Pasternak Leonid Osipovich: mifananidzo, biography

Haasi munhu wese anoziva kuti baba vemurumbira wekuRussia anonyanya kuzivikanwa uye munyori Boris Pasternak haasi munhu ane ruzivo rwakakwana, iko, muenzi Pasternak Leonid Osipovich. Basa rake richakurukurwa munyaya ino.

Childhood

Mumwe musikana muchengeti Pasternak Leonid Osipovich (1862-1945 - makore ehupenyu), ane zita rechokwadi rinzwika se Avrum Itskhok-Leib, akakurira mumhuri yevarombo veOdessa. Muchirangaridzi ane ruzivo mune ramangwana ndiye aiva muduku pane vana vatanhatu. Mukomana akatanga kuratidza unyanzvi kare kare . Zvisinei, pasinei netarenda rakajeka remwana wake, vabereki vakatora chido chaLeni vasina chido. Asi kunyange zvakadaro mucheche muchengeti haana kutega zvidzidzo zvake pachikoro chekunyora. Mukomana uyu akaenderera mberi nedzidzo yake mune unyanzvi hwakaisvonaka pashure pokunge apedza kudzidza muimba yejimini. Kunyange zvazvo Leonid akasarudza basa rezvokurapa sechiitiko chinokosha, akabatanidza neongororo yunivhesiti pamwe chete achishanyira ku studio ye master E. Sorokin. Uyezve, kudzidza nezvakasiyana-siyana kwakaita kuti munyori wemangwana awane mukana wekunyatsodzidza zvikamu zvemuviri womunhu, kunyatsofambira mberi uye statics.

Zvakare, zvidzidzo zvedzidzisi zvakatora kutendeuka kusingatarisirwi. Pana makumi maviri nemumwe, Leonid akashandura basa rake uye akaenderera mberi nekudzidza kwake paChikoro cheMutemo. Zvisinei, pane chido ichi chinokosha hachina kuguma, uye pashure penguva pfupi akasiya guta rake ndokuenda kundoedza fuma yake muGermany.

Kurarama kune imwe nyika

Ava kugara muMunich, Pasternak Leonid Osipovich vakazvipira semesters inoverengeka yekudzidza mufananidzo pa Royal Academy of Fine Arts. Yaiva ipapo iyo hupenyu hwakaunza tenzi naamai vomuRussia ainzi Serov, uyo panguva iyoyo akaronga denderedzwa. Yaiva musangano uyu wakava chiratidzo kune vose mhuri yePasternak uye mhuri yeSerov. Kuzivana kwaLeonid Osipovich nemudzimai uyu kwakaratidza kutanga kwehukama hwemazuva mazhinji pakati pemarudzi akawanda.

Kutanga mabhuku

Munguva yechirongwa, munyori wenguva yakati akadzoka kuOdessa, kwaakatanga kushambadzira basa rake mumagazini ehusemu. Idzi dzaiva mifananidzo, mafirimu, mifananidzo, zvidzidzo. Sezvo Maxim Gorky pachake akazobvuma kumuenzi wacho, panguva iyoyo iyo Pasternak akatora yekutanga, mumashoko omunyori, "kutsika" mumabhuku eRussia.

Muchikoro ichi masters haana kuguma. Mushure mekunge apedza chikoro kubva ku yunivhesiti, Pasternak Leonid Osipovich, uyo nhoroondo yake yakawedzererwa neimwe kubudirira kunokosha, yakashanda sezvizvipiri. Kunyange panguva yebasa rake rehondo, haana kurega kuita zvidhori uye zvidhori zviduku. Saka maitiro ake akanyora akaumbwa.

Upenyu hwega

Muguta rake rekuPasternak, Leonid Osipovich akasangana naRosa Kaufman, pianist ane unyanzvi. Iko kare muna 1889 vadikani vakaroora uye vakatamira kunogara kuMoscow. Ikoko Rosa akapa kambani imwe pashure peimwe, uye Leonid akatakurwa nechitenderedzwa chaPolenov.

Gore rakatevera mwana wekutanga akaberekwa kune vakaroorana. Ndiye iye uyo akazotevera akava mudetembi wokuRussia akakurumbira. Yaiva Boris Pasternak. Makore matatu gare gare mwanakomana waAlexander akaberekerwa mudzimai wake, uyo akazova muumbi wekugadzira.

Mukuwedzera kune vakomana, paivawo nevamiririri vehutano hwakanaka mumhuri yePasternak. Muna 1990, musikana wechidiki akazvara mukunda waJosephine, makore maviri gare gare, mudzimai wake Rosa akapa murume wake Lydia. Pasternak akatsaurira nzvimbo yakasiyana kune vana vake. Pano izvi zvinoshandisa humwe hutano hwekunamata nekudziya kwemhuri yedendere, iyo vakaroorana vaduku vakaita, yakanyorwa.

Kuziva

Mune chikamu chemuenzi wechidiki muna 1889, anonyorerazve ruzivo, uye mufananidzo wokutanga unozivikanwa we tenzi "Tsamba inobva kuMailandland" inotengwa nemuchengetedzeka wekusvitsa Pavel Tretyakov. Yaiva gore rakabudirira rePasternak. Mushure mokuratidzwa kwemufananidzo uyu, zita remufananidzo rakagara rakagadzirirwa mune imwe mutsara pamwe nevasati vasati vambozivikanwa.

Mushure mekunge matsi kukunda mumusangano weMoscow wevanhu vanogadzira peji Pasternak Leonid Osipovich yakave yakakurumbira pakati pevanyori venguva iyoyo. Akatanga kushandira pamwe nevatori vasati vashoma uye vashandi. Uyezve, muenzi wacho akazotanga kupa zvidzidzo kuvanyori vekutanga. Saka, kunyange Ilya Repin vakatumira vadzidzi vaduku kuti vadzidze Pasternak. Gare gare, tenzi wacho akatanga kupa zvidzidzo zvake zvake kuMoscow. Mushure mekuona kubudirira, akasarudza pamwe neshamwari yake muchengeti Stemberg kuti azarure studio yega yega yekudzidzisa kudhiro. Paanenge achishanda nevadzidzi vePasternak akazvisimbisa semunhu anofambira mberi uye mudzidzisi. Nokudaro, kudzidzisa, haana kungodzidzisa vadzidzi zvidzidzo zveunyanzvi hwakanaka uye zvidzidzo zvekudzidza, asi zvakare akaratidza vechiduku mutsva, nzira dzisingashandisi. Zvose izvi tenzi akadzidza kare, paaidzidza muGermany. Nokudaro, ruzivo rweRussia rwakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma mukutungamira kweEurope.

Shanda mumagazini

Kubvira muna 1890, Leonid Osipovich, ari pasi pekutonga kwemunyori weRussia, playwright uye mutori wenhau Fyodor Sologub, ava mhizha wemifananidzo yemagazini itsva "Artist." Gore rakatevera, Pasternak akatanga kutarisira kushandiswa kwemabasa naMikhail Yurievich Lermontov nemifananidzo. Iko kuunganidzwa kwevanyori haisi kungove yakashongedzwa nemifananidzo yavo, asiwo yakaipa mukana wekushanda nayo kune vamwe vane tarenda, asi vashoma vanyori vanozivikanwa. Pakati pavo pakanga pasina mukurumbira panguva iyoyo, asi kwete tine nyanzvi kubva kuna Michael Vrubel.

Mukuwedzera kushanda mumunda wehupfumi, tenzi akabudirira pakupenda. Muna 1892 Leonid Osipovich Pasternak akanyora kuti: "Marwadzo ekugadzirwa." Mufananidzo wacho wakava mucherechedzo mubhokisi rekushandisa mari.

Kuumba mavara

Pasinei nekuti Leonid Osipovich Pasternak anozivikanwa seanyanzvi, chikamu chakawanda chekusika nhaka yake inonzi portraits.

Kunyangwe mumhando iyi yezvigadzirwa zvakanaka, munyori wacho akave nemafungiro ake matsva. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha pamifananidzo yePasternak ndeyekuti tenzi haana kungoenzanisira ruzha rwemunhu, asiwo akakurudzira kunyika yepakati yemifananidzo. Mumufananidzo wake, muenzi wacho akatsvaka kuratidza unhu hwose, mafungiro echitarisiko, zvakaitika kwaari, kushungurudzika, kushandura mafungiro. Pasternak akanyora nenzira yekufungidzira. Pasinei nokuti chirevo ichi chinogona kuonekwa kune basa rose remufananidzo, zviri mumasikirati ayo ane chido chakanyanya.

Kubudirira kwenyika yose

Pasternak akapfuurira kukura save tenzi uye atove muna 1894 akatora nzvimbo yevadzidzisi mune chikoro cheunyanzvi. Panguva imwe chete, mamwe masters akaisvonaka akava vadzidzisi naPasternak, pakati pavo Serov, N. Kasatkin naK. Korovin. Kuonga basa ravo mundima yekudzidzisa, chikoro chakava chimwe chekufambira mberi zvikuru kwete muRussia chete, asi kunyange yakave yakakurumbira kune dzimwe nyika. Vadzidzisi vechidiki vanoita basa, vakawanda vavo vakagamuchira dzidzo kune imwe nyika, vakaisa mitemo mitsva mukudzidzisa kwekupenda. Mukuwedzera, iri boka iri revadzidzisi rakabatsira pakuiswa kwemafundo ehurumende yepamusoro. Saka Vasily Kluchevsky akava mudzidzisi weRussia. Gare gare Leonid Osipovich akamutora mune rimwe remifananidzo yake. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti chikoro chakanga chisina maturo chakazviwanira kubwinya kukuru: nekuda kwebasa risina udyire revadzidzisi vazhinji vevadzidzi vakazova vatenzi vakuru. Pakati pavo pane vakanyori vanozivikanwa seGerasimov, Konchalovsky, Krymov, Shcherbakov nevamwe.

Zvisinei, mukurumbira waPasternak hausi wega kune izvi. Muna 1894, mifananidzo yemufananidzo "Pakazosvika mimwe miedzo" yakakunda nzvimbo yekutanga pamusangano wenyika yose muMunich. Yakatengwa muna 1890 kunoshongedza Luxembourg Museum zvakananga kubva pachiratidziro muParis.

Mushure mokubudirira kwakadaro kunzwa, kuda kwebasa raPasternak kwakanyatsojeka . Iko kare muna 1901, Luxembourg Museum yakaraira vanyori vanonyanya kuzivikanwa, kusanganisira Leonid Osipovich, kuti varatidze zvifananidzo zveupenyu hweRussia. Pasternak akanyora chimwe chezvinhu zvakakurumbira zvezvisikwa zvake, mufananidzo wakaisvonaka "Tolstoy muChirungu cheMhuri." Yakanga yakakosha zvikuru kunyange naPrince George Alexandrovich pachake, mushure mekuona chiratidziro "World of Art".

Gare gare, Pasternak pachake akava muvambi wesangano reRussia unyanzvi muguta reDusseldorf. Panguva yebasa rake kune dzimwe nyika, tenzi akazoshandisa nguva yaakapiwa uye akashanyira mhenderekedzo yeMediterranean. Kuva muItaly, munyori wacho akaita mifananidzo yakawanda yemasango.

Upenyu kunze kweMamare

Munguva yezvakaitika muna 1905, Leonid Osipovich akapedza gore muBerlin. Akadanana nebasa riri muchikoro, nokuti chikoro chakanga chakavharwa. Panguva ino Pasternak akapinda muzviratidzo zvakawanda zveEurope, kusanganisira muBerlin. Mukufanana, tenzi akanyora mifananidzo kune vatengi vakawanda vokunze.

Kubvira muna 1912, panguva yekurapa kwaRosa Pasternak muB kissingen uye pedyo nePisa, tenzi akatanga tambo yake huru "Congratulation". Maererano nemanzwiro, vana vakauya kuzokufadza vabereki vavo nezvipo zvekuyeuka kwechato chesirivha, sezvavakasimirirwa nemufananidzo. Leonid Osipovich Pasternak akapedza mufananidzo muna 1914. Yakanga ine kubudirira kunzwa.

Munguva iyi tenzi aigara muMoscow. Yakanga iri pano Pasternak Leonid Osipovich akanyora "Mufananidzo wemwanakomana" - chimwe chezvakakurumbira zvezvisikwa zvake.

Kutanga muna 1921 Pasternak aigara muBerlin. Pasinei nekuderera kwehutano uye kutadza kuonekwa, akanzwa kuwedzera kwesimba rekusika ndokunyora panguva ino mutsara wemifananidzo yevanhu vanozivikanwa, pakati pavo A. Einstein, M. R. Rilke nevamwe vazhinji. Muna 1924, akafamba rwendo neshamwari kuEgipita nePalestine. Munguva yorwendo Pasternak akanyora mutsara wemifananidzo yakajeka.

Munguva yekubata simba kwevaNazi, mabasa akawanda emhizha aipiswa pachena, uye zviratidzo zvakarambidzwa. Munyaya iyi, pakupera kwemashumi matatu matatu Pasternak akatamira kuLondon, kwaakanyorera mutsara wemifananidzo yakazopiwa kuBritish Museum. Nguva pfupi mushure mekunge kweHondo Yenyika II, tenzi akafira muOxford.

Panguva ino, mucherechedzo weiyo mucherechedzo anochengetwa mune dzakawanda zvemasimamende anozivikanwa zvikuru munyika, kusanganisira Moscow Tretyakov Gallery. Izvo zvakaoma kuongorora kuti mhindu yei Leonid Osipovich Pasternak yakaita kuRussia uye zvepasi rose. Mifananidzo yematenzi ichiri kunyanya kuzvikudza panzvimbo yezviratidzwa zvenyika dzakawanda.