Peturu arambe achirema

Kurema nhamba nefuma kuti inzwi rayo kana vakawanda ayo paminiti chikwata vhoriyamu inonzi arambe achirema. Zvose zvinhu zvinyamusi uye zvinoenderana nokuti chii uye nziyo. Somuenzaniso, mvura yakachena akaenzana anenge 1,003 g / cm3, uye nokuda Marine - 1,025 g / cm3. Uyewo, uyu mumuviri kwazvo ndiye pasi additivity mutemo. Kureva kuti, arambe achirema ari multicomponent musanganiswa (ndiko, somuenzaniso, peturu) akaenzana Verengai zvibereko zvinoitwa nomumwe chezvinonhuwira aro uremu chakapatsanurwa: ρsmesi = Σρi • ci. Kukarukureta nzira inogona kushandiswa kwenguva kuvazivisa sezvamunoita, uyewo avo zviitiko apo havadikanwi kuziva arambe achirema kuti peturu dzakakwirira nemazvo. Chimwe drawback of magadzirirwo nzira - kunzwisisa uye yakakwirira mari kuti kutsunga mumwe zvinoriumba. Zvinoda zvinodhura chromatographic michina uye mudonzvo zvikuru vanokwanisa, sezvo mumwe mafuta muchiso kunoratidzwa navanopinda variability kuti anoita vakawanda nomumwe, zvinganaka Organic yeimwe (Mahydrocarbon).

Qualitative uye quantitative sezvamunoita kuti anobereka mafuta arambe achirema dzinosiyana uye zvinoenderana yakatsvuka zvinhu uye kwesayenzi nzira kuti kugadzira. Wakagadzirira siyana mavanga nokuda zvakananga peturu DISTILLATION, zvokuvandudza, isomerization, alkylation, CATALYTIC Cracking. Peturu ine runonyanya pamusoro musanganiswa paraffins, naphthenes uye olefins. Parizvino, nyika dzakawanda akasuma rairambidzwa zviri zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon uye olefins. Izvi zviri kukonzerwa kwezvakatipoteredza zvinodiwa uye kudiwa kuderedza kabhoni inotungamirwa, kunoitika nokuda pamberi benzene mune rinochiwedzera uye ethylene dzinotevedzana yeimwe, kazhinji ane peturu. Product arambe achirema, octane nhamba iyo ichiwedzerwa nokuda aromatics iri kazhinji kupfuura kuti peturu ane pasi zviri benzene yayo homologues.

Uyezve, mashoko rapera chigadzirwa ingasanganisira anokosha yokuvirisa. Ivo kukanganisa arambe achirema kuti peturu. Somuenzaniso, oxygenates, zvakadai panyaya iyi, kubvumira kuti kuwedzera combustion kunyatsoshanda uye kuderedza wevasungwa kuti carbon monoxide ari chiutsi magasi. Nemirau nemirau rwokugadzirwa pamusoro zvebhizimisi kunotema zvakamisa hurongwa zvinogona kuwedzera mafuta. Parizvino munyika yedu pane magwaro mashoma, normalizing kunaka gwenya huni motokari pamwe peturu injini.

Interstate mureza GOST 2184-77 reissued muna February 2003, pamwe yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita 1-6 pamusoro 1981, 1983, 1984, 1990, 1997 uye 2002, uyewo yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita maviri kubva 2000 uye 2001, nayo kunozivikanwa 10 inoti - .. The dzaichimbova USSR. Mune Russian Federation, zvawaitaura kushandisa chete unleaded chigadzirwa A-76. peturu Density pa 20 ° C maererano chipo Hurumende iri hakunyatsotarisirwi, asi tsanangudzo kwayo zvinotarisirwa asati ainge atumirwa kune mutengi. Nokuti ichi chinangwa pycnometrically hydrometric uye bvunzo nzira, iyo zvinorondedzerwa ne GOST 3900-85.

State mureza wenyika yedu GOST 51105-97 (kwaari dzakabudiswa muna 1999 uye 2000, kuchinja nhamba 1 uye nhamba 2.) rinoshandisirwa 01.01.1999 uye rinoshanda unleaded gwenya peturu, izvo, zvichienderana kukosha octane nhamba vanowira muchiso: Super 98 Premium 95 Kugara 92 Kugara 91, 80. The zvakajairika arambe achirema kuti peturu nezvimwe zvinogadzirwa 92 ANG 91 kusvika 98 iri kwezvipimo pa 15 ° C uye zvinobva makirogiramu 725 kusvika 780 / m3. Nokuti chigadzirwa mugwaro Normal 80 inogona anosiyana kubva makirogiramu 700 kusvika 750 / m3. mamirire Izvi akatsunga nekushandisa hydrometer nokuda bvunzo nzira maererano GOST 51069-97.

Other National mureza - GOST R 51886-2002 - wakadzikwa muna Russian Federation, 01.07.2002, 01.07.2008 naye vakasvika kuchinja nhamba 1. Gwaro rinoenderana chakaipa EN 228-2004 vokuEurope, pachirehwa unleaded peturu pezvitsiga Super Euro -98 uye Euro-95 Premium. Vari ichazivikanwa noku octane uwandu 98 uye 95 azvaitwa. The arambe achirema zvose peturu mamakisi pa 15 ° C muna kuwanda 720-750 makirogiramu / m3, tsunga maererano GOST 51069-97 hydrometric nzira.

Chii chakaita kuti tinofanira kuona arambe achirema pamusoro injini chinotsva? Chekutanga, ukoshi ichi zvisina kunanga inechirevo Kuronga chigadzirwa uye kunobatsira kuzivisa nayo. Somuenzaniso, kana ari chakayerwa arambe achirema iri makirogiramu 0,980 / m3 kana 0,650 makirogiramu / m3, tinogona kutaura chokwadi kuti hazvina peturu, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa. Uyewo, kuti arambe achirema kuti peturu iri zvinowanzoshandiswa uchidzidzira tichiziva uwandu chigadzirwa ari tangi guru, zvisingagone kuyerwa, overenga vakawanda yaro kuwedzera vhoriyamu arambe achirema. Akadaro nzira inonzi zvisina kunanga kwachiri zvinodiwa unotora GOST 8.595-2004. Ayere tembiricha uye padanho chigadzirwa mu dura uye vhoriyamu wayo akaverenga. Dzosa mharidzo pfungwa maererano GOST 2517-85, vanobatana navo uye kusarudza arambe achirema maererano GOST 51069-97 uye GOST 3900-85. Nokuyerwa zvabuda anonamata mureza ezvinhu (tembiricha 15 kusvika 20 ° C), chete pashure paizvozvo, tsika idzi dzinoshandiswa kuti ngaaverenge vazhinji chigadzirwa mu dura.