Pusa ezviri: Mienzaniso

Zvir - ndiko kugona kuratidza zvose zvinoitwa uye chiratidzo chacho. Kazhinji rinoshandiswa "aivabatsira" chikumbiro uye kuchinjwa yakagozha nemagadzirirwo imwe yakawanda muchidimbu shanduro nayo. Somuenzaniso:

Ngano - chaicho tsime, iro zvinobatsira zvomwana fungidziro.

Ngano - chaicho tsime, iro zvinobatsira zvomwana fungidziro.

Kubva verbs vari kuumbwa sezvo chirevo chezvakaitirwa chipo uye kare, uyewo chaiye.

Kutsunga Komuniyoni

In Russian, chirairo akadana rinokosha rechiito, chichiratidza chiratidzo Zvakaitwa yacho. Supper vane pakarepo maviri morphological ehupfumi:

1. Vane zviratidzo runowanzoitika verbs.
2. Vane zviratidzo adjectives.

Kufanana verbs, PARTICIPLE ikoko:

• maonero - akakwana (kupindura mubvunzo "zvokuita" - Mukomana uyo akaverenga bhuku) uye kukwana ( "chii kuita" kuti "ita" - mumwe mukomana kuverenga bhuku);
• reflexivity (suffix vachipedzisira - Xia - Achitaura semuenzaniso, anonhuwira) uye tinongorarama kwemakore mashoma (kutamba);
• kare chimiro (akawana basa - kuwana basa), uye nguva ino (nokutamba - nokutamba);
• inogona Rinobva pachiito transitive uye intransitive, uye tichishingaira uye kungogara.

Sezvo adjectives, PARTICIPLE ndiwo:

• akaberekwa (mwana kudhirowa - rume, tichigumisa musikana - zvechikadzi, kuti ruchipa mudziyo - neuter);

• nhamba (munhu anofunga pamusoro zvokudya, Paint asian - chete chinhu; vanhu vanofunga zvokudya, vanhu vanokwezvwa - muzvizhinji) ;
• kufa;
• kupedza chimiro, uye kunyange pusa uye pfupi chimiro (somuenzaniso, munyori yakagadzirwa - sezvaari nomumwe nemunyori).

Nyore kuyeuka, kuti chirevo chezvakaitirwa mune ino uye kare zvinoitwa chete kubva verbs Transitional chimiro.

transitive

verbs izvi anoreva chiito pamwe yezwi yacho uye nguva dzose chokuita pazita kana chisazita wokushora. nominative, nemanzvengero;

• mutengesi ari yairema (chii?) chizi (weighted kubudikidza mutengesi (kuti) ari chizi?);
• mukomana anosangana (ndiani?) Amai (asangana mwanakomana (uyo) mai vangu).

Pane zvagara kuti mutemo uyu, somuenzaniso, chokuramba munhu pazita kana chisazitasingwi angamira kuti asununguke. nominative pasina chokuzvipembedza (asina kudya zvekudya (chinhu) muto - muto, chikatongodyiwa zvemasikati). Zvakafanana vakabvumirwa chinoshanda kana chiito inoratidza nyaya (chekawo (chinhu) chingwa -? The cut (chinhu) chingwa hazvikwani).

Kugadzirwa pusa PARTICIPLES

Chirairo, zvichiratidza nyaya chiratidzo pachinhu icho chimwe rinoitwa, muri pusa. Somuenzaniso:

• Hove (chii?), Zvaainge Varedzi, aiva kabhu.
• Ring (chii?), Transmitted kubva kuzvizvarwa nezvizvarwa kuburikidza munhukadzi mutsetse.
• Knowledge (chii?), Pfungwa iri tsika, uve ruzivo.
• Kiti (chii?), Vakanonga mumugwagwa, akakurira huru yendarira katsi.

Sezvinogona kuoneka pamuenzaniso, chirevo chezvakaitirwa kupindura chete mibvunzo sezvo adjectives.

Pusa ezviri Rinobva nezvigadziko kukwana chimiro munguva chaiyo. Somuenzaniso:

• ona - anoonekwa;
• rudo - wapamwoyo;
• taura - govorimy;
• inzwai - vanzwa.

PASSIVE PARTICIPLE munguva zvatoitika - nayo rinobva nechokwadi rechiito:

• vadzime - erases;
• ona - zvakaratidzwa;
• kuita - akaita.

Pusa ezviri (Mienzaniso pamusoro) havana vakakwana chitarisiko.

Suffixes ari chipo kutorarama

Suffix paaisika pusa PARTICIPLES wakabatana zvakananga rechiito conjugations. Suffixes pusa PARTICIPLES musi - 1 conjugation - nayo - there uye 2 - kwavari.

• uchenjere - kuchengetwa (conjugation 1);
• ikatengesa - kutengeswa (1 neMuridzi.);
• kusakara - ndapererwa (1 neMuridzi.);
• chitoro - kuchengetwa (2 neMuridzi.);
• munyu - Solimena (2 neMuridzi.);
• kutyaira - nemhepo (2 neMuridzi.).

Pane kunze ari pusa ezviri pamusoro intransitive verbs vari kuva pedyo naye umo emazita kana zvisazitasingwi mu paku nyaya. Somuenzaniso:

• kutungamirira (chii?) chikwata - timu rinotungamirirwa Chief;
• kuzvidzora (? uyo) ndiyo - vanhu vazvitonge.

A nhamba verbs havaumbi ezviri zvakadaro ino kutorarama zvachose. Mienzaniso verbs dzakadaro: kurova, kuti kusona, nzvimbo kunyora uye nevamwe. Kana wakapiwa basa "zvinoumba PASSIVE PARTICIPLE parizvino nguva", ipapo chete vanofanira kuyeuka pamusoro kunze izvi.

Shoko rechiito chete, zvichiumba nezvemarudzi maviri chirevo chezvakaitirwa panguva ino, kutama ino - murume rinosundwa pfungwa; pasi, kufambisa simba pfungwa. Panyaya iyi, iyo suffix pamusoro pusa ezviri kuri zvose conjugation.

Suffixes munguva zvatoitika

Chidyo cheMisa zvatoitika dzinoitwa kubva kukwana uye vakakwana mhando verbs :

• zviviri - nn - mune chirevo chezvakaitirwa rinoshandiswa kana rechiito kunoguma muna -at, -yat, -zw: verenga - verenga, regai - akaita;
• -enn suffix anoiswa kuna verbs hwaro, vachipedzisira S kana -it: kuunza - vakauya, kuti - akakwana;
• suffix - M rakaiswa paumbwe rechiito vachipedzisira -nut, -ot, -eret, semuenzaniso, pedyo - akavharwa, nokuikuya - pasi, rakakiyiwa - akakiyiwa.

The suffix - t chinoshandiswawo kusika pusa PARTICIPLES ari monosyllabic verbs, akadai geza - ndikandoshamba, vakamurova - arohwa uye nevamwe.

Vamwe verbs Somuenzaniso, tora, tarisa, rudo, hazviiti PASSIVE PARTICIPLE uye kubva verbs vachipedzisira -sti, -st, munguva zvatoitika vari aumba kana kubva chipo kana yemberi nguva:

• kuunza musha - vakauya kumusha;
• kuva nokutenda - kutenda-yakawanikwa;
• kuba murindi - kurinda zvakabiwa.

In mienzaniso iyi, iyo verbs nezvichazoitika, asi kare PARTICIPLE.

siyana PARTICIPLE

PASSIVE PARTICIPLE kupinda 2 siyana kare uye panguva ino - yakakwana uye muchidimbu. Munguva pfupi chimiro, vanosendamira pamusoro nhamba, uye mune rimwe - musi pazororo, sezvo zvinogona kuoneka mazano anotevera:

• Pusa ezviri: guta, vakapisa pasi (.. somurume, nhamba vezvikwata) - guta kupiswa pasi; guta Yakatsva - guta Yakatsva (muzvizhinji.);
• pfupi siyana munguva zvatoitika: bhuku kuverenga nekukurumidza - verenga bhuku rakanga nokukurumidza;

Full siyana vane suffixes maviri -n: -nn, -enn nepo rimwe - N - mune mashoma chirevo chezvakaitirwa. Somuenzaniso, nani shanduro - shanduro akavandudzika kudyiwa pakavanda pfungwa - pfungwa utaeny. Havasi vose zvokugoverana uyu mhando vane pfupi chimiro Somuenzaniso, muranda, akadzidzisa, govorimy uye nevamwe.

Sezvo mutongo, pfupi sezvo zvachose chirevo chezvakaitirwa angava nechokwadi, asi kazhinji nayo okuti:

• nzira (Chii kuita) akafukidzwa mashizha goridhe (rechiito);

• mwanasikana akakotsira, rwiyo lulled (tsanangudzo) (chii?);
• mumhanzi akafuridzirwa, (chii?) Ndakatanga kutamba (tsananguro).

In wechinhu okuti pfupi PARTICIPLE vanoshandisa ebetsero kana angava muzvitsaure Somuenzaniso, muchitoro yakazaruka - chitoro akazarurwa.

Declination PARTICIPLE

Sezvo chirevo chezvakaitirwa adjectives vane ehupfumi zvakafanana, vanogona kuvimba nyaya (muzvikamu. Number), nhamba uye siyana. Full chirevo chezvakaitirwa vachida kufanana siyana adjectives, kureva, musi nyaya, maternity uye nhamba. Brief Komuniyoni anogona chete kusendama nhamba uye siya.

• Uye - vacho (vanhu) pakati vakabvunzwa (munhukadzi) vacho (population) vakaongororwa (vana);
• P - vakabvunzurudzwa (munhu) pakati vakabvunzwa (munhukadzi) vacho (population) pakati vakabvunzwa (vana);
• D - vacho (munhu) pakati vakabvunzwa (mukadzi), yevakapindura (vanhu) pakati vakabvunzwa (vana);
• B - vakabvunzurudzwa (munhu) pakati vakabvunzwa (munhukadzi) vacho (population) pakati vakabvunzwa (vana);
• T - vacho (munhu) pakati vakabvunzwa (munhukadzi) vacho (population) pakati vakabvunzwa (vana);
• P - (v) pakati vakabvunzwa (munhu) pakati vakabvunzwa (mukadzi), yevakapindura (population) pakati vakabvunzwa (vana).

In Kamudzira chimiro, unogona kusarudza chechikadzi uye nhamba yokuwadzana chirairo pazita kana chisazitasingwi: munhu akabvunza, mukadzi akabvunza, yevagari akaongororwa, vana vakabvunzurudza.

Kupindana pusa PARTICIPLES mu chipauro

kazhinji vaitaura pusa ezviri (mienzaniso pazasi) anogona kuzadzisa basa adjectives, uye vanorasikirwa muchikwata ichi, sezvo nguva dzose uye pfuma ukoshi chinhu chinokosha. Somuenzaniso, chikepe makaremerwa, akabika pie.

Izvi kujairika siyana kutakura rinotsanangura mashoko, ivo pachavo vari zvakanyorwa mune chirevo chezvakaitirwa mumwe - Mr. : Nn Somuenzaniso - kana paine zvakawanda mazwi, ipapo akaisa vaviri suffix

• mhuka yakuvara - vakabayiwa chikara;
• chikepe vakaremedzwa - chikepe vakaremerwa hove;
• zvakabikwa chikanywa - macookie ashande muchoto pie.

In pusa PARTICIPLES vane chivakashure anogara vaviri - N ari suffix. Somuenzaniso, thawed, kunowedzera, vasanangurwa, anopenya, uye vamwe.

The suffix -ovanny nguva dzose akanyorwa vaviri - dunhu, kunyange apo sakaramendi hwakatamisirwa kuva chipauro - kupikiniki, munhu anokwanisa munhu.

PARTICIPLE "kwete" iri PASSIVE PARTICIPLE

Munguva sakaramende, pamwe tsananguro pazita kana chisazitasingwi, kuti PARTICIPLE "kwete" nguva dzose zvakanyorwa yoga. Somuenzaniso:

• zvakatungamirira garaji uncleared nzira - kwakatungamirira garaji hakuna rinocheneswa chando njanji;
• konekwa the yaiva patafura - kwete dopit amai the yaiva patafura.

With pfupi chirevo chezvakaitirwa "hapana" PARTICIPLE zvakanyorwa yoga: ichigere kupera, dambudziko harisi kugadziriswa, haisati yapera nzira.

nyora paainyora PARTICIPLE

Kukumbana pamwe vasanonoka mashoko, mufananidzo akatendeuka, iyo inopa anosiyaniswa kubudikidza nezvitura befu. Shoko rinotsanangura sakaramendi anonzi akatsunga. Kana sakaramendi anomuka shoko, hapana koma: ibwe kutigumbura mudungwe nzira kwakatungamirira mupaka. Kusara ndiyo turnover chokuita chisazita: vanopeputswa nokutsiurwa manzwi, akakurumidza kusimuka.

Chirairo, vamire pashure shoko chakasiyana pfungwa: mumotokari akadzinga, vakasasa pamwe madhaka. Kana muchiwadzana nemataundi mashoko vakamira pakati chirevo, chakasiyana nyora mavanga kumativi ose: motokari, vakasasa pamwe madhaka, akadzinga yapfuura.