Vanhu Europe: kare, maitiro, tsika, tsika, tsika, mutauro, chitendero, nzira youpenyu

Vanhu Europe - chimwe chezvinhu zvinofadza uye panguva imwe chete kunzwisisa misoro munhoroondo uye tsika. Kunzwisisa kukura kwavo, mararamiro, tsika uye tsika nemagariro kunzwisisa zviri nani zviri kuitika kuti zviri kuitika chikamu ino muminda zvoupenyu siyana.

General unhu

Nokuti zvose kusiyana vanhu vanogara munyika dzeEurope, tinogona kutaura kuti, pfungwa, vose vave nzira zvinowanzovapo kukura. Vazhinji rinoti yakaumbwa pamusoro munharaunda yaimbova hweRoma, izvo zvaisanganisira nharaunda yakakura, kubva munyika German kumadokero kusvika Gallic nzvimbo iri kumabvazuva, kubva kuchamhembe kuBritain kusvika kuNorth Africa kumaodzanyemba. Zvisinei, ndokusaka tingati kuti vose venyika idzi, zvisinei dissimilarity dzavo, kuumbwa tsika nzvimbo chakasviba.

Nzira chiitiko mangwanani Middle Ages

Vanhu Europe somunhu yaanobva akatanga kutora chimiro somugumisiro yokutama guru marudzi kuti hwapararira kondinendi iri IV-V emakore. Zvadaro, somugumisiro vakawanda vaitamira Rwako chakaitika yakakura Kushandurwa evanhu mamiriro akanga aripo kwemazana emakore munguva yekare, uye woisa itsva munharaunda kwemadzinza. Mukuwedzera, paumbwe imwe National kufamba uye kukanganiswa madzinza eGermany, uyo akavamba pamusoro nyika yaimbova hweRoma, avo vanonzi ufuza mamiriro. In framework dzavo uye dzakabudirira marudzi Europe pamusoro fomu yavanofanira kurarama panguva chipo. Zvisinei, kwokupedzisira muitiro munyika inotungamirwa yakaitika munguva yechirimwa Middle Ages.

Uyezve Kumbofungatira inoti

Muna XII-XIII emakore munyika yacho, chirongwa inotungamirwa National kuziva zvakawanda. Yaiva nguva apo dzakabudirira zvinhu kuti vagari rinoti vakatanga kuziva uye kuti nzvimbo pachavo sezvo imwe yenyika munharaunda. Pakutanga, izvi kwakaratidzwa nomutauro uye tsika. marudzi European akatanga kukudziridza mabhuku mumitauro yenyika, iyo vakatsunga kuti nhengo imwe dzinza. MuEngland, Somuenzaniso, izvi vakatanga mangwanani chaizvo: atova XII remakore, yakakurumbira munyori D. Chaucer akanyora yake yakakurumbira "weCanterbury Tales," izvo nheyo nokuti mutauro National Chirungu.

XV-XVI remakore munhoroondo Western Europe

Mukunopera Middle Ages uye mangwanani ano vakaita mutsindo basa pakugadzirwa States. Yaiva nguva umambo, kuti idzidziso huru chidhiraivho, zvichiumba makwara zvoupfumi, uye, Chikurukuru - akaumba chaizvo ari mufananidzo nemagariro. Nokuda ezvinhu aya, tsika dzavanhu Europe dziri siyana chaizvo. Vakatsunga yose nzira dzekare kukura. Pakutanga zvakanga zvakakanganisa nenzvimbo chinhu, uyewo zvinoitwa kumbopeta rudzi-inotaura, iyo pakupedzisira akatora chimiro munguva pasi pakudzokorora.

nguva itsva

XVII-XVIII remakore - ndiyo yakaoma kusagadzikana kunyika dzokuMadokero European kuti vaenda nomunguva yakaoma munhau yayo nokuda Kushandurwa socio-enyika, magariro ezvinhu. Tinogona kutaura kuti muzana rino remakore, tsika dzavanhu Europe vakapfuura muedzo simba kwete nguva chete, asiwo nokumukirana. Muzana rino remakore, inoti vakanga vachirwira hegemony pamusoro kondinendi, pamwe siyana kubudirira. XVI remakore pakataurwa pakudzorwa pamusoro yeAustria uye Spanish Habsburgs, rinotevera remakore - pasi zvakajeka kutungamirira France, vakabatsira ndechokuti pakagadzwa pano absolutism. XVIII remakore akazunungusa ayo chinzvimbo zvikurukuru nokuti pokuchinja, hondo uye enyika dambudziko.

Kuwedzera mabhora ose simba

Zvinotevera mazana maviri aionekwa mikuru kuchinja geopolitical ezvinhu Western Europe. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti vamwe vaitungamirira nyika munzira colonialism. Peoples vaigara Europe vava miganhu nzvimbo itsva, kunyanya North America, South America uye Eastern nyika. Izvi zvikuru nemagariro chiso European inoti. Chekutanga izvozvo chokuita United Kingdom, izvo akasika munhu yaitonga umambo kuti akafukidza vanenge hafu yenyika. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti mutauro Chirungu uye unyanzvi British vakatanga kupesvedzera European kukura.

Chimwe chiitiko kunooneka zvakasimba mune geopolitical map yacho - mbiri dzenyika. Peoples vaigara Europe, pamahombekombe kuparadzwa somugumisiro panyatwa kuti zvakakonzera kurwa. Zvechokwadi, izvi zvose sei chokwadi chokuti uchiumba West European inoti pakutanga muitiro kwenyika dzepasi pose uye kusikwa mitumbi yose kugadzirisa kusawirirana.

Current mamiriro

Culture avanhu Europe nhasi dzinongoita pakutsvaga muitiro erasing miganhu yenyika. Computerization munzanga, kukurumidza kukura Indaneti, uyewo akakura vaitamira Rwako vaomerwe vadzime zvitupa husina. Naizvozvo, gumi ichi remakore rokutanga pakataurwa Mutongo kwerunyararo tsika nemagariro zvinocherechedzesa emadzinza uye vemarudzi. Mumakore achangopfuura, kuwedzera kwenyika dzepasi pose, pane tsika kuchengetedza zvitupa enyika.

nemagariro budiriro

Life avanhu Europe vagara vandifungira nhoroondo dzavo, mafungiro uye chitendero. With dzose dzakasiyana-siyana nemagariro mufananidzo nyika, unogona kusarudza chete vakawanda mutsetse okukura munyika idzi zviri dynamism, kushanda, pezvakaitwa kutsunga kuti zvinoitika panguva dzakasiyana, kuti sainzi, unyanzvi, zvematongerwo enyika, zvoupfumi uye vamwevo. Ndicho yokupedzisira hunhu chikabviswa yakaratidza mukurumbira muzivi Oswald Spengler.

Nhoroondo vanhu Europe kunoratidzwa vachiri nzwisiso tsika rokunyika zvinhu. Izvi so kukurumidza kukura painting, chivezwa, mapurani uye mabhuku. Chido rationalism zvagara zvinowanika muchimiro kutungamirira nevafungi Europe uye masayendisiti, uye zvakaita kuti akurumidze kukura mwero rwokugadzira zvinhu. Kazhinji, kukura tsika huru chinorondedzerwa okutanga kupinda zivo enyika uye rationality.

upenyu hwomudzimu

Zvitendero vanhu Europe zvinogona kupatsanurwa pane mapoka maviri makuru: chiKaturike, Protestantism uye Orthodoxy. Wokutanga chimwe chezvinhu zvakafanana, kwete chete pamusoro kondinendi asiwo munyika yose. Pakutanga, akanga kuzivikanwa munyika dzokuMadokero European, asi zvino, mushure Reformation, iyo kwakaitika XVI remakore, Protestantism akasimuka. Ekupedzisira ane mapazi akawanda: Calvinism, Lutheranism, Puritanism, Anglican Church nevamwe. Zvadaro, anoritsanangura rine zvimwe commonality pakati namahwindo mhando. ChiKristu muEastern Europe. Rakanga rakumbirwa kubva pedyo Byzantine Empire, apo rakapinda mu Russia.

zvemutauro

Languages vavanhu Europe inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikwata zvitatu guru: Romance, eGermany uye necheSalvic. Wokutanga ndezvevanhu France, Spain, Italy nevamwe. peculiarity wavo kuti vari kuumbwa marudzi okumabvazuva. KuMiddle Ages nharaunda yakanga yakapamba maArab vokuTurkey, izvo zvechokwadi zvakakanganisa kumbopeta kutaura zvinhu. mitauro ava kuchinja, sonority uye melodiousness. Pasina zvakanyorwa wokuItaly, operas vakawanda, uye vose zvavo, riri kuonekwa chimwe chezvinhu mimhanzi munyika. mitauro ava nyore zvakakwana kunzwisisa uye kudzidza; Zvisinei, girama uye emashoko muFrench zvingasafadza matambudziko.

The boka German kunosanganisira mitauro kuchamhembe dzekuma Scandinavia. Kutaura uku kwakasiyana kwoukukutu madudzirwo uye kuratidza kurira. Vanonyanya zvakaoma kuverenga uye kudzidza. Somuenzaniso, mutauro wokuGermany anonzi chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma pakati mitauro yokuEurope. Air zviri dzinoratidzwa kunzwisisa mutongo mamiriro uye girama iwayo akaoma.

NecheSalvic boka iri uyewo zvakaoma kuti tenzi. mutauro Russian chiri kukurukurwa chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma kudzidza. Zvisinei, kazhinji akabvuma pfungwa ndechokuti akafuma kwazvo ayo lexical sezvamunoita uye kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro mashoko. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti ine zvose zvakafanira nzira uye mutauro kutaura anotendeukira zvinoparadzira pfungwa zvakakodzera. Yokufananidzira ndechokuti yaiva mitauro yokuEurope panguva dzakasiyana uye emakore vaiona nyika. Somuenzaniso, pakutanga rakanga chiRatini uye nechiGiriki, rakanga nokuti chokuti nyika dzokuMadokero European, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, yakaumbwa pamusoro nharaunda yaimbova hweRoma, umo vose vakanga vari mufashoni. Naizvozvo akagamuchira kwakakurumbira Spanish nokuti kuti iri XVI remakore, Spain akava kutungamirira simba dzayaitonga, uye mutauro wayo rapararira kusvika mamwe makondinendi, kunyanya mu South America. Uyezve, zvakanga zvakafanira kuti rweAustro-Spanish Habsburgs vaiva vatungamiriri haizi pachitsuwa.

Asi zvino aitungamirira chinzvimbo chepamusoro France, riri tsime munzira colonialism. Naizvozvo, chiFrench chapararira kune mamwe makondinendi, kunyanya mu North America uye North Africa. Asi atova XIX remakore, British Empire akava chikuru dzayaitonga mamiriro, iro wakatsunga chikuru basa mutauro Chirungu munyika yose, iyo iri inochengetwa yedu. Uyezve, mutauro uyu nyore chaizvo kushandisa uye nyore kutaura, ayo zvivakamutauro mamiriro hakusi kunzwisisa sezvo Somuenzaniso, French, uye maererano Internet mumakore achangodarika, kukurumidza kukura Chirungu kurerutsa kwazvo uye anenge zvokukurukura. Somuenzaniso, mashoko akawanda Chirungu mune Russian kurira akapinda kushandiswa munyika yedu.

Mafungiro uye pfungwa

Kunyanya vanhu Europe zvinofanira kuonekwa akapoteredza munhu tichienzanisa vanhu vokumabvazuva. Ongororo iyi yakaitwa kunyange gumi rinozivikanwa netsika O. Spengler rechipiri. Akacherechedza kuti European ndudzi dzose kunoratidzwa chinoshingaira nzvimbo muupenyu, uye zvakaita kuti nokukurumidza kukura dzakasiyana emakore engineering, ano uye indasitiri. Ndicho zvapedzisira ezvinhu kwatemwa, yake mafungiro, chokwadi kuti vari kwazvo kutsanya munzira kufambira mberi, akatanga achishingaira kuongorora nyika itsva, kuvandudza kugadzirwa uye zvichingodaro. A rinoshanda kusvika rava vimbiso kuti vanhu ava hwapedza nemigumisiro mukuru mazuvaano zvoupfumi asiwo evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika upenyu kwete chete.

The mafungiro uye kuziva vokuEurope, aaisitaura musayendisiti uyo kwemazana emakore akagadzirirwa kwete chete kudzidza uye kunzwisisa hunhu uye chokwadi yakavapoteredza, asiwo basa kushandisa migumisiro kubudirira izvi uchidzidzira. Naizvozvo vokuEurope pfungwa kwagara zvainanga kwete chete panguva kuunganidza ruzivo zvayo yakachena chimiro, asi kukwanisa kushandisa navo kuchinja hunhu zvavanoda uye uvandudze upenyu ezvinhu. Chokwadi, nzira pamusoro okukura aiita kuti dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika, asi zviri muna Western Europe, izvozvo akazviratidza zvizere uye expressiveness. Vamwe vaongorori vanoti izvi mabhizimisi kuziva uye kunova akatungamirira nemafungiro vokuEurope pamwe peculiarities ari nenzvimbo ezvinhu avo dzokugara. Zvechokwadi, vakawanda munyika European vari mupfupi uye, naizvozvo, kuti kufambira mberi marudzi vaigara Europe, akaenda ane ndichibvunza nzira okukura, t. E. Nokuda shoma zviwanikwa makatanga kutanga uye kushandisa michina siyana kuvandudza kugadzirwa.

The maitiro zviri munyika

Tsika vanhu Europe dziri anoratidza kunzwisisa mafungiro avo uye kuziva. Vanoratidza hwavo upenyu tsika uye zvaanokoshesa. Zvinosuruvarisa chaizvo kazhinji vakawanda kuziva akaumba chifananidzo rudzi evasingatombonamati kwokunze hunhu. Saka seari zviine mapepa akanamirwa imwe nyika kana mumwe. Somuenzaniso, England ari chaizvo zvinowanzobatanidzwa kuomarara, asina kushanda uye kunyatsoshanda. The French vari kakawanda vachinzwisisa aifara yokunyika uye akazaruka vanhu, akaisa kukurukurirana. VokuItaly kana Somuenzaniso, vokuSpain sokuti rudzi chaizvo mupfungwa pamwe chisimba nevakwegura, unhu.

Zvisinei, vanhu vaigara Europe, vane akapfuma chaizvo uye kunzwisisa nhoroondo, iyo akasiya yakadzika zvakakanganwika upenyu tsika dzavo uye nzira youpenyu. Somuenzaniso, chokwadi kuti Britain vaiona homebody (saka achiti "imba yangu - nhare yangu") Chokwadi, ane nhoroondo midzi. Apo munyika hasha internecine hondo, sezviri pachena, uye iumbe pfungwa wakakombwa kana Castle naishe achachengetwa. The Chirungu Somuenzaniso, pane imwe tsika anonakidza iyo yakatanga kuMiddle Ages: mubishi sarudzo dzeparamende yakahwina bidder chete kurwisa nzira yake kunzvimbo yake, iyo rudzi nezve nguva apo paiva zvinovava kurwisa yeparamende. Uyewo, saka kure zvichengetwe tsika kugara pachigaro muhombodo namakushe, sezvo riri Whitehead Textile indasitiri akapa zvakasimbisa kukurumidza kukura capitalism ari XVI remakore.

The French achiri vakachengetedzwa tsika kuedza kunan'anura zvavo zvitupa kunonyanya kuratidza. Izvi imhaka nhoroondo yavo yakaoma, kunyanya kana inobatana XVIII remakore, apo nyika akambosanganawo chimurenga, ari Napoleonic hondo. Panguva zviitiko izvi, vanhu kunyanya zvikuru vainzwa zvavo zvitupa. Okuti yokudada kuti nyika yavo uye-refu amire netsika French, izvo zvinoratidzwa Somuenzaniso, chokupika "La Marseillaise" mumazuva edu.

uwandu hwevanhu

Mubvunzo chii marudzi vagere Europe, zvakaoma chaizvo, kunyanya tichiona kugadzikana dzinotsanagura vaitamira mumakore achangodarika. Saka, chikamu ichi zvinofanira kungoitirwa chete duku muchidimbu pamusoro penyaya. Paaitsanangura mapoka mutauro zvakatoparara kutaurwa pamusoro madzinza kuti kugarwa yacho. Pano zvakafanira kuziva zvishoma zvinhu. Europe rava munhandare pakati ari Kutama Great mukuvamba Middle Ages. Naizvozvo madzinza Zvinoumba ayo chaizvo variegated. Mukuwedzera, panguva atozvipira akanga hunodzorwa navaArabhu vokuTurkey, akasiya pavaida. Zvisinei, zvichiri zvakakodzera kuti ataure mazita avanhu Europe kubva kumavirira kusvikira kumabvazuva (mu dzino dzakarongwa chete remasangano rwacho): Spanish, Portuguese, French, kuItaly, Romanians, vanhu vokuGermany, Air madzinza, Slavs (Belarusians, Ukrainians, Poles, vokuCroatia, vokuSerbia , vokuSlovenia, Czechs, Slovaks, vaBulgaria, Russian nevamwe). Panguva ino, nyaya vaitamira pezvakaitwa kunonyanya chakasimba munguva vakavhundutsira kuchinja dzinza map Europe. Uyezve, dzinotsanagura dzinoitwa pose uye akazaruka miganhu pangozi usapfuura madzinza mundima. mubvunzo uyu ava mumwe anokosha munyika zvematongerwo enyika, saka mune dzimwe nyika, mumwe kuitika kuchengetedza mumarudzi ose netsika voga.