Radiation: chirwere chinouraya munhu

Mishonga inonzi radiation ionizing ye microscopic particles uye masimba emumunda. Mishonga inopisa mazai haina kusanganisira majekiti e-ultraviolet uye rutivi rwechiedza chinooneka. Iko kukwanisa kuonana nemumwe wako hauna mazaisai eredhiyo uye microwave, izvi hazvirevi mahara. Chirwere chinouraya munhu hachina kusimbiswa nechibatsiro chemakemikari zvinogadzirwa, kupisa kwemavara kunoreva kuitika kwemuviri.

Simba uye chirwere

Simba remirasi yehuwandu huwandu hweionization pane imwe nguva nguva. Kune simba, pane chiyero chekuyera - microroentgen kweawa.

Nhamba inowanikwa inowanikwa inokwana nhamba yose yakagadzirirwa nesimba rairoti yakawanda nenguva yekuita kwe microparticles, saka, chirwere chinouraya chemazuva anoverengwa kune munhu chinotungamirira kumugumisiro unouraya. Kuyera iyo yakaenzana nhamba, sievert (Sv) inoshandiswa, simba rekuverenga rinogadzirirwa mu sieverts neawa (Sv / h).

Kuti uverenge chiyero chakaenzana kubva pamigumisiro yemarudzi akasiyana emadzinza, kushanda kwemadiro akadikanwa nechinoremekedza sievert inotorwa. Semuenzaniso, paunenge uchitarisa nhamba yose kubva pamabasa emagara rays, ienzanisa 100 x-ray kusvika 1 Sv. Zviduku zviduku, zvisingasviki 1 Sv, zvinoverengwa maererano ne:

• 1 mSv (millisievert) yakaenzana ne 1/1000 sievert;
• 1 μSv (microsievert) yakaenzana ne 1/1000 millisievert kana 1 / 100,000,000 sievert.

Chiridzwa chekuyera miviri

Chimwe chimiro chinowanzojairika chokugadzirisa chiyero chemazi kana simba, chinotungamirirwa kune chigadziro uye kune anoshanda kwechigadzirwa, i dosimeter. Dosimetry inowanikwa panguva yekutsvaga mazaisai, semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwebasa kana nguva yekuponesa basa.

Dhaka inouraya yemirairo yemunhu mu-X-rays inobva paukuru hwemazuva ano panzvimbo yevashandi, kana nhamba yacho yose inowanikwa maunyamu 600, saka kuonekwa kwakadaro kune ngozi kune hupenyu. Zvinhu zvakatakurwa, zvinhu zvinoongororwa, ruzivo rwezvivako uye zvivako rinoyera. Munhu wose anoshanyira nzvimbo dzine njodzi yekusvibiswa kwemazuva anowana dosimeter yekushandiswa kwekusingaperi.

Kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo isingazivikanwi, somuenzaniso, makomo, makungwa, kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo kana majeki uye mushroom, tora chimbo chekuongorora nzvimbo yacho musati nguva refu. Kuwedzera kwemazuva ano kwemazano asati avakwa kana kana kutenga nyika yakatemwa. Mamiriro ehutachiona haarambi pasi uye haabviswi kubva pamadziro ezvivako nezvinhu, saka njodzi inowanikwa ne dosimeter kare.

Izwi re radioactivity

Mamwe maatomu ane nuclei isina kugadzikana, inogona kushandurwa kana kuora. Izvi zvinokurudzira kusunungurwa kweiyo huru. Kune mhepo yakasvibiswa, ine simba rakawanda, inogona kuita pane zvinhu zvakapoteredza uye inoita kuti kuve kweiyo maitiro matsva ezvakaipa uye zvakanaka. Dhiyabhorosi inouraya inonzi radiation muhudhu inowanikwa apo munhu anonzi aine irradied 600 rad, asi 100 radians (an extra-system unit) = 100 x-rays.

Zvinokonzera kusvibiswa kwe radioactive

Kuita kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye mamiriro ezvinhu kunokonzera kuwedzera kwemavara emamiriro ekunze:

• Kuiswa kwezvinhu zvakasvibiswa kubva mumhepo yenyukireya panguva yekuputika;
• Apo kune mikoko inopindwa mumhepo inogadzirwa nekuumbwa kwe-radioactive isotopes nechinguva chiitiko chema gamma rays uye neutrons yakabudiswa panguva yekuputika kwe nyukireya;
• Chiito chekunze kwema gamma uye beta-ray;
• Chirwere chinouraya chemashizha chinoratidzwa apo irradiation mukati inoitika mushure me ingress ye radioactive isotopes mumuviri womunhu kubva mumhepo kana nechikafu;
• Kusvibiswa kwemhepo inokonzerwa nehutachiona kunovhiringidzika munguva yorugare kuburikidza nenjodzi inowanzoitika mune zvombo zvenyukireya, kutakura zvisina kufanira uye kurasikirwa kwezvinhu zvenyukireya.

Mhando yemayeraji

Zvinokuvadza kuvanhu ndiyo miviri ye microparticles, inotungamirira kune zvirwere zvemuviri nerufu. Ukuru hwemhando yacho inobva kune rudzi rwemazuva, nguva yezviito uye nguva zhinji:

• Mavara e-alpha particles anochengetedzwa zvakanaka mushure mekuora kwehutu (kwavari kunosanganisira tora, cobalt-60, uranium, radon);
• Beta particles ndiyo inowanzosanganiswa elektrontium-90, potassium-40, cesium-137;
• Gamma radiation inomiririrwa nemashizha ane simba guru rinopenya (cesium-137, cobalt-60);
• Yakaoma X-ray mihizha yakafanana nejimma particles, asi shoma shoma, inopa americium-241, iyo nguva dzose inowanzoitika kune zuva;
• Neutron inomuka semugumisiro wekuora kwe plutonium nuclei, kukohwa kwavo kunowanikwa mumamiriro eatomic reactors.

Disiki dzakawanda

Nhamba yakaenzana yakagadziriswa inogadziriswa inosvika pakugadziriswa kwemasero emidzimu kumutumbi semugumisiro wekuuya kweimwe chimiro chezvinhu zvinokuvadza. Ichi chiratidzo chinocherechedza kunzwisisika kwezviviri zvemukati uye nguva iyo inoshandiswa mumhepo inopinda mumuviri (dzimwe nguva muupenyu hwose). Mune zvimwe zviitiko, chirwere chinouraya chemazuva ano mu X-rays chinoyera kune imwe sarudzo yakasarudzwa.

Nhamba yakawandisa inokwana yakafanirwa nemari iyo munhu aigona kugamuchira kana aivepo munzvimbo inonzi dosimetry, iyo chiratidzo inoyerwa mu sievert.

Izvozvo zvinokonzerwa nekusvibiswa kwemavara pamuviri womunhu

Yese miviri yakaita kuti kuumbwa kwemagetsi emagetsi ane zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana munharaunda inonzi ionizing. Iyo yakapararira midzi inonzi radiation inogara iripo inofamba nomunhu, inoshandiswa nemirairo ye cosmic, simba rezuva, zvitubu zvemhepo inonzi radionuclides, zvimwe zvikamu zvehupenyu.

Kuti ushande mumamiriro ezvinhu ane njodzi, vashandi vanodzivirira nemasikisi chaiwo, vanocherechedza kuchengetedza. Mhuka inogamuchira irradiation panzvimbo yebasa panguva yekuongorora muviri nemakemikari, kuongorora kusakanganiswa, kutsvakurudza kwezvokurapa, geological survey, nezvimwewo.

Kushanduka kwemazuva

Dambudziko rinouraya remirairo kune munhu ari mumupata rinopfuura masuniti 600 uye rinotungamirira kumugumisiro unouraya. Kujekesa kwemazimbe mune imwe nhamba yemadhora mazana mana kusvika ku 600 kunokurudzira kuonekwa kwehutachiona hwehutachiona uye kunogona kukonzera kuchinja kwemajini. Kubudirira kwekuchinja kweionized kwomuviri kunonzwisiswa zvishoma, kushanduka kwezviratidzo kunoratidzika pachavo kuburikidza nezvizvarwa. Kupararira kwenguva kunopa kodzero yekusahadzika, kushanduka kwemaitiro kwakaonekwa kubva kune redioactive kana kuti kunokonzerwa nezvimwe zvinokonzera.

Kuchinja-siyana kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kunoparadzaniswa kuva hukuru, kuonekwa munguva pfupi mushure mekuita kwekujekesa uye kugadzirisa. Rudzi rwechipiri rwunozviratidza kana amai nemwana vane mutendi mumwe mutendi. Kushandurudza hakusi kumuka kwezvizvarwa zvakasiyana-siyana kana kuti hazvivhiringidzi munhu zvachose. Kuberekwa kwekuberekwa kwakaoma kunotsvaga munyaya yekuberekwa kusati kwaitika, kana kushanduka hakubvumi kuti fetus ifike kusvika pakuberekwa.

Radiation urwere. Leukemia

Kuongororwa kwehutachiona hwemazuva ano kunonyanya kuchinjwa nemirairo. Dambudziko rinouraya rekujekesa rinotungamirira kumugumisiro unouraya, asi maharasiyamu anobuda kubva pa200 kusvika ku600 r, anokonzera kurwara kwemazuva, haasi nengozi. Mishonga inokonzera munhu mushure mekuita simba rimwechete kana kuti nekupinda nguva dzose kwemazuva ano emhepo yakadzika. Muenzaniso ndiwo basa reradioologists risingaregi kuti rirambe risiri uye rinorwara nezvirwere zvinoratidza.

Dambudziko rinonyanya kukosha kwemazuva ano kune mhuka isina simba kusvika kumakore gumi nemashanu. Pamusoro pehuwandu hwemuti hapana kubvumirana, vatsvakurudzi vanopa maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekushivirira mukati me 50, 100 uye 200 nzizi. Pathogenesis inodzidzwa muzvikwata zvekutsvaga, rayation yeukemukari inowedzera kuwanika pakurapa.

Zvirwere zvepachikafu

Kuongorora kwemigumisiro yemirairo pamusoro pevanhu kwakaoma nezvokuti mapoka makuru evanhu ari kuongororwa nekuda kwekuonekwa kwe data yakawanda, izvo zvisingabviri pasina chiitiko chakakosha. Ndeipi chirwere chinouraya chemazuva ano chinouraya, uye ndezvipi zvinokonzera kukanganisa kwemararamiro evanhu asingagoni kutongwa nekuedza nemhuka.

Mukutaura kwekugoverwa kwechirwere chinokonzera chinokonzera kenza, hapana chinyorwa chaicho. Chero huwandu hwemazuva anowana hunosimudzira muviri kuti utange kugovana masero ane utsinye. Maererano nehuwandu hwezviratidzo zvechirwere zvakakanganiswa sezvizvi:

• Kunyanya kuratidzwa kweukondombera;
• Kunze kwevakadzi vane pangozi 1000, vakadzi gumi vanorwara nekenza yemazamu;
• Nhamba imwechete yekenza yekemapa.

Dhigirii ekuoma kwemazuva ano chirwere

Zviratidzo zvehutachiona hwehutachiona zvinoramba zvichiita misoro, kushungurudzika kwechirwere, kuratidzira kubatana, kusuruvara, kurutsa, chizungu, indigestion uye matumbo emukati. Ndeipi iyo miviri inouraya inouraya vanhu:

• Dhigirii yekutanga inoratidzwa mushure mekupedzisira kwemavhiki maviri, chirwere chinokonzerwa neirradiation kubva zana kusvika 200 roentgens;
• Nokuda kwekuratidzwa kwechipiri chechipiri mushure mekujekesa neyero ye 200 kusvika ku 400 roentgen, rufu runowanikwa mune chechina chevaya vanoratidzirwa kujekesa;
• Nharaunda yechitatu yehutachiona hwehutachiona ndiyo chirwere chekufa mu 50% yematambudziko, mazana emagetsi anokwana kubva 400 kusvika 600 X-ray anokwana kuitika;
• Chechina, nzvimbo inotyisa zvikuru, inokonzerawo mahara. Dhaka inouraya inopfuura 600 roentgen, mugumisiro unouraya unoitika mu100% yematambudziko.

Nzira dzekuchengetedzwa kwemunhu mumwechete kana zvichiitwa nekusvibiswa kwemazuva ano

Izvo zviito zvehuwandu zvevanhu zvinotarirwa kana pane mazairo munharaunda. Dambudziko rinouraya remazuva ano rine ngozi muupenyu, saka, kuitira kuti kuderedza kufa, vanhu vanoendeswa kune zvivako izvo, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekudzivirirwa, zvinopatsanurwa kuva mabhomba ekuchengetera mabhomba, cellars, zvivako zvehuni nemotokari. Chinonyanya kuchengetedza rudzi rwekutanga rwekugadzirisa, vamwe vose vanorapwa senhapwa dzenguva duku dzokugara.

Miitiro inobatsira inosanganisira kuchengetedzwa kwemhepo yekufema, mvura uye zvokudya. Nzvimbo dzekuchengetedza dzinofanotanga kana pane dambudziko rekudzivirira kana kuputika. Vanoshandisa mishonga yekurasira, musashandisa mukaka kuti uwane zvokudya zvitsva.

Nguva dzose sanitization uye kuporesa nzvimbo yacho inoitwa, pane chero mukana wakakodzera vanhu vanobudiswa kunze kwenharaunda. Kugadziriswa kwemazuva ano mukati kunokonzerwa nekubvisa guruva kunogadziridzwa nemapiritsi anoshanda mu 80% emhosva. Chirwere chiduku chinopa bhanji rejiji yezvidimbu zvina, asi shandisa zvose zviripo paunodzivirira pamunwe wako. Sezvakaita cape mvura-inonaya mvura, inoshandiswa pakupedzisira, firimu ye polyethylene inoshandiswa.

Mukupedzisa, inofanira kutaurwa kuti kusvibiswa kwemaziro emumunda hakurevi, njodzi yehutachiona hwevanhu inoderedzwa nekushandiswa kwemichina yekudzivirira uye nekucherechedza mazai emvura anowanikwa ne dosimeters.