Pfuma. Ndeipi iyo pfuma yezvikepe uye fuma panyika?

Chimwe chezvinhu zvakanyanya kufanana ndezvekutsvaga kwezvakaitika kare. Zvose zvinowanikwa pasi pano kana nzvimbo yekuvanda zvinowanzozivikanwa sezwi rinozivikanwa rokuti "pfuma." Chii ndarama, sirivha nemidziyo inokosha - munhu wose anoziva, asi izvi zvinongoonekwa sepfuma here? Kutanga, regai titarise zvinoreva pfungwa.

Izvo zvinoreva chirevo che "fuma"

Chii chivigiro mupfungwa yakazara? Izvo zvinhu zvinokosha zvakavanzwa nenzira ipi zvayo. Muridzi wavo haazivi kana akarasikirwa nekodzero kwavari. Zvisinei, iri zita iri zuva rega rega. Pane imwe pfungwa inobatanidza nekuchera matongo.

Pfuma iyi (zvinorevei mune zvecherachera, tichakurukura) ine zvinyorwa zvayo:

• Kuchengetedza nzvimbo inokosha;
• Zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvakafanana nenguva;
• Inosanganisira zvishandiso, midziyo, zvombo uye zvose zvakasikwa nemunhu weimwe nzvimbo yekuchera matongo.

Masayendisiti-archeologists anofarira munyaya dzose dzezvakaitika kare zvavari kudzidza. Avo avo vari kuita basa rokuchera nekuda kwebatsiro, vanongova nehanya chete mune zvinokosha zvinoratidzwa. Kazhinji kazhinji izvi zvinogadzirwa nematombo anokosha. Zvose zvinokandirwa shure semarara.

Mutemo unoti chii?

Mutemo wenyika dzakasiyana unobatanidza nehupfumi hwakawanikwa nenzira yawo. Kazhinji kazhinji, muridzi wekuwana ndiye uyo kune nyika yacho, uye uyo akaiwana. MuRussia, somuenzaniso, muridzi weimba uye anochengeta muvhimi achiparadzanisa zvose zvakaenzana. Asi kana chinhu ichocho chiine chinhu chinokosha, hurumende inotora iyo pachayo, uye muridzi weimba uye muchengeti anoiwana anowana hafu yemari, iyo nyanzvi icharatidza.

MuEngland, zvakakosha kuzivisa zvinowanikwa mumazuva gumi nemasere kuitira kuti urege kutakura mutoro pashure pacho. Nyanzvi dziri kudzidza pfuma, uye maererano nechekufunga kwavo, nyika inopa muridzi weimba uye inochengetedza muvhimi mari yekubhadhara yakazara kana kudzorera zvakawanikwa kune uyo akazviwana.

Mune huzhinji hweUnited States, hupfumi hwemakore anopfuura zana, wakawanikwa panyika yenyika, inonzi inokosha yekuchera matongo. Icho chiri chezviremera zvehurumende apo yakawanikwa.

Munyika yefuma yakawanikwa, pane nyaya dzakasiyana. Pfuma iri mavari, sekutonga, inomiririra zvinhu kana kuti maitiro ekugadzira. Kuvapo kweizvi kunowanikwa hakusi nguva dzose yakasimbiswa.

Zvinhu zvekuchera matongo

Zakawanda zvepfuma zvakawanikwa muzana remakore XIX-XX. Vanochera matongo veEurope vakatsvaga nharaunda dzevekare kare muEgypt, India, South America.

Pfuma inofadza zvikuru (chii-chatinoziva) yakawanikwa muna 2011 muIndia. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti akanga ari wevatongi veTravancore, uyo kwezviuru zvemakore akanga achengeta zvishongo mutemberi. Inowanikwa inofungidzirwa pamabhiriyoni makumi maviri emadhora eMelika.

Imwe kwete zvisingashamisi ndeye pfuma yeguva reTutankhamun. Kuvhura kwacho kwakawanikwa muna 1922, asi gore rimwechete gare gare zvakange zvichibvira kupinda. Izvo zvakawanikwa zvakanga zvisina kumira. Yaiva nemabasa ekugadzira, mabhandi anokosha, sarcophagus yegoridhe yakachena, umo maive muviri weharahara, nezvimwe zvakawanda. Nhasi, gonhi reguva rakavharwa kuvashanyi nekuda kwekushandurwa kwekunze kwemasvingo aro.

"Pfuma yePram" inokosha pfuma munyika. Izvo zvakawanikwa naHenry Schliemann muna 1873 panguva yekuchera kweTroy yakakurumbira, asi kuwanikwa hakusi kwekanguva ichi, kwaivepo makore ane chiuru isati yasvika. Nhasi izvo zvinonzi pfuma yeTroy iri kuMoscow (Pushkin Museum).

Pfuma yezvikepe zvakasviba

Kunze kweSushi, zvakawanda zvepfuma zviri pasi pegungwa nemakungwa. Nekupararira kwekuvaka zvikepe, vanhu vakatanga kutakura mitoro inokosha mumvura. Vamwe vavo vakanyura munguva yakafanira nekuda kwemhepo, kuparadza mubhodhi kana kutorwa nevapambi, izvo zvinomirirawo pfuma.

Ngarava dzakanyura dzichiri dzakakura pamhenderekedzo yegungwa. Izvo zvakaoma zvikuru kuzviwana, nokuti ikozvino nguva dzose inovadzinga kubva munzvimbo dzekuputsika. Kuomesa basa uye mari yekutenderera kune gungwa.

Kunyange zvakadaro, ngarava dzakatevera dzine pfuma mubhokisi dzakawanikwa:

• The frigate yeSpain, yakanyura muna 1804. Kuwanikwa kwake nekambani yeAmerica kunonzi inokosha zvikuru munhau pakati pehupfumi hwemvura. Mubhodhi muna 2007, matani endarama nesirivha akawanikwa nemari yeSpain. Mutoro wacho waifanira kudzorerwa kuhurumende yeSpain muna 2012.
• Pfuma yegambaon "Atocha" (Spain), yakawanikwa muna 1985 naMel Fischer. Mazana egoridhe uye zvinopfuura zvuru zvesirivha zvigori, zvishongo, zvombo zvezana remakore rechi17 zvakawanikwa.
• Mutoro weRussia galliota "Saint Michael" wakawanikwa muna 1961 munharaunda yeFinland. Pachikepe pane zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa nematombo anokosha uye mabwe akanga akafanirwa naErizabheti Petrovna: chikwata chegoridhe chekuvhara, zvigadziro zvegoridhe uye zvesirivha, Meissen porcelain, yakavezwa yakavezwa motokari. Nhasi zvose izvi zviri muFinland.