ROZA Lyuksemburg: upenyu uye rufu echimurenga

Zvimwe vakawanda vakanzwa kana kuverenga kuti muna 2009 chaiyo ruva kwakatangwa muna Europe - vakasimuka "Princess pamusoro Luxembourg." The chiitiko yakanga yakarongwa kuti iitike rechi18 gore Alexandra - Mukuru Duchy youmambo. Asi nhasi zvazvinoita nezvazvo. vanhu vakura rangarira kuti mukupera XIX mangwanani XX remakore uye aiva wokuGermany echimurenga uye nesimba zvakakwana munhu akadaro uyo akaita basa rinokosha mune paumbwe rechiKomonisiti kufamba mu Europe. Zita rake raiva nzvanyira nezita rakaisvonaka ruva - ROZA Lyuksemburg. Makore oupenyu mukadzi uyu zvachose vakazvipira kurwira kodzero uye rusununguko vanhuwo zvavo. Zviri pamusoro wake uye ichakurukurwa munyaya ino.

mhuri dzechiJudha

Akazvarwa Rose (zita chairo Rosalia) March 5, 1871 muUmambo Poland Zamosc muguta, pamusoro kumucheto Russian hwacho. Aiva mwana wechishanu mumhuri mushambadzi-Jewish matanda mutengesi Elias Luxembourg. The musikana aiva mudzidzi akanaka uye kudzidza pamwe chinokudza kubva nomumwe Warsaw kuti dzokurovedza muviri.

In mhuri dzechiJudha yakanyatsobatana ichi Ndaifarira vana, kunyanya muduku rosettes, rakanga akaremara (dislocation ari muhudyu muhudyu). Kusvika makore 10 mumuviri wake chinhu kusingarapiki uye kunorwadza zvikuru muitiro, necheni naye pamubhedha, dzimwe nguva kwemwedzi inoverengeka. Paakakura, chirwere vakadzokera shure, asi akaramba simba. To shoma kuviga kuremara ichi, iye vakapfeka chaidzo shangu. The musikana Chokwadi, kunetseka chaizvo pamusoro lameness, saka hazvishamisi kuti muvhu ichi aigona kuva zvinoverengeka zvivako.

kutanga enzira

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti ROZA Lyuksemburg, ane Biography anozivikanwa kuti vave ainyanya chokuita echimurenga mabasa vakatanga kuratidza kufarira zvematongerwo enyika mangwanani zvikuru, kunyange paunenge uchidzidza. Ndapedza kubva vabereki chikoro munzira dzose isu vakaedza naye kubva ichi chitandadzo nani ngozi uye kunyange vakaripira naye nokuda nani mumhanzi mudzidzisi. Vachiri aitarisira kuti musikana zvakakomba matarenda uchakanganwa pamusoro unyanzvi uye zvematongerwo enyika, asi Rose rava nzira chimurenga, izvo anotarisira kuziva vavariro dzake dzose. Pakati shamwari dzake itsva akanga riri akamira wakaenzana, sezvo hapana wavo akabhadhara chero kumuteerera panyama hunonyadzisa.

Pakupera 1880. Most zvisiri pamutemo echimurenga mapoka makatanga kukunda zvakasiyana kuti vakasonganira kusarudzwa munzira. Panzira, atova pachena kuti kutya haagoni ucharuramiswa, uye vakaramba chete vanonyanyisa. Unorema vechidiki yaitarisira zvepamutemo nzira hondo.

ROZA Lyuksemburg aiva echimurenga denderedzwa iri nguva apo Anti-magandanga kurwisana akakura pakati nhengo dzayo, uye vakatsigira vakanga zvakasimba pamusoro nokuurayiwa uye chairidza mashoko uye nokutambudzika. Asi magandanga vakapfuurira kuita zviito zvavo zvisiri pamutemo, pane akapa pachake dissident dzebato nhengo dzavo maoko mapurisa.

Imhaka atova ichi muna Rose-gore 18 okuberekwa rakamanikidzwa kuvanda pakutambudzwa nezviremera nokuda kwavo kuita pachivande sangano "pamusoro proletariat". Aifanira kwenyika kuSwitzerland, kwaakaramba achiita dzidzo yake paYunivhesiti Zurich. Ikoko, akadzidza mutemo, uzivi uye upfumi enyika.

rudo rokutanga

Makore kupedzerwa mubasa yakanyarara pamusoro Switzerland, ROZA Lyuksemburg (ona mufananidzo. In pakudzokorora) vakarangarira sezvo zvikuru muupenyu hwake. Pano akanzwa vakadzikama uye chivimbo. In Zurich, iye akasangana neumwe Leo Iogihesom, uyo pakarepo aida naye. Vechiduku kazhinji vanofarira Rose, asi chero zvingatiita zvokuita kana akaita - ukama hwavo ipfupi chete kutaura mutemo uye vagari raibhurari kushanya. Naizvozvo, aifanira kutanga pachahwo agoreva rudo rwenyu kwaari.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Leo asati aiva akatsinhira tsvimborume, uye akavapa chete pashure yomoto pamutemo Roses. Aiva akasimba zvikuru munhu, asi zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kutsamwisa murume irrepressible basa vasikana, vakapiwa kuti mabasa Iogihesa haana nyore. Naizvozvo, sezvingatarisirwa, kuva kakawanda nokurwisana kuitika mune vadiwa. Pakupedzisira, ROZA Lyuksemburg muna University of Zurich sowakajeka akadzivirira chinyorwa chake, kumhanya maindasitiri chiitiko muPoland. Chiitiko ichi ndopakaperawo dzavo kukakavara.

Akanga zvikuru kubudirira kwake, sezvo basa rake aikosheswa kuzivikanwa mapurofesa, uye nyaya yakanyorwa naye zvakatobudiswa nomukurumbira wakanaka endangariro mugovanisi kunyengetedzwa. Saka, zita rake riri kuzivikanwa zvose pamusoro Europe. Asi Leo pachake haana kunzwa mufaro kubva nebudiriro Rose, achinyatsoziva kuti akanga pasi pokudzora yomukadzi zvikuru simba, uye mamiriro ezvinhu aya hazvina kufadza zvachose.

mhedziso rokutanga

Nokukurumidza pashure ROZA Lyuksemburg panguva kukokwa of Socialist Party yokuGermany anobvumirana kuita omunzvimbo musarudzo ive agitator. Mukadzi mubasa manyepo ari Upper muSilesia nharaunda, apo vakawanda Poles. Saka, zviri nokukurumidza kukwanisa kuwana chivimbo pamusoro Socialist German. In ezvinhu ichi, shamwari yake yepamwoyo anova echimurenga Clara Zetkin. It otaura Luxembourg nemwanakomana wake, uyewo akakurumbira theoretician Karlom Kautskim. Mukuwedzera, pano muna Germany, muna 1901, akasimuka kuzosangana naye Vladimir Lenin.

Mushure pakutanga echimurenga kuitika Russia muna 1905, iye anosvika Warsaw uye kushingaira zvematongerwo ratidziro zviito vashandi wePolish. Kwapera nguva, ari tsarist mapurisa epachivande vanokwanisa kubata uye akamuisa mujeri. Luxembourg wakaitwa imomo kwemwedzi inoverengeka, apo pasi nokutyisidzirwa zvakaoma kana kunyange kuuraya. Zvisinei, nemhaka kuitwa neshamwari German muna 1907 mujeri, achibva aenda kuna Germany zvakanaka.

upenyu Personal

Kuti kutamira munyika wechigarire dzokugara, Rosa aiva nyaya chizvarwa German. Nzira inoita kuti vaite izvi kwaiva kuguma muchato ine mugari wehurumende ichi. Luxembourg akava Gustav muLübeck murume yokuchikoro. Mugore iroro, mumwe mukadzi akatanga refu kudanana nomwanakomana shamwari yake Clara Zetkin, Constantine. Chokwadi ichi anopupura 600 tsamba zvakachengetedzwa nanhasi.

Constantine vayemura romoto kutaura rwatenzikadzi wake, saka iye chaizvoizvo ndokuva zvevapi vamazano ake kudzidza Marxism. Makore mashanu akazotevera, murume nomudzimai vakarambana. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, hapana zvakawanda rudo zvakanangana asingaiti kutanga ROZA Lyuksemburg. vana varo havana kufarira zvikuru, nokuti kumborega kuti kuronga echimurenga kufamba, uye wake, kuva akatendeseka, hazvina kwavari.

Mitambo panguva World Wokutanga

Pausiku hondo, muna 1913, nokuti matauriro akaita pamusoro kukurumidza kukura kwechiuto kuGermany, Luxembourg, akasungirwa gore rimwe. Ndabva kujeri, haana kurega ake Anti-hondo anoparadzirwa. August 1, 1914, apo Kaiser yokuGermany akazivisa hondo Russian Empire, Socialist woruchiva, ipapo nhengo muparamende yeGermany, akavhotera vachida kutora zvikwereti zvechiuto. Luxembourg aingova Unopenga yakadaro kushaya kufanoona uye nevamwe vake neshamwari dzake itsva pakarepo akasika magazini enyika "Internationale." Rose vasina nguva kunyora nyaya yangu yokutanga nokuda chinyorwa ichi sezvo akanga zvakare vakasungwa uye vakaiswa mutorongo muBerlin.

Muna February 1915, rikawira kamwe zvakare kunzvimbo yevasungwa nokuti kutaura pamusangano wakaitirwa kuFrankfurt am Main. Kwapera gore, iye akasunungurwa, asi mwedzi mitatu gare gare akasungwa zvakare. nguva ino, iye akapiwa pamusoro yakareba - makore maviri nehafu. Panguva iyoyo akanga asisiri muduku, kunze vanorwara uye kusurukirwa, asi, tichifunga kuti chiremba yakanakisisa ndiro basa, Rose akanyora zvakawanda, agere mujeri.

Pakusikwa Communist Party pakati Germany

Kana Kurwa kwakava, iye anowana kuchitsigira adherent izvozvi, sezvo iye akanga ari pamberi echimurenga Karla Libknehta. Pamwe chete, ivo kusika itsva sangano - "Spartacus League". Muna December 1918, vakanga zvakare pamwechete akava havaoni Germany Communist Party.

Panguva Congress of sangano idzva yokutanga ROZA Lyuksemburg akaita mushumo, riri zvikuru nehasha kubatanidzwa Russian Bolsheviks kumisa nyika udzvinyiriri rimwe-Bato, racho maonero, nokuramba wakaomerera panzira anotsika pamusoro zvegutsaruzhinji rusununguko, uyewo chakaita kuti kudzvinyirira nokupikiswa mapato ose.

Utsinye Rink Revolution

Kana mukadzi ane kamwe zvakare vabuda mujeri muna 1918, panguva ino Germany yatova chipatapata mupopoti November Revolution. Kudzora pachena mamiriro ezvinhu akanga akarasika zvachose, uye ropa kutya chaizvo akarasika kunze mumigwagwa, akatakura navo zvose kutsamwa anenge vaunganidza mumakore ose World War First.

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, chero chimurenga Anotyisa pane kuti hazvina kugovera vanhu kurudyi uye zvakaipa, uye runonditsikirira munhu wose anopinda pasi wayo ropa Rink. Uye nyaya Rosa Luxemburg kuti uchapupu. Akava mumwe vanobatwa sezvo dzakare mamwe masoja ari mubato, uyo akakurumidza nokukurumidza, saka kutaura, pamusoro pusa, kubvisa pamusoro unotambudza uye nevamwe vakava pakuti.

Rufu echimurenga

15 January 1919 Luxembourg, pamwe chete bhururu wake Karlom Libknehtom akasungwa uye kuendeswa hotera "muEdheni". Pavanopinda chivako iye akasangana neboka raiumbwa zvachose ravarwi navatariri, uyo akatanga kudurura mukadzi vanopika mashoko. Zvino akanga pasi rimwe pokuzvipira chaizvo kubvunzurudzwa, pashure pacho, pasi chokumupomera pakati kwakavakirwa mutirongo Moabit, kwakatungamirira napanobudiwa napo muhotera.

Kana mukadzi akatevedzerawo mukoridho, iye Akatsoropodzwa mumwe murwi, uye akarova kaviri mumusoro. Kana iye akawira, varindi imutakura uye vakauya mumotokari, apo kurohwa mberi. Kupondwa Rosa Luxemburg aiva nemotokari iyi, munzira kuenda kujeri kana pakupedzisira murau kuti vasveveredze mukadzi akapfura vatambudzi wake, uye muviri ugokandwa mvura Landverskogo chiteshi. Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare, zvinoti June 1, yake igare vaakawana uye hove akabuda mumvura. Revolutionary akavigwa pashure pemazuva 13 panguva Berlin yemakuva Friedrichsfelde.