RF Constitution, Article 51. Hapana vanosungirwa batai pachake, ake naye uye hama dzepedyo

Article 51 reMitemo inoti sezvinotevera:

1. Hapana munhu (so munhu, pasina panotaurwa mamiriro mugari) Haaiti batai pachake ari munhu, ake naye uye hama dzepedyo.

2. Mutemo Federal anogona mishonga nezvimwe vasabatanidzwe kubva mutoro uchapupu.

Zviri vanonzi chapupu kutapata kunosanganisira kodzero azvibaye pachake, ake hama dzepedyo uye vakaroorana kuramba vakanyarara, kwete kupa rubatsiro kune kuferefeta (mukati zvimwe). Chimiro imwe kana mumwe ropafadzo pamusoro samoizoblicheniya inopiwa nokuti mitemo zvinenge zvose kunyika uye mutemo dzakawanda (European Convention on Human Rights).

Zvikuru ndiyo 51 nyaya reMitemo yeRussian Federation ari vasaenderera mberi. Mukuita okuongorora kutongwa uchapupu kazhinji kuziva njodzi wacho.

Kodzero vanyarare muna Russian Federation mutemo

Vanhu Most, une ruzivo pamutemo muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, muri zvinoreva Art. 51 reMitemo of Russian Federation of US kweShanduro firimu. Mashoko okuti "iwe unogona kuramba ndakanyarara, chero ukati zvinogona kushandiswa ..." zviri avanoziva zhinji. Mutemo wokumwe chinzvimbo inonzi "Miranda kodzero" uye vanofunga kuti chero mashoko akawana kubva nevasungwa kujekesa kwavari (nemashoko) Maitiro kodzero, haagoni kushandiswa mudare sezvo uchapupu. Saka, vanoedza kutsanangura pakarepo.

Asi muna Russia, "Miranda kodzero" zvikasashanda, uye vanhu vakanga vasina kupindura mibvunzo pamusoro kwemitemo vakuru, kazhinji vanoita yake pakukuvadza. Vane kodzero pachena mashoko kuvakuvadza pachedu kana dzavo, asi haagoni kuramba ndakanyarara zvachose.

Kurambidzwa nokuzvidzora incrimination

The ropafadzo pakuzvinyengera incrimination - chinokosha ounyanzvi. 51 reMitemo. Iye chinyatsotsanangurwa oga ari makuru Codes - the Criminal Procedure Code, ari AIC, iyo Administrative Code uye Civil Maitiro Code of Russian Federation.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti preconditions uchapupu kutapata akazviratidza muna XII remakore England, apo vaifungidzirwa pedzidziso vaimanikidzwa kutora mhiko Eks officio. Munyika yanhasi, mutemo uyu - rinokosha misimboti nokururamisira. Anonyatsoteerera kuUnited States, Australia, Germany, Canada uye dzeEU. Asi Maitiro Implementation ropafadzo pakuzvinyengera incrimination dzinosiyana-siyana zvichienderana nemamiriro wokurera ari State.

1. Ruzhinji nyika (nyaya) mutemo, kana munhu fungira anobvuma kupupura kuti ari akabvunza sechapupu. Saka, unogona kupiwa mhosva nokuda haizopereri kukundikana kuverenga kana mashoko mashoko enhema.

2. dziri hurongwa nyika (kusanganisira Russia) ari fungira kana kupomerwa vakaramba uchapupu kana akapa mashoko enhema, kwete kusungirwa. Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti urikushanda mukati yechinangwa kudzivirira samoizoblicheniya.

Kodzero yokuramba uchapupu ndiyo nyaya imwe mhosva kwete chete. Munhu haagoni buritsa chero ruzivo pamusoro pachavo, izvo zvinogona vakabva kushandiswa vasaenderera mberi sezvo uchapupu.

Batai vakaroorana uye nehama

The pamazita vanhu pamusoro waunogona kuramba kupa uchapupu, kupiwa ya. 4, Art. 5 Code of Criminal Procedure. Zvinosanganisira:

• Wife - munhu uyo muchato rinonyoreswa zviri yokunyoresa mumahofisi.
• Vabereki kana vabereki vokurera.
• Vana, kusanganisira kushandisa.
• Veukama, kusanganisira consanguineous uye uterine nehama nehanzvadzi.
• Vazukuru.
• Kana navanasekuru.

List ose yakavharwa, uye rinoshanda mhando dzose okuwana - chakafanana ndandanda kupiwa mamwe Codes of Russian Federation. Big kusiya ndechokuti haana kuiswawo pakati vokurera ake, VANAAMAI VOKURERA, vaaigara (vanhuwo madzimai). In yechinangwa vasaenderera mberi zvapupu kodzero kushandisa n. 3 of Art. 5 Code pakati Criminal Procedure pakati pfungwa "vanhu pedyo" (vanhu vakanga ukama, kana avo vane zvakanaka kuva chapupu inodhura nesimba pachake rudo). Pamutemo, mafungiro avo kungashandiswawo kurudyi, vakanongedzera Russian Bumbiro, Article 51.

Inopikira kubva kumanikidza

Kushandisa Zviito (kutyisidzira, tyisidzira) kumanikidzwa tipupure - iri mhosva pasi Art. 302 yemutemo weCriminal Code. Zvinofungirwa kuti chero ruzivo pamusoro ezvinhu kupesana kana mhosva inofanira kupiwa nokuzvidira, kunyatsonzwisisa zvakaipira chii chave akati. Pamutemo, musimboti uyu hapana akataura, asi inosanganisira European Convention pamwoyo pfungwa dzakanaka kutongwa.

MuRussia, izvozvo kunochengetedza pamusoro timuteerere uye anoenderana tsika kujekesa Art. 51 reMitemo of Russian Federation risati gadziriro dzose Maitiro zvinyorwa mune mhosva zvekufamba nezvakatongwa kwendangariro.

RF Constitution (Article 51, izvo anopa rworudyi kududzirwa Mhedziso kudzivirira pakuzvinyengera incrimination) pamutemo haikwani kuti kureurura. Pashure pezvose, Chokwadi zviri kutyora chapupu kutapata.

ReRussia Supreme Court Muzviitiko zvakadaro vane kubvuma mhosva nokuda mhosva kana fungira hakusi chiratidzo uye haatarisiri gweta. In tsika, kuti rwokutsvakurudza mitumbi pamberi kuziva runoenzanirana maminitsi mune munhu akatsanangura (noruoko) mugadziriro Art. 51 reMitemo.

Nezvezvisingakwaniswi chapupu kutapata

Zvakakosha kunzwisisa mukana kushanda urongwa uhwu. Article 51 reMitemo of Russian Federation rine parinoperera mitemo akawanda, zvaitaurwa mutemo kuitika uye tsika.

• The fungira (kupomerwa, zvapupu) vanosungirwa kuita rwokutsvakurudza zvinhu zvinoda basa rayo (nharo, ongororo, zvitupa).
• Kugamuchira, kusanganisira kumanikidzwa, kubudikidza vechikamu pamusoro nedanho ivhu ropa, weti, mweya, inzwi ivhu kuti ramangwana uchapupu. Kudiwa nezviito izvi kunosimbiswazve nemashoko reConstitutional Court of Russian Federation.
• Possible vachipikisana nevamwe vanhu pamusoro mamiriro ezvinhu angaita kuti ngakuzivikanwe navo nevanhu kushandisa chapupu kutapata kuti Zvakazoitwa kushanda kunoita mashoko umbowo.
• Mutemo Russian Federation (Art. 1.5 pamusoro Administrative Code of Russian Federation) kusimbiswa kunze kusvika fungidziro mhosva. Face mune zvimwe zviitiko, mutoro achiratidza ake nemhosva. Muna European Union mutemo uyu unoshanda varidzi motokari, izvo zvinoda kuratidza mhosva zvaipesana yomumugwagwa mitemo.

Kodzero yokuramba rubatsiro

Article 51 reMitemo of Russian Federation, mashoko zvinoshandiswa vatevedzere mutemo, kunorevawo zvimwe zviito, kuwedzera kukundikana kuverenga. Zvikurukuru, ayo kugutsikana kunosanganisira kodzero kubatsira nedanho mhosva kusunga. Zvinosanganisira:

• Kutadza kupa tsanangudzo kana ruzivo.
• Kupa pachake (nemhosva chikumbiro). Kana fungira aramba kubvuma mhosva panguva yokutanga kubvunzurudzwa, hapana munhu ane kodzero kuomerera izvi ramangwana.
• Non-issuance zvinhu, zvinyorwa kana zvinokosha kuti kuongorora.

basa chapupu

In yechinangwa vasaenderera mberi zvapupu nguva akanyevera nezvemigumisiro kupa uchapupu, uyewo basa nokuti nhema uye pakatanga kuongorora kana kutongwa kutsausa.

Nhema iri mhosva kururamisira aizivikanwa Ancient Rome. Modern Mutemo Russian Federation kunoreva nayo mashoko mashoko enhema pamusoro chokwadi uye mamiriro ezvinhu kuti anozivikanwa chapupu (nyanzvi, nyanzvi) uye anogona kukanganisa migumisiro kuferefeta kana mutongo wedare. Basa nokuti akapa chinhu. 307 yemutemo weCriminal Code.

Practice Criminal kuongorora kunoratidza kuti vakawanda perjuring vaaigara (rehurumende madzimai), shamwari, vavakidzani, uye neshamwari yevanhu vakaurayiwa uye kupomerwa. Chikonzero nezviito zvavo, nokuti vakawanda ndiyo tsitsi matsotsi kana dzavo, kusavimba mapurisa, asi kazhinji kuedza "zvemari".

Sezvo chikamu mhosva pasi Art. 307 yemutemo weCriminal Code pane mamiriro ezvinhu akawanda zvinogoneka:

1. chinhu chikanganiso yakatendeseka, chapupu zvisiri anoona munhu chokwadi kuti chinobata migumisiro kuferefeta.

2. Kushandisa nhema senzira vadzivirirwe kunyumwira. A zvakafanana mamiriro ezvinhu apo zvapupu kuramba mashoko umboo kana kunyange kupupura kwavo, kuti asabatwa mhosva mhosva. Asi pano, zvakare, unogona kushandiswa Article 51 reMitemo. Mashandisirwo mienzaniso, exempting:

• The chapupu inoti haana kutenga mishonga kubva kupomerwa, nokuti iyi nyaya chaizvoizvo anobvuma kuti mhosva pasi Art. 228 yemutemo weCriminal Code. It hakudi nemaune nhema basa, sezvo anodzivirira pachake kubva makuhwa.
• Chapupu akashuma kururama ruzivo nokuti vanotenda kuti zvimwe aizova fungira iri mhosva.

Kana munhu akavata nokuedza haana kubvuma mhosva, ndiwo basa ounyanzvi. 307 yemutemo weCriminal Code haapindi kwaari nokuda RF Constitution (Article 51) kunodzivirira nokuzvidzora incrimination. Asi akasiyana zvachose mamiriro ezvinhu kana perjuring nokuda voruzhinji. Kazhinji vanhu vanoedza kuoneka kupfuura nehana, mutemo uye hanya pane zvechokwadi.

3. zvokutsamwa vachiziva venhema (utsotsi mushumo) anowanzoshandiswa kurerutsa kunyumwira. Mhosva mhosva yakapiwa nokuda Article. 306 yemutemo weCriminal Code.

Kunaka kururamisira uye mugumisiro kunoenderana Implementation pakati ehurumende basa vanhu. Zvisinei, imwe nyevero kumurango nhema ichiri panoonekwa vazhinji kungoitawo. Saka, zvakadini mhosva pasi Art. 306-307 weCriminal Code anoramba kumusoro.

Mamwe chapupu kutapata

RF Constitution (Article 51 muna Part. 2) inopa kuti vasabatanidzwe kubva nekupupura, zvichienderana mamiriro chapupu uye mamiriro ezvinhu kuti atsanangure. Pamazita Izvi zvinosanganisira:

• Judge kana vatongi - chokwadi ngakuzivikanwe kwavari yechinangwa kukurukura nemutadzi mhosva.
• Lawyers uye vanyatsowana - ruzivo kuti yava kuzivikanwa kwavari mukufamba ichipa mabasa pamutemo. Valid nokuti mhosva uye vehurumende kwendangariro.
• Vafundisi (chiKristu, chiBuddha, Islam) havagoni pachena mashoko kugamuchira kubva vomuchechi iri confessional. Panguva iyoyowo vamiririri tumapoka uye zvitendwa varege kushandisa kuti kutapata mhando iyi.
• Vevatariri kwomumiririri zvitunha yeUnited uye Regional hurumende vane kodzero yokuramba kuti apupurire ezvinhu kuti vava kuzivikanwa kwavari panguva nguva chiremera.
• Vamiriri (zvose akapiwa chinzvimbo ichi, kusanganisira hwokugadzira vashandi) - ezvinhu zvose uye mashoko. Asi rokuzvidzivirira hunoguma kuva nomugumisiro kana kubva kune dzimwe hurumende akatenda pokubvunzurudzwa.

Pamazita ichi kubvumirwa zvimwe maburi. Somuenzaniso, havana kutapata mutevedzeri magweta, vashanduri uye vamiririri venyika, vasiri hama dzavo. Vose kunogona kasingaperi pasina kodzero yokuramba.

RF Constitution, Article 51 - mutemo anokosha chaizvo mutemo yenyika uye nyika anenge atambura munguva vakawanda repressions. Ndicho rubatso kuremekedzwa kwekodzero uye kodzero dzevanhu munguva kukurukura vatevedzere mutemo nezvakatongwa masimba.