Paitonga Nicholas 2. Nicholas II: Biography, zvematongerwo enyika

2 Nikolai Alexandrovich (May 6, 1868 - July 17, 1918) - wokupedzisira Russian pamambo, uyo akatonga kubva muna 1894 kusvika 1917, mwanakomana mukuru Alexander 3, uye Maria Feodorovna, aiva honorary nhengo St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. MuSoviet historiographical tsika epithet rakapiwa kwaari "Bloody." Upenyu 2 Nicholas uye kwake vanorondedzerwa munyaya ino.

Kutonga yezviri Nicholas 2

Panguva yaitonga Nicholas 2 raishanda zvoupfumi weRussia. Panguva changamire nyika nayo vakarasikirwa muhondo Russian-Japanese pamusoro 1904-1905., Ndoupi mumwe zvinokonzera Revolutionary zviitiko 1905-1907., Kunyanya kuitwa pakati Manifesto yaOctober 17, 1905, maererano iyo aibvumirwa pakusika siyana mapato, uyewo akaumba State Duma. On chete Manifesto kwakatangwa agrarian kuchinja Stolypin. Muna 1907, Russia akava nhengo Entente nechivako waro rinobatanidzwa World War First. Muna August 1915, Nicholas Romanov 2 anova mukuru wavarwi. Panguva iyo February Revolution pamusoro March 2, 1917 mambo abdicated. Iye nemhuri yake yose vakaurayiwa. Chechi yeOrthodox yomuRussia somusande navo 2000.

Childhood, makore okutanga

Apo Nikolai Alexandrovich aiva nemakore 8 okuberekwa, akatanga dzidzo yake pamba. Chirongwa zvaisanganisira vakawanda dzidzo makosi zvisingaperi makore masere. Zvino - mararamiro Yepamusoro Sciences kwemakore mashanu. Hwaro chepurogiramu kuisa chikoro chekare. Asi pachinzvimbo Greek uye Latin ramangwana mambo Inoziva bhotani, mineralogy, anatomi, zvemhuka uye physiology. Advanced kosi vaiva Russian mabhuku, nhoroondo uye mitauro yokumwe. Uyezve, chirongwa dzidzo yepamusoro raisanganisira kudzidza mutemo, zvoupfumi uye zvehondo (policies, mutemo, basa General Staff, jogirafi). Nikolai 2 akanga aidaro fence, vaulting, mumhanzi, kupenda. 3 Alexander wake Maria Fedorovna pachavo akasarudza neramangwana mambo zvevapi vamazano uye vadzidzisi. Pakati pavo paiva muchiuto uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende, masayendisiti: N. H. Bunge, K. P. Pobedonostsev, NN Obruchev, MI Dragomirov, N. K. Girs, AR Drenteln.

Early basa

Kubvira pauduku, ramangwana Emperor Nicholas 2 aifarira zvehondo: zvakakwana vaiziva mitemo zvechiuto uye tsika pakati navatariri navarwi havana kudzivisa kuziva pachavo zvavo chipangamazano anorichengeta, nyore kutakura kumusasa anofambisa uye mari kuzvuzvungudza wehondo upenyu.

Pakarepo pashure pokuberekwa, ramangwana changamire wakanyorwa inoverengeka Guards regiments, uye akaita mutungamiri 65th Infantry chemazana chehondo kuMoscow. Pazera makore mashanu, Nicholas 2 (musi bhodhi -. Makore 1894-1917) akagadzwa wehondo Life Guards Reserve chemazana chehondo, uye gare gare, muna 1875, ari Erivan chemazana chehondo. Yokutanga muchiuto chinzvimbo (refutenendi), ramangwana mambo akanga ari December 1875, uye muna 1880 akanga akaita refutenendi wechipiri, uye makore mana gare gare - kuti refutenendi.

Nokuti basa rechiuto, Nikolai 2 akasvika 1884, uye kubva July 1887 akashanda ari Preobrazhensky hondo uye vakasvika chinzvimbo mukuru. Akava mukuru muna 1891, uye papera gore - munhu konoro.

Pakutanga ushe

Akafa mushure pokurwara kwenguva refu, Alexander 1, 2 uye Nicholas pazuva iroro vakagamuchira bhodhi muMoscow pazera 26, October 20, 1894.

Panguva kugadza yake yebasa mhemberero May 18, 1896 kwave zviitiko zvinoshamisa muna Khodynka mumunda. Nemhirizhonga zvakaitika kwakanga kwatangwa mumhirizhonga vakaurayiwa uye kukakuvadza zviuru zvevanhu.

Khodynka asina aiendeswa paruzhinji mitambo, sezvo iri kudzidzisa umbowo navarwi, uye saka akanga neblagoustroeno. Right pedyo munda waiva mumupata, uye ihwo akanga akafukidzwa vakawanda maburi. Pachiitiko mhemberero yegomba uye goronga akafukidzwa namapuranga uye yakafukidzwa nejecha, uye pfekai mukomberedzo pakati zvitoro, matumba, nematanga emapoka pakupa vakasununguka vodka uye zvigadzirwa. vanhu kana vanokwezvwa nezvorunyerekupe pamusoro kugovera mari uye nezvipo, isu vakamhanyira zvivako yakadhirika shop, anofukidza gomba, uye vanhu vakawa, asina kumira; vakanga kare vakatiza vazhinji. Mapurisa, yakatsvairwa kure neboka chinozunguzirwa, kugona kuita chinhu. Chete pashure vavabatsire asvika, vazhinji zvishoma vakaparadzirwa, tichisiya nzvimbo muviri mangled ndokutsika vanhu.

makore rokutanga rokutonga

Mumakore rokutonga Nicholas 2 vakawanda Verenga vemo uye mari kuchinja mangwanani akanga akatakurwa kunze. Russia paitonga mambo uyu akava agrarian-maindasitiri Hurumende: kuvaka railroads, maguta akakura, paiva maindasitiri mabhizimisi. The Emperor akatora zvisarudzo zvainanga zveupfumi mazuvaano weRussia: ari Ruble goridhe mari wakatangwa, mitemo kanoverengeka inishuwarenzi vashandi ', akaita agrarian zvinhu Stolypin, mitemo zvitendero uye inoshanda dzidzo yepuraimari.

chikuru zviitiko

Paitonga Nicholas 2 vakanga kwakaratidzwa yakasimba kusembura upenyu enyika kweRussia, uyewo akaoma yokumwe mitemo ezvinhu (zviitiko hondo 1904-1905 Russian-Japanese, kuti 1905-1907 yechimurenga munyika yedu, World War Rokutanga, uye muna 1917 - February Revolution) .

Russian-Japanese War, iyo yakatanga muna 1904, kunyange zvazvo asina kwakakanganisa zvikuru kunyika, asi yekudyidzana akazunungusa simba amambo. Mushure dzakawanda shure uye Kurasikirwa mu Hondo Tsushima muna 1905 kwakaguma ane unorema kukundwa yeRussian rengarava.

Revolution pamusoro 1905-1907.

January 9th, 1905 chimurenga yakatanga, kuti musi unonzi Bloody Svondo. Mauto Hurumende akapfura kuratidzwa vashandi, sangano, sezvinofungwa nevakawanda vakatenda, Georgiem Gaponom, ari mupristi mukuru kupfuura nemunyika mujeri St. Petersburg. Somugumisiro pakati kungopfura vakauraya vanopfuura chiuru demonstrators akatora rutivi kufamba rugare kuna Winter Palace kuzviisa pasi chikumbiro kuna mambo pamusoro zvinodiwa vashandi.

Pashure paizvozvo, kumukirawo vakapararira kune mamwe maguta akawanda Russian. Armed zviito zvaiva Navy uye Army. Saka, June 14, 1905 vafambisi vengarava akabata yehondo "Potemkin", akaendeswa Odessa, apo panguva iyoyo aiva mukuru ranwa. Zvisinei, vafambisi haana angatsunga kuenda pamhenderekedzo yokutsigira vashandi. "Potemkin" akaenda Romania uye vakazvipira kune masimba. Zvakawanda zvesimba zvakamanikidza mambo nemasaini Manifesto 17 October 1905 gore iye akapa vagari dzokunamata takasununguka.

Kwete kuva muvandudzi pachisikigo, mambo akamanikidzwa dzika kuchinja kuti murege zvaidiwa machiri. Aidavira kuti nguva hazvisi zvaibva kuti rusununguko rwokutaura Russia, bumbiro, nokudenga suffrage. Asi Nicholas 2 (mapikicha iyo chinopiwa munyaya) aitofanira nemasaini Manifesto yaOctober 17, 1905, zvakatanga kushingaira sezvo pasocial sangano rinochinja enyika.

Pokugadzwa State Duma

Manifesto wamambo muna 1906, State Duma yakatangwa. Munhoroondo Russia, chokutanga pamambo akatanga kutonga pamberi mumiririri akasarudzwa muviri vemo. Kureva, Russia iri zvishoma nezvishoma kuva yepamutemo umambo. Zvisinei, pasinei kuchinja izvi, Kesari paitonga Nicholas 2 akanga achiri masimba makuru: akabudisa muchimiro mitemo chirevo, anogadza vashumiri uye wehurumende, kuzvidavirira kwaari chete, aiva musoro roruvanze, hondo uye aiva musande aive weChechi, rinorondedzerwa vavatorwa negwaro nzira nyika yedu.

The yaifamba 1905-1907 yokutanga yakaratidza yakadzika dambudziko raivapo panguva iyoyo iri Russian mamiriro.

Nicholas 2 Unhu

Kubva pfungwa nemaonero vaairarama, unhu hwake, chikuru hunhu husina, uye zvaasingagoni vakanga nani zvakawanda uye akaita dzimwe nguva nharo. Maererano vazhinji vavo, Nicholas 2 Paaiita zvinokosha zvakadai zviri sokusava nesimba. Zvisinei, pane uchapupu hwakakwana kuti Kesari strived ezvidzidzo pfungwa dzavo uye matanho, dzimwe nguva pfupi asati kusindimara (kamwe chete, panguva kusaina kuti Manifesto yaOctober 17, 1905, akamanikidzwa kubvuma yomumwe vachatitaka).

Kusiyana nababa vake, Alexander 3, Nicholas 2 (pikicha pake, ona pazasi) haana kusika pfungwa ine simba unhu. Zvisinei, maererano kuvhara shamwari naye vanhu akanga akasiyana akadzikama, dzimwe nguva akadudzira sezvo hanya zvichaitirwa vanhu uye nyika (somuenzaniso, pamwe equanimity, unorova Changamire zvakatipoteredza, akasangana nhau kuwa Port Arthur uye kukundwa kweuto Russian Munyika Vokutanga hondo).

Vaiita paruzhinji zvinoitika, chevaux Nicholas 2 akaratidza "kushingaira unoshamisa", uyewo kuchengetwa uye kururama (saka kumbova oga munyori, uye vose anodhinda pamusoro tsamba akaisa kwake ruoko). Kunyange zvazvo vakawanda huru simba utariri achiri "unorema" kwaari. Maererano vomuzuva, Czar Nicholas akanga 2 akaoma musoro ndangariro, zvatinoona uye nokuwadzana aiva neushamwari, aizvininipisa uye anenge munhu. Vazhinji vose aikoshesa apo tsika dzavo, runyararo, utano, uye zvikurukuru zvakanaka mhuri yake.

2 Nicholas uye mhuri yake

Kuriritira mhuri yake vakashumira mambo. Alexandra haana chete nomudzimai wake asiwo ari gurukota, shamwari kwaari. Muchato wavo yakaitwa November 14, 1894. Interests, pfungwa uye tsika vawanani vasingawanzotauri -enderana, kunonyanya kukonzerwa netsika, nokuti Empress raiva muchindakadzi wokuGermany. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kutadzisa chibvumirano mhuri. Vaviri ava vakava nevana vashanu: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia uye Alexei.

roumambo mutambo mhuri yakanga anokonzerwa nechirwere Alexei, uyo airwara hemophilia (incoagulability ropa). Ihosha ichi chinokonzera yamambo imba Grigoriya Rasputina, inozivikanwa kuti chipo chokuporesa zvakaoneswa. Kazhinji akabatsira Alexei kutsungirira tichibatwa chirwere.

The War World First

1914 aiva pakachinja nhamo Nicholas 2. Ndicho apo Hondo Yenyika Wokutanga. The Emperor aisada hondo iyi, kuedza kusvikira yokupedzisira kudzivisa kuranyutsa. Asi musi July 19 (August 1) 1914 Germany achiri yakasarudza kuenda hondo Russia.

Muna August 1915, kwakaratidzwa mutsara nemhinganidzo nemauto, Nicholas 2, nyaya Board iri kare pedyo okupedzisira, iye akafunga basa mukuru mukuru wehondo Russian. Akanga kutanga basa Duke Nicholas (mudiki). Kubvira ipapo Sire neapo chete akashanyira guta yakawanda nguva Mogilev High mwero Chief.

The War World First akasimbisa dzakawanda zvinetso Russia. Huru muparanzvongo maronda uye kuramba tichishanda danidziro akaonekwa namambo uye ake boka racho. The maonero aiva kuti "nestles ndamukirwa" iri hurumende yeRussia. The murayiro uto munyika inotungamirirwa mambo pakutanga 1917 akasika zano kuti vakawanda tsamwisa hwaakange muzhizha 1917 zvakanzi akaronga kupedza pavanotaurirana.

Renunciation Nicholas 2

Zvisinei, pakupera February gore rino, nenyonganiso yakatanga muna Petrograd, iyo, nokuda kusavapo kushora nezviremera simba, vachikwegura mazuva mashoma vakawanda enyika mienzanisiro mambo imba youmambo uye hurumende. First Nikolai 2 aronga nesimba kuti vawane muguta guru, asi, ndaziva rapanzvimbo Kuratidzira wechokwadi, akapa zano iri, achitya mberi ropa kuti zvinogona kukonzera. Vamwe vakuru vakuru, vezvematongerwe enyika uye nhengo wamambo boka racho vakamukurudzira kuti kudzvinyirira nokusagadzikana zvakakodzera kuchinja hurumende, ari abdication pakati Nicholas 2 kubva pachigaro.

Pashure inorwadza zvichiratidza March 2, 1917 muPskov, panguva rwendo kune paakaenda chitima, Nicholas 2 akasarudza nemasaini kuita abdication kubva pachigaro, kusvikira Board, munun'una wake, Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. Zvisinei, akaramba kugamuchira korona. Renunciation Nicholas 2 Saka kwaireva kuguma hwedzinza.

Yokupedzisira mwedzi upenyu

2 Nicholas nemhuri yake takasungwa musi March 9 iroro. First mwedzi mishanu vari Tsarskoye tiiviste, pasi kudzivirira, uye muna August 1917 vakatumirwa kuna Tobolsk. Zvadaro, muna April 1918, ivo Bolsheviks vakatama Nicholas uye mhuri yake Ekaterinburg. Pano, pausiku July 17, 1918, pakati peguta, muimba yepasi iri Ipatiev imba, apo vasungwa vakanga vari mutirongo, Kesari Nicholas 2, ake nevana vashanu, mudzimai uye dzimwe shamwari dzepedyo mambo, kusanganisira chiremba mhuri Botkin navaranda, pasina muripo kana kutongwa vakapfurwa. vanhu gumi neimwe vakaurayiwa.

Muna 2000, kubudikidza Mutongo Church 2 Nikolay Romanov nemhuri yake vakanga somusande, uye panzvimbo yeimba Ipatiev payakavakwa chechi yeOrthodox.