Chii chinosvibisa mhepo muguta? Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinosvibisa mhepo?

Changing gasi anoumba chadenga - mugumisiro ibatanidzo zvakasikwa zvakasikwa uye zvinoitwa nevanhu. Asi ndeupi azvaiitwa kunodzora panguva? Kuti tizive, tinofanira kutanga kujekesa kuti kusvibisa mhepo. Its nekaupenyu chenguva sezvamunoita mumakore achangodarika riri pasi zvinokosha nokufamba. Matambudziko inokosha achine kuzvidzora uye kudzivirirwa kuchena dzedenga bheseni muenzaniso basa iri mumaguta.

Ko anoumba chadenga chiri kuchinja?

Kusvibiswa Air zvipenyu nezvokuchinja Avharenji ayo unganidzwa pamusoro yakareba pakuongorora. Zvaitika somugumisiro marudzi akawanda vanhu ekushandiswa zvakatipoteredza, uyewo nokuda dzinongoitika kwendangariro. Somuenzaniso, mhepo Zvinosvibisa, uye vachichinja gasi anoumba chadenga, aumba somugumisiro afemeruke, Photo uye chemosynthesis ari mumasero zvipenyu.

Kuwedzera zvepanyama, pane kusvibiswa nevanhu. Zvinyorwa ake aigona kuva choutsi upi Kugadzirwa zvivako, tsvina magasi zvaiita mhuri kwemauto, zvifambiso choutsi. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitwa kusvibiswa mhepo hungangokanganisa utano hwevanhu uye zvakanaka rose kwezvakatipoteredza. The chikuru zviratidzo zviri anoumba chadenga vanofanira kuramba kuchinja, dzakadai iri chiripasi.

Zviri zvimwe zvinoumba iri kuitika duku, asi zvinonzi kufungwa pakusarudza izvo zvinhu kusvibisa mhepo, uye izvo hazvikuvadzi zvipenyu. In tafura pazasi, kunze zvinokosha, kunosanganisirawo kuramba zvinoumba mhepo, zviri izvo kunowedzera munguva kuputika, zvoupfumi mabasa kwevanhu (kabhoni dioxides uye senitrogen, methane).

Usingabereki kusvibisa mhepo?

The gasi anoumba chadenga pamusoro munyanza, makungwa, uye Mafuro, masango, biosphere reserves kuchinja zvishoma zvichienzaniswa kumaguta. Zvechokwadi, mune zvakatipoteredza ari pamusoro dzinongoitika zvinhu anogamuchirawo zvinhu. Gas Exchange ari biosphere haiperi. Asi zvinhu zvipenyu hunodzorwa acho chisingazivi kusvibisa mhepo. Somuenzaniso, mumasango - photosynthesis pamiviri mvura - kwemvura. Utachiona kugadzirisa senitrogen kubva mumhepo, chirimwa akanga yoga uye rishandise carbon dioxide. The chadenga pamusoro mumakungwa uye makungwa nomuti mvura mhute, ayodhini, bromine, kuiisa chlorine.

Chii kunosvibisa mhepo?

Ngozi zvipenyu zviri siyana chaizvo yeimwe, zvose rinozivikanwa vanopfuura 20,000 biosphere Zvinosvibisa. Mumaguta mhepo, maindasitiri uye yokufambisa nzvimbo chipo nyore uye kunzwisisa gaseous zvinhu, aerosols, zviduku zvacho hwakasimba. We zvinyore izvo zvinhu kusvibisa mhepo;

• kabhoni uye kabhoni magasi (kabhoni mono- uye yakasviba);
• sarufa nesarufa anhydrides (va- nesarufa trioxide);
• senitrogen yeimwe (oxides uye amoniya);
• methane nezvimwe gaseous Mahydrocarbon;
• guruva, chin'ai uye particulate nyaya, semuenzaniso, mumunda remigodhi esimbi.

Ndezvipi zvinopa choutsi?

Ngozi mhepo Zvinosvibisa zvinhu kupinda mumhepo kwete chete gasi nemhute mamiriro, asi muchimiro duku mumate, inoramba yakasimba pamusoro inosiyana. Mvumo kubva emakambani uye yokufambisa yakasviba dzakananga yeimwe, mapoka avo (zvikukutu, gaseous, mvura).

Kuwanda wakaiswa uye shanduka zvinoumba mhepo kunosiyana-siyana masikati, zvichienderana nemwaka. Mune Masvomhu pakati utachiona Kufunga mumhepo kumanikidzwa, tembiricha, mhepo mirayiridzo, nokuti mamiriro okunze sei Kuronga mumhepo muganhu rukoko. Zvakachinja kuwanda vakawanda zvinoriumba, akadai carbon dioxide, regai chete kuitika mugore. Kuwedzera uwandu CO ₂ mumakore zana apfuura (inokudza kwepasi). Mune zvimwe zviitiko, dzokuchinja kuwanda kukonzerwa zvakasikwa. Izvi zvingava kuputika kwemakomo, kwatangwa outputs chepfu yeimwe kubva pasi kana mvura munzvimbo dzakasarudzwa. Asi zvimwe kune vanoshorwa kuchinja mumhepo sezvamunoita anotungamirira basa nevanhu.

Kuti kunosvibisa mhepo Panyika? Natural uye nevanhu matsime inokuvadza choutsi. Wokupedzisira vari wakaiswa (mutopota emakambani, boilers, huni achizadza nhepfenyuro Mbiru) uye Mobile (zvakasiyana modes yokufambisa). Nyora zvinhu zvinhu izvo zvinobva mhepo Zvinosvibisa:

• kushanda makambani maindasitiri mazhinji;
• basa, apo migodhi kuri kuitwa;
• motokari (kusvibisa mhepo nomoto huni zvinobva mafuta, gasi kana zvimwe kabhoni tubhokisi zvinhu);
• zvekupfakira chiteshi gaseous uye mvura rinochiwedzera;
• bhaira kushandisa Tourism uye kwavo-zvigadzirwa;
• polygons uye landfills, apo zvinhu kusvibisa mhepo, yakaumbwa nokuda kuora manyowa kuti maindasitiri uye mudzimba namatongo.

Agricultural nyika dzakadai minda, mapindu, neminda, kukonzera kuchinja wakakomba iri anoumba chadenga. Izvi imhaka basa uri kuberekesa, spraying kwemishonga yezvipembenene.

Nderipi tsime kusvibisa mhepo?

It anogamuchira yakawanda inokuvadza yeimwe kuti mhepo kuti kanda, incineration pane moto mumaguta, mumasango, minda uye mapani. In dzine vakawanda kumatunhu, rinonyatsooneka mupiro kuna Kuchinja Zvinoumba penyika rukoko motokari kunobatsira chadenga. Nezvokuvandudzika, maererano zvakasiyana inofungidzirwa kuva kubva 60 kusvika 95% kubva gaseous choutsi.

Kuti kunosvibisa mhepo muguta? Population urbanized nyika kunyanya kutambura kubva ine chepfu zvibereko combustion uye peturu. Mune Zvinoumba choutsi rine zvikukutu nezvimedu, akadai chin'ai uye kutungamirira, nemvura uye gaseous yeimwe: sarufa dioxide, carbon monoxide, senitrogen oxides, Mahydrocarbon vavo nomukaka.

Anodyara kusvibiswa mhepo maindasitiri munzvimbo dzakabudirira indasitiri, simbi kubudiswa mhangura, munyu, mafuta, marasha negasi. The Zvinoumba choutsi zvinosiyana zvichienderana panzvimbo sectors imwe kana imwe nzvimbo munyika. Yemhepo yakasviba mumaguta kazhinji rine combustion zvigadzirwa, pakati pavo pane carcinogens zhinji, semuenzaniso, dioxin. Utsi zvauya kubva musango, inowanzorimwa uye peat moto, unopfuta mashizha nemarara. Kazhinji kubatidza huni rabha uye tsvina iri kumucheto mumaguta, asi dzimwe nguva kunyange zvakananga mumigwagwa moto mashizha, uswa.

Ndezvipi zvinhu zvine choutsi kubva bhizimisi uye zvifambiso?

Kuti kunosvibisa mhepo muguta? Mugore maindasitiri nzvimbo basa, maindasitiri, zvokufambisa, utility uye kuvakwa makambani. Mumwe kuramba somunhu mumwe nomumwe uye seboka vane muzvigadzirwa kukanganisa zvakatipoteredza. Kazhinji utachiona dyidzana. Kazhinji pane kuparadzwa nonmetal oxides nemvura mumate - saka kuumbwa "asidhi" bvungapfunga uye mvura. Vanovata irreparable kukuvara zvakatipoteredza, utano hwevanhu uye mapurani rounyanzvi.

Total choutsi ose Zvinosvibisa mumaguta uye kusvika mazana ezviuru matani. Kudeuka Vhoriyamu chepfu yeimwe achibva metallurgia, simba, kemikari, chokufambisa indasitiri. Anodyara mhepo toxics: amoniya benzapirenom, sarufa dioxide, formaldehyde, mercaptan, phenol. Sezvo chikamu chikuru maindasitiri chirimwa choutsi ane kubva 20 kusvika 120 siyana kubatana. To muduku kumwero inokuvadza yeimwe vari kuumbwa panguva anosanganisa zvokudya uye Whitehead Textile Mazinga, mune zvedzidzo masangano, utano uye tsika.

Ngozi kana makemikari tsvina pamusoro combustion?

Maguta anofanira hazvitenderwi kupisa mashizha akawa, uswa, kuchekerera, kavha, zvokuvakisa uye mamwe maindasitiri uye neveimba tsvina. With utsi rine zvinhu kusvibisa mhepo. Ivo dzinokanganisa utano hwevanhu, achiipa zvinonyatsorehwa unhu kwezvakatipoteredza.

Yambira asinganyatsonzwisisi nevanhu uye vashandi makambani kuti vari kutyora mitemo yokuti, achitowedzera zvakatoitika vanoshorwa zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza mamiriro ezvinhu, apo vanopisa marara mirwi uye mufudze muminda yavo, muzvivanze zvezvivako furati moto kutambisa mumagaba. Kakawanda marara aripo mapurasitiki mabhotoro, firimu. utsi Izvi zvinonyanya kukuvadza nemhaka chafariz manyowa zvibereko polymer. Muna Russian Federation kuti marara ichipfuta mumusha muchivanze marangirwo.

In combustion chirimwa zvikamu, mapfupa, kwematehwe, Polymers nezvimwe makemikari kwetunhu kabhoni oxides vari dzinounzwa, mvura nemhute, senitrogen yeimwe wedzeredzei. Asi ichi hachisi zvose mhepo Zvinosvibisa, izvo kuumbwa kana kutsva kana inopfungaira tsvina, mhuri marara. Kana mashizha, manyoro, uswa nezvimwe dzanyorova, chakasiyana zvikuru zvine chepfu pane isingakuvadzi mvura mhute. Somuenzaniso, apo 1 tani inopfungaira nyoro mashizha akabudiswa anenge 30 makirogiramu CO (carbon monoxide).

Mira pedyo nomwenje murwi marara - hwakafanana kuva zvikuru yakasviba mumugwagwa senga guta. The ngozi carbon monoxide ndechokuti anosunga kuti hemoglobin. The zvichiguma carboxyhemoglobin haagoni kurwira okisijeni kuti masero. Zvimwe zvinhu kuti kusvibisa mhepo, anogona kuvhiringidza pamusoro principales uye nemapapu, chepfu, exacerbation echirwere zvirwere. Somuenzaniso, maererano inhalation zviri carbon monoxide mwoyo anoshanda mukuru mutoro, kubva kukwana okisijeni nokudzikinurwa kuti munyama. Muchiitiko chino, anogona achiipa zvemwoyo chirwere. An ngozi kunyange mukuru ndiye wemishonga carbon monoxide Zvinosvibisa mu maindasitiri choutsi, pedza zvifambiso.

Mitemo kuwanda Zvinosvibisa

Choutsi dzinobva simbi uye simbi, marasha, mafuta uye gasi kubudiswa zvinomera, simba zvivako, kuvaka uye utility Mazinga. Radioactive kusvibiswa kuputika panguva paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa uye simba renyukireya chirimwa muJapan yapararira munyika yose. Nemuumbi kuwedzera zviri kabhoni oxides, sarufa, senitrogen, freons uye dzimwe ngozi radioactive choutsi munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana redu. Dzimwe nguva zvinhu zvinokachidza padzakacherechedza kure panzvimbo makambani kusvibisa mhepo. Izvi ndizvo zvinovhiringidza uye zvakaoma kugadzirisa zvinetso yose yevanhu.

Muna 1973 kuMudzidzisi komiti weWorld Health Organization (WHO) haana aronga dzekuziva kuti dzinoongorora mhepo unhu mumaguta. Nyanzvi dzakaona kuti mamiriro utano vanhu achishandisa 15-20% zvichienderana zvakatipoteredza ezvinhu. Pahwaro zvidzidzo mazhinji XX remakore vakanga rinotsanangurwa zvinogamuchirika kwevari mikuru Zvinosvibisa hazvikuvadzi vanhu. Somuenzaniso, paavhareji Kuwanda yakaturikwa nezvimedu mudenga kunge 40 g / mamita ^_3. Zviri nesarufa oxides havafaniri kupfuudza 60 MG / m ^₃ pagore. Nokuti carbon monoxide ari runoenzanirana evaMedhia - 10 MG / m ^₃ kwemaawa 8.

Chii kufadza bvumidzwa wevasungwa (MPC)?

Resolution of Chief State utsanana Doctor of Russian Federation kunotenderwa Utsanana mureza zviri anenge 600 anokuvadza yeimwe mumhepo yawo. MPC ichi pamusoro Zvinosvibisa mudenga mutsetse izvo zvinoratidza kusavapo nemigumisiro kwevanhu uye utsanana. The chinodiwa kuitwa yakaratidza njodzi makirasi yeimwe, tsika dzavo tigutsikane mumhepo (MG / ^_m3). parameters aya akanyatsojekesa nguva mashoko matsva ari toxicity netumedu zvinhu. Asi kwete ndizvozvo zvose. Gwaro mazita aripo 38 zvinhu izvo kurambidza choutsi nokuda kwavo yakakwirira chaivo basa.

hurumende kuzvidzora mune mhepo kudzivirira sei?

Anthropogenic zvachinja Zvinoumba mhepo zvinotungamirira zvakaipa ari upfumi, kuderera utano uye kuderedzwa upenyu anotarisirwa. Dambudziko kuwedzera zveminda anokuvadza yeimwe mumhepo sezvo hurumende iri hanya, mamiriro uye hurumende matunhu neminisiparati, uye voruzhinji, vanhuwo zvavo.

The mitemo yenyika dzakawanda inopa engineering zvezvakatipoteredza kuongorora risati kuvaka, rokuvakazve uye mazuvaano kusvika zvose vanovengwa upfumi. Yakatakura akabudisa iwe Zvinosvibisa mudenga, achitora matanho kudzivirira mhepo. Zvinetso kuderedza anthropogenic mutoro zvakatipoteredza, zvinoderedza pamusoro choutsi uye discharges ose Zvinosvibisa. MuRussia, kuitwa mitemo yeUnited nokudzivirirwa kwezvakatipoteredza, mhepo, nezvimwewo zvemitemo uye normative-mumatare mabasa yokudzora mabasa ari zvakatipoteredza mumunda. Chinozoiswa mamiriro kwezvakatipoteredza kuzvidzora, zvakawanda nokuda utachiona vakatakura achine nokugoverwa.

Chii Mae?

Enterprises, kusvibisa mhepo inofanira kutora uwandu Paanotambira manyuko anokuvadza yeimwe mudenga. Kazhinji, basa iri anowana kwayo musoro kuenderera kuziva vaifanira bvumidzwa choutsi (the). Kudikanwa kuwana gwaro uyu yakabatana iwe anthropogenic kukanganisa mumhepo. Pahwaro mashoko kuti vanobatanidzwa iri the, kambani anogamuchira mvumo emit Zvinosvibisa mumhepo. zviri pamutemo achine Data zvinoshandiswa kuverenga kubhadhara inokanganisa zvakatipoteredza.

Kana bhuku VAT uye achitendera kwete, kuti choutsi kusvibiswa zvinyorwa iri mukati maindasitiri nzvimbo kana zvimwe indasitiri mabhizimisi kubhadhara zvakawanda muna 2, 5, 10 nguva. Normalization pamusoro Zvinosvibisa mudenga inotisvitsa mumhepo kuderedza pakufurira. Pane chinhu chinokurudzira zvoupfumi nokuti Implementation zviyero kuchengetedza zvakasikwa naye kubvuma kuti dzimwe yeimwe.

Kubhadhara kwezvakatipoteredza kusvibiswa achibva emakambani, akazviunganidzira nezviremera zvemo uye yeUnited mune budgetary mari dzezvakatipoteredza inokosha. Mari yakawandisa dzezvakatipoteredza mabasa.

How kuchenesa uye adzivirire mhepo mune maindasitiri nezvimwe zvivako?

Wokunatswa utachiona mhepo iri kuitwa nzira yakasiyana. Pazuva Zvikwepa bhaira uye kubudiswa miti akagadzawo filters, pane huruva uye getter installation. Uchishandisa chafariz manyowa uye oxidation, zvimwe zvine chepfu tinoshandurirwa isingakuvadzi yeimwe. Capture choutsi anokuvadza magasi kupinda condensation iri kuitwa nzira dzakashandiswa kuti Absorção de Água nouipi sorbents, catalysts kuti acheneswe.

Remangwana mhepo kudzivirira ukama ushande rutapudzo pakati Zvinosvibisa mumhepo. Zvakakodzera kuva rabhoritari kudzora choutsi mumaguta, musi vakabatikana mikuru. Zvinofanira vakaramba kusuma nezvishoma apore enyika kubvira gaseous wemisanganiswa miti. Need chipa ano mano rokuchenesa choutsi chepfu magasi uye aerosols. The neHurumende munda kunoda nokuwedzera kwenhamba nembiru kuongorora vogadzirisa motokari chiutsi choutsi. Energy maindasitiri uye motokari anofanira kududzira kupinda zvishoma inokuvadza kubva Environmental nemaonero, rinochiwedzera (akadai negasi, biofuel). By combustion zvavo dzinounzwa zvishoma zvikukutu uye zvokunwa utachiona.

Chii basa zvakasvibirira dzezvimwe mudenga nokuchenesa?

Zvakaoma kuona mupiro zvinomera kuti zadzai okisijeni reserves Panyika, chokunyengera utachiona. Masango vanonzi "mutema goridhe", "mapapu ari panyika" kuti shizha photosynthetic chinzvimbo. Izvi ndizvo Absorção de Água kuti kabhoni yakasviba uye mvura, okisijeni uye paumbwe starch muchiedza. Plants emit kugadzikana mumhepo - zvinhu tigume zvirwere tupukanana.

Kuwedzera nzvimbo zvakasvibirira nzvimbo mumaguta munzvimbo - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha kwezvakatipoteredza kudzivirira matanho. Miti, nemiti, makwenzi uye maruva ari mamita mudzimba mumapaki, dzinoungana uye mumigwagwa. Dyarai kundima zvikoro nezvipatara, maindasitiri zvirimwa.

Masayendisiti akawana kuti nzira yakanakisisa yokufungisisa guruva uye zvinokuvadza gaseous zvinhu kubva chirimwa choutsi, chokufambisa choutsi zvirimwa zvakadai poplar, Linden, sunflower. Most emit akadaro kugadzirwa Conifer rabha. Air muna vanoondoroka, yemisipiresi, masango omujunipa rakaisvonatswa uye hunorapa.