njodzi.

Principles zvakasikwa wegadziriro, kufungisisa ezvinhu aripo munyika

Chekutanga, zvinonzi, Chokwadi, vanofanira kutevedza misoro nzira iri nedanho inotungamirwa wegadziriro (Zvidavirire pamusoro anthropogenic uye dzinongoitika mavambo njodzi, nzendo dzavo okukura uye migumisiro, countermeasures kwavari uye zvaida vatori vechikamu).

Chechipiri, kuzivikanwa, saka kutaura, "munhu asiri razero ngozi" (Chokwadi chokuti hazvibviri kubvisa njodzi njodzi iri gadziriro siyana zvinogona kutyisidzira).

Chechitatu, Achivakira pane chinokosha muzvidzivirire panyaya yakachengeteka (yambiro) (kufadza zvichibvira zvinoderedza mukana nenjodzi uye hurongwa matanho).

Modes kushanda sechinhu chete hurongwa

Zvichienderana ezvinhu aripo pane modes matatu:

1. Kuramba mabasa (sokuvapo hurumende dzose uye vane simba ANOPONESA kushanda panguva dzose kumhanya):

• kudzidza mamiriro kwezvakatipoteredza uye misoro kufanotaurwa njodzi;
• mukuronga, sangano uye dzigadziridzwe nezviito zvakaoma ANOPONESA mauto uye masimba ari chiitiko ane chimbichimbi;
• muunganidzwa, kugadzira kwaizotevera kupanana ruzivo pamwe maererano kuchengetedzwa vanogara munyika nenharaunda yaro kubvira zvashata ezvinhu, kuona wakakwana moto vakachengeteka;
• Kukwidziridzwa zivo chete maererano kuchengetedzwa vanogara munyika nenharaunda yaro huye yedambudziko;
• sangano inotungamirwa, placement, kuchengetwa, nenguva muzadze huripo reserves vanoenderana kuchaitwa nezvinozoitika anokonzerwa nenjodzi.

2. unoda kwakawedzera (magetsi kutyisidzira nenjodzi)

• tightening kudzora kuchinja mamiriro kwezvakatipoteredza, kufungidzira Pazvinotanga uye rwakadini kukuvadzwa kubva njodzi;
• munhu chichiitika pakati yakaungana, kubudiswa uye kupararira nemauto ANOPONESA uye anodzora ruzivo pamusoro afanotaura njodzi, kuti vaudze vagari nezvenzira uye nzira nedziviriro Muzviitiko izvi;
• Kugamuchira (kudzivisa kuwanikwa uye kukura yedambudziko);
• Update zvirongwa nemamwe magwaro chokuita kudzivirira uye kubviswa zvinozoitika zvinokonzerwa zvashata ezvinhu;
• Patinoita (kana hwokuva zvakafanira) kubvisa matanho.

3. Emergency (tsamwisa njodzi uye ayo operative liquidation):

• kuramba richiona nezvezvabuda mamiriro zvakatipoteredza, Implementation kuti kufungidzira ukuru mungozi;
• Vagari Alert uye nevatungamiriri kuitika njodzi;
• chinoramba muunganidzwa, kubudiswa (Ongororo) uye kupanana umboo chete maererano kune yemamiriro ezvinhu ari zvashata nzvimbo, uye nzira kubvisa acho;
• kunzwisisa rokudzivirira matanho panyaya zvachose nevanhu munyika nenharaunda yaro kubvira zvashata ezvinhu;
• sangano uye kuramba nechokwadi kuti zvose iripo vatevedzere zviremera noruremekedzo dzimwe matanho kubvisa migumisiro yedambudziko;
• urongwa zvakafanira pamwe maererano zvizere nechouviri mukati aivapo kurongerwa.

Kupatsanura dzenjodzi inobva kuwanda nekuomarara nemigumisiro dzavo

Akasarudza govera:

• vemunzvimbo chiito zvashata ezvinhu (tinzwe zvinhu zvinoparadza uye pachoto ES anoramba mukati kugadzira nzvimbo, iyo inogona nokukurumidza zvachose pachake zvinoreva uye simba);
• emo (matambudziko kukuvadza zvinhu uye pachoto kwechimbichimbi anorambira mukati mumusha);
• miganhu (tinzwe zvinhu zvinoparadza uye pachoto ES riri mukati yakananga subject: nharaunda Republic pamupendero zvionera inotungamirwa);
• zvenharaunda (matambudziko kukuvadza zvinhu uye nechimbichimbi pachoto Inotaura nyaya dzakawanda dziri Russian Federation);
• Federal (tinzwe zvinhu zvinoparadza uye pachoto ES Mabutiro mana kana kupfuura RF nyaya);
• pose (matambudziko kukuvadza zvinhu uye pachoto njodzi zvinopfuura chete hurumende).

Saka, nokupfupikisa apa, hazvina chakaipa kuti kamwe zvakare simbisa kuti zvakanaka-akagadzirirwa dzinokosha mabasa ANOPONESA uye nomazvo kukwanisa kushandisa pachine kudzivisa kurwadza kunoita siyana zvashata ezvinhu, uyewo, kana zvakakodzera, kurumidza kubvisa migumisiro yadzo.