Panguva First Hondo, mugumisiro. Chinangwa chekutanga nevaIslam

The First Hondo makore 1096-1099 Papera yakatanga kuva itsva kutungamirirwa wokumwe wokuti Western inoti. Chii zvakakanganisa chidzoke rakakura zvakadaro dzinotambudza sangano? Zvii zvakaitika mumakore ari Hondo First? Izvi uye nemimwe mibvunzo yakawanda uchawana mhinduro munyaya ino.

Europe pakupera XI remakore

Mumakore Yokutanga Hondo, sezvo imi avanozofanira kudzidza, pane zvave zvakawanda zvakachinja. Asi chii chakaita dzinokaroparuka ichi dzakakurumbira basa, izvo akafanana pakukura bedzi Kutama Great? Ngatitarisei zvizere.

History of First Hondo inotanga mumakore mashanu apfuura regumi remakore. Kunyange akagumisa pamutemo chete kubatwa Jerusarema muna 1099, asi zvinokonzerwa rwakatora emakore akawanda.

Chokwadi, chaizvoizvo, kwakatanga. Papera chinguva, tikafunga wakaparadzaniswa vavariro iri Knights, ivo Byzantines uye mamiriro ezvinhu vaMuslim kumabvazuva panguva iyi. Panguva ino, ndiko kutaura mamiriro ezvinhu Western Europe.

Pashure pemazana emakore kumanikidzwa zvechiKristu Hungarians uye Scandinavians muEuropean inoti vakaumba stratum nemasoja ounyanzvi. Peaceful basa vakanga zvavasingafariri. Vanongorangana vachida kurwa, chaizvo kuenda varwi. Asi vaitaura vashoma chaizvo. akadaro vaiva yepazasi strata munzanga.

Namachinda Akaitawo sezvo nhengo Hondo First. Zviri mishandirapamwe kazhinji anodzidzwa munhoroondo mukirasi. Pashure kuverenga nyaya ino unenge nyore kutungamirirwa panyaya idzi.

Saka, okumusoro vavariro dzavo. Kings akatungamirira zvaigumbura pamusoro Saracens muSpain uye North Africa, kuti muzive akaedza kuti abatane ari zvaibiwa kwakaenderera, asi kwete nguva dzose kushanda.

Naizvozvo, Hondo First, muna pfupi, akava nzira yokubudisa apo vakapukunyuka hasha mwoyo akawanda negurumwandira vanhu Western Europe.
Ngatitaurei ikozvino nezvazvo vavariro nerimwe bato.

vokuEurope zvinangwa

Mugumo regumi remakore yaiva nguva yakaoma Western Europe. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, munguva yapfuura remakore, vakaumba stratum simba revarwi unyanzvi kuti hapana zvimwe haana kuziva sei uye ndisingadi kuita.
Noble Knights uye vanhuwo vaifamba netsoka, vapemhi uye vapristi, vatengesi uye vanhuwo zvavo - zvose vechikamu vari Hondo First. Table kutanga kufamba kwavo kumabvazuva iri inowanzobvunzwa neimba yechikoro. Unogona kuzviita nyore, kuvimba mashoko munyaya ino.

Saka, vadzidzi vokutanga nevaIslam vaiva heterogeneous munzanga uremu. vakabva vakaenda kubatsira hama-vaKristu? Chokwadika kwete. Vaiva zvakawanda vakabatikana nezvinhu Kukakavadzana Pachazvo, simba zvinotitambudza ari mumazana enyika uye ukuru.

Change zvingaitwa kwakaitika mumatanho maviri. Muna 1074 Papa akadana vanhu Europe kuzobatsira Byzantine mambo. Asi hapana rubatsiro zvechiuto haana vakatevera. Chete vakatanga hombe kufamba vechinamato kuMiddle East.

Asi nokukurumidza paiva nerunyerekupe pamusoro kudzvinyirirwa vechinamato dzechiKristu nevaMuslim. Izvi zvakakonzera sefungu nehasha, asi kwekuratidzira achiri asipo. Wokupedzisira mashanga yaiva nyaya raPapa idzva, Urban II, uyo vasisiri akataura hama rubatsiro, asi udyire zvevanhu vose pamushandirapamwe: "Nokuti varombo pano, uchava mambo munyika yechipikirwa."

The nguva kubva 1096 musi 1099 gg. - munguva First Hondo. Grade 6 kuchikoro kudzidza navo sezvo chikamu nhoroondo Middle Ages. Ngatitaurei ramba kutaura pamusoro mamiriro ezvinhu ari East panguva ino.

Byzantine motifs

The Byzantine Empire akanga ari anonakidza nzvimbo panguva yokutanga makrusedhi. Kusvikira 1091 paiva enyika uye zvoupfumi munyika.

Hurumende kutambura kurwisa kubva kumativi matatu. Kubva kuchamhembe vaityisidzira Pechenegs, vakatonga Southern Ukrainian steppes. Kubva rwezasi, kupererwa ari Seljuk vokuTurkey, uyo akauraya vakakurirwa wandei hondo mambo. MuGungwa Marmara rengarava hunodzorwa Turkish Pirates.

Panguva ino yaita Aleksey Komnin nedzenyu kunyorerana vatongi Western inoti European. Iye anotaura nezvedambudziko roUmambo, uye anokumbira kubatsirwa. Nokufamba kwenguva, zvakava pedyo kutora Maumbirwe Orthodox uye Catholic Church. Izvi zvakanga chaizvo Pope, uye akanga ari mumwe zvinhu vanofurirwa pakatangira kunoda kuti kushingirira.

Asi mumatsutso 1092 mamiriro ezvinhu ari Byzantine Empire anochinja zvikuru. Pechenegs akakundwa mubatanidzwa pamwe Slavs. VokuTurkey vanonyanya kunetseka mukurwisana uye kumisa kukanganisa miganhu yechiKristu wehurumende. The Umambo kupinda munguva kugadzikana uye zvishoma nezvishoma kupora.

Asi kumavirira uye hatina pfungwa sei chinangwa chokutanga nevaIslam, vokuEurope vari tichaona vakasiyana Byzantine motifs. Gare gare yakava ruminant pasi kuti kukakavara ari kwakadzama chamambo uye Dzorudzidziso.

Mamiriro munyika Muslim

Mumazana nevaIslam nharaunda vechiIslam nyika yakanga yakabata kubudikidza kwevagari vemo. Inenge panguva, mumakore gumi adarika regumi remakore, Seljuk vatongi kufa, asi Abbasids uye Fatimids. KuMiddle East anotanga yehondo pakati Shiites uye Sunnis kuti simba.

Shi'ite Fatimid mamiriro, yaiva pamusoro munharaunda yose yeIjipiti ano, aitarisira kuwana rutsigiro pamberi Dzorudzidziso. Aleksey Komnin, ari Byzantine mambo, uyewo akanyevera Knights European kugumisa chibvumirano navo pamusoro Seljuk Sunni.

Kutaura zvazviri, kumaodzanyemba Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Armenia yaiva chikamu mumaoko vokuTurkey. In yava Siria uye Rebhanoni, vanoverengeka vakazvimirira guta-inotaura. Asi Ijipiti uye kumaodzanyemba Palestine aiva mumaoko Fatimids.

mapoka kuti zvemukati chaitadzisa vaMuslim kupa yakabatana simba pamusoro Dzorudzidziso. Panyaya iyi, dzairwisana mapato aiva akaenzana, sezvo vokuEurope, zvakare, asingagoni kupindirana.

feuds izvi vakanga ruoko chete mambo Byzantium, uyo aikwanisa, kunyange nemanomano, asi kuti vavezve vamwe kunyika yakarasika.

VaKristu kuMiddle East

Vechikamu of Hondo First vaintenda kuti havasi chete kuti ndiwane "guva raShe", asi kuti kudzivirira vaKristu vaainamata navo kubva asingatendi Saracens. Kunyanya pfungwa iyi zvakanaka pamufananidzo firimu "Humambo hweKudenga."

Asi vapristi Catholic muWestern Europe dzakanga zvakaipa zvakawanda. Kutaura zvazviri kuitika kuMiddle East akanga vangasimudzira akatarisana.

Munyika vaMuslim nevaKristu uye vaJudha vakamanikidzwa zvisingawanzoitiki, sezvo Koran inorambidza anomanikidzwa exchange kuna "wechokwadi" kutenda vanhu Magwaro. Vanosara vaiona vakarasika. Naizvozvo, Islamic maguta kweMediterranean nevasiri maMoziremu kubhadhara mutero kuna nehurumende uye zvose.

Kudzvinyirirwa vakatanga pashure rubatsiro "kusafarira" ari pamapatya avanhu. Apo vokuTurkey uye navaArabhu akaona kuti vokuEurope kuita, vakatanga kudzinga vaKristu kubva kumaguta, nokuti kutya kuti vachabatsira vatinonamata navo mukati.

Saka, chinangwa chokutanga nevaIslam akagadzirisa zvikuru pashure kurova masoja European panyika yakapikirwa. Vakaona nemaziso avo rugare mafungiro veko, uyewo kubudirira, upfumi uye kuvapo panyika hapana remunhu. Pashure paizvozvo, Hondo Tsvene vasingadi anotungamirirwa chete nokukara.

Events murimi mudiki chirongwa

Vechikamu okutanga makrusedhi vaiva vanhu vakawanda siyana sectors munzanga. Saka, munyaya tichataura nezvekuti kufamba zvavo, vanozivikanwa se wokutanga rati ramboitwa matatu.

In mishomanana pamberi Pope Urban II kushanda zvapamutemo ari Hondo First, kubva munyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope popped hombe "hondo nevaipemha." Wakavafambisa Petro munamati, mumongi kubva Amiens. Akatungidza vanhu pfungwa upfumi uye mukaguta ari Länder itsva.

Gore pakutanga First Hondo muWestern Europe rakaenderana yokutanga mupfumi kukohwa pashure pemakore kwemvura. Asi unorema ake murombo dzawaona sezvo mhuri yose nenzira muchirimo mangwanani. Vaidavira kuti "hama dzechiKristu" kuvabatsira nezvokudya. Tsika iyi akamborarama, asi nokuda Mapilgrim shoma.

Pano aiva nzara boka rinoumbwa nevarume, vakadzi, vana uye vakwegura. Zvishoma nezvishoma vakamushatirisa uye akatanga mudzimba misha, izvo vawane panzira. Ivo rebuffed vemo masimba akarongeka. Anopemha vatori wokutanga nevaIslam akaumba unorema vakawirwa nenjodzi, sezvo havana vane zvombo, simba uye unyanzvi kundorwa kurwa.

Tanetseka chaizvo ainetsa ichi asvika Constantinople, dzarasika gumi zviuru vanhu, kota chepakutanga uwandu. In guru, ivo kufanorongwa utsinye kuti akamanikidza Byzantine mambo kuvatuma kuna Asia Minor.

Kune hondo murimi mudiki akasangana nezvombo masimba Seljuks.

Mubayiro Wokutanga Hondo yakanga mwoyo urombo. Vanotsvakurudza vanofungidzira kuti nguva, vanenge zviuru gumi majaya nemhandara vakatengeswa senhapwa. Vanopfuura zviuru makumi mashanu vanhu vakwegura, vana uye repakati vanhu vawa ne chirwere uye sabers dzose nehondo.

Kutonga panonyuka muguta wechiKristu Byzantine akauya chete anenge vanhu zana kubva matanhatu zviuru.

The German Mushandirapamwe

Zvichitevera chekubuda motokari yakanga munyika German uye French, akarongeka ne- knight yakaisvonaka, zita remadunhurirwa Gauthier mupemhi.

Vavariro kuti chakaita uto yakadzidziswa gumi kufora, vaingovawo nemamwe. Vakanga kutevedzera zvizere mafungiro uye maonero pamusoro burghers nguva European.

Pope Urban II akadana maoko kudzivirira chiKristu nezvimwe zvitendero, uyewo torazve Mutsvene neguva. Asi Knights izvi vanzwa chete chikamu yakwidzwa wokutanga. VokuGermany vakasarudza kuti hatifaniri kuenda kune mumwe mugumo wenyika, nekuti pano vari takapfuma uye vanofanira kudzivirira kutenda.

Naizvozvo, zviuru gumi nezvombo vokuGermany uye French chete akaenda "kunovhima", kuita pogroms. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti vanokurudzirwa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero, pane zvachose negwara kubva mirayiridzo Jerusarema.

Kunyange zvazvo Catholic Church uye akaedza mhosva maitiro akadaro, asi matanho pachena havasi kutorwa. VaJudha vakaedza kuronga kudzivirira pachavo kana varwi nevarikichi kudzivirirwa. Asi hapana chakabatsira. Makore mashoma akapfuurira kumanikidzwa kutendeuka infidels kuna chiKristu. Avo vakaramba, akanga achimirira rufu pedyo.

Saka, nemhaka Hondo Tsvene Yokutanga kuti European vaJudha vakava nenjodzi. Asi zviito zvakadaro Knights chakawedzera kuvenga vaJudha vaMuslim kwavari. Kubva oukuru munharaunda munyika dzakasiyana vari kutanga makwai goridhe matarenda kubatsira vaMuslim pamusoro Africa neMiddle East, izvo akapikisa Dzorudzidziso.

Vanokudzwa ari First Hondo

Kubudirira kukuru mumakore Hondo Tsvene Yokutanga asvika hondo vachitungamirirwa kwamachinda. Kunyange zvazvo vakanga vasina vanoumba chete isangano, asi vakanga yakawanda vakanyatsodzidziswa masoja, cuirassiers, crossbowmen uye vatasvi vemabhiza.

Kusiyana mauto varombo vanhuwo zvavo ', vaikwanisa dzinga dzose Turkish uye Arab mauto.

Namachinda akaisa mberi vamapoka hukuru siyana nezvinhu zvavo, zvishoma nezvishoma kubatanidzwa nomumwe kupinda vaizvambarara multi-zviuru zvingoro. Saka, maererano nokufungidzira siyana, kuConstantinople vakabva mashanu varwi zviuru zvine zana.

Asi sangano rakatanga chete pashure pokuparadzwa murimi mudiki mauto uye pogroms vechiJudha muEurope. Chinozikamwa vanhu vasingadi kurasikirwa goho rakanaka. Neimwe nzira, mukusiyana kuti urombo, vakaenda pamwe zvokudya, zvombo uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakakodzera. Mumwe chikwata waiva kuzvidzora yetsiva chikwata.

Zvinokonzera Wokutanga Hondo kuti naanamai ava pachena. "Lackland anova muridzi weimba varanda uye chinoshamisa upfumi muJerusarema rokudenga."

All zvakaitika kuMiddle East muna 1096 kuti 1099, chinogona kukamurwa akawanda nguva. Border pakati pavo achava kukosha Kukomba, umo vechikamu vaivapowo First Hondo.

Zviri zviitiko izvi rinowanzoshandiswa kuisa pamba munhau zvidzidzo mugiredhi rechitanhatu. Ngatitarisei navo zvizere, kubatsira vadzidzi.

The kosi kwezviitiko mumakore 1096-1099

Kutaura zvazviri, akatanga kushingirira chete pashure mauto kubva Constantinople. Ikoko, vanokudzwa European wechi kutsigira Byzantine Emperor. Mukutsinhana, zvakavimbisa uchatamisa kwaari vose dzatorwa, izvo kamwe vaiva Byzantine Empire.

The muedzo simba rokutanga rava chituko kukombwa ari Turkish guta reNicaea. Zvakatanga muna 1097. Sturm akanga kubudirira nokuti Crusader hondo ndakanga ndisisakwanisi kuramba kurwisa pashure kukunda Turkish Sultan. Obloga yakatora mwedzi inoverengeka.

The Byzantine mambo Aleksey Komnin zvakarurama vanofungidzirwa chivalrous vatungamiriri hondo kuda kutyora chibvumirano. Naizvozvo, panguva yakaoma, kana zvaiva pachena kuti guta achawira mumazuva anouya, akatuma vagari chibvumirano chavo. Last nekambani kupa reguta mauto Byzantine, kuitira kudzivisa zvaibiwa kwakaenderera vairwa muhondo dzemachechi.

Uye zvakaitika. Nyongoroka, kuti Knights vaifanira kuchengeta mhiko uye mberi. Akatevera chinhu raiva Antiokia. Guta, rakanga hafu nzira kuJerusarema.

Kukomba kubvira October 1097 kuti June 1098. Bohemond pamusoro Taranto, Norman muchinda kumaodzanyemba kweItaly, akakwanisa chiokomuhomwe mukuru muguta rakakombwa. Akavimbisa kudhonza manera iri chikamu chimwe parusvingo uye kubatsira vari kubatwa wakakombwa.

Kuti basa iri nemauto European Bohemond akabvunza mushure kubatwa rokuSiriya kuyambukira zvake. Neimwe kutendisa vamwe Knights akatendeuka akabuda, chete panyaya ngozi kukundwa zvikuru pfungwa. On rava kusvika zviuru zvakawanda kwaiva ari Turkish mauto Kerbogha.

Mushure kubatwa wakakombwa muguta akapondwazve anenge zvose vagere. Mazuva mashoma mushure kubatwa rokuSiriya nokuda Dzorudzidziso, zvakanga kamwe zvakare rakakombwa. Akauya Turkish mauto. Kutyisidzirwa kuzoregwa vokuEurope kwakaoma, sezvo vashoma chaizvo zvokudya.

Bohemond akasarudza kupa kundorwa akurirwe vokuTurkey. Asi asati kuti ari rokunyengedza (maererano vaongorori zhinji) akamutsa morale weuto. Mumwe mangwanani, akaudzwa nezvechiratidzo, zvakaitika kuti murimi mudiki. Maererano naye, mukati mamasvingo muAndiyoki, pedo imwe kereke, zvakanga akavigwa pfumo akauraya Kristu. Zvechokwadi, akachera kumusoro.

Army, "kutungamirirwa noruoko rwaIshe," vakakwanisa kukunda masoja Kerbogha.
Akatevera Danho yaiva muJerusarema. It akakwanisa andobata chete achikanganisa ezviuru zvevanhu. Ndaifanira kuzadza munhu nomugero yakapoteredza guta shongwe akakomba akauya masvingo. Mushure kubatwa weguta, maererano yaMakoronike, zvakatanga kuponda, uye mushure ugororo. Maererano sahwira, muJerusarema vagari vanopfuura zviuru makumi manomwe vakafa mumazuva mashomanana.

Saka, nemhaka Hondo Tsvene Yokutanga yakanga zvakawanda uye akaparadzanisa nhoroondo kuMiddle East uye Europe nokuda kwenguva "pamberi pake" uye "pashure."

Migumisiro mushandirapamwe

Kutaurwa anogona kuitwa zvichitevera migumisiro First Hondo.
Chekutanga, ndiyo chete nguva apo vakanga kwazvo kubudirira zvinangwa wakaiswa pakutanga.

Chechipiri, wakati Kunyatsoziva dzokuMabvazuva netsika, kuwana pfuma, nyika, navaranda, vazhinji varwi havana kuda kudzokera kumusha. Vakagara pasi uye zvishoma nezvishoma akatora pamusoro tsika vemo.

Asi chikuru zvakamboitika mumakore Hondo Tsvene Yokutanga, aiva nheyo ina itsva inoti dzechiKristu. Vakapararira zvose pamusoro Levant (imwe nzvimbo raisanganisira kumaodzanyemba Turkey ano neMiddle East), nemauto wamadzishe siyana uye kwakatora anenge zana.

Saka, kutanga rakaumbwa County kuna Edessa. Chaizvoizvo, zita rakachengetedzwa zita guru. Rakavakwa Baldwin pamusoro muBoulogne, mumwe wehama nhatu - Lorraine Knights. Zvinonzi ndiparadzaniswe Crusader mauto shure muna 1098, munzira kuAndiyokiya, uye akaenda kumabvazuva. Ikoko akakunda ndima uye akasika yavo mamiriro urwo rwakatora anoda kusvika hafu yezana remakore.

Mugore iroro uye akaumba hugota rokuSiriya. muvambi waro uye akava mutongi Boemund Tarentsky, izvo isu ambotaurwa. State yakatora makore zana nemakumi manomwe.

Mushure kubatwa Jerusarema muna 1099, yakanga akasika umambo Jerusarema. Akava mutongi Gotfrid Bulonsky, chokutanga mukoma Baldwin, ndokugara Edessa. In nhaka mambo vaivawo mune vakwegura mana. The umambo chakavapo kusvikira Third Hondo, asi akawira muna 1291, mushure kubatwa zviri Acre.

Wechina Crusader mamiriro rakaumbwa muna 1105 ne Count pamusoro Toulouse. Raymond IV pamusoro, mutongi wayo wokutanga, yainzi County pamusoro Tripoli. Akazosvika kusvikira 1289.

Saka, munyaya ino tichataura kudzidza pamusoro prerequisites, zvinangwa uye zviitiko zvenyika Hondo Chokutanga, uye aitaura nemigumisiro yayo.