Optical girazi aine convex-concave hukawanika: gadzira, kushandiswa. Gogorosi, kukudza girazi

Optical girazi - iri dzakagadzirirwa segirazi rinoonekera, iro rinoshandiswa sezvo pagondobwe Manyiminya mano. Zvakasiyana zvatinosiita kuchena uye pachena, zvakafanana uye Hauoneki. It zvachose zvokugoverwa akapararira uye refractive simba. Compliance nezvinodiwa zvakadai kunowedzera kunzwisisa uye mari inoshandiswa.

nyaya

Unogona kuwana mienzaniso yakawanda mudzimba kushandisa lenses, akadai rinokudza girazi - vanhuwo rinokudza girazi - zvinobatsira kuumba duku fungidziro kubva zvake akangwara dzorunhare, asi Manyiminya magirazi akanga asina kudaro kare.

The lenses vave kuzivikanwa kubva kare, asi chokutanga kuedza chakakomba kusika munhu hwindo kuti akafanana akashandiswa vemazuva mano, anogona kunzi kune XVII remakore. Nokudaro, German kemisiti Kunkel muna mumwe mabasa ake anotaurwa phosphoric asidhi uye boric asidhi ari chikamu girazi. Akataurawo borosilicate korona, riri pedyo zvimwe ano zvinhu sezvamunoita. Izvi zvinogona kunzi wokutanga kubudirira Zvakaitika gadzira regirazi, vane zvimwe zvivako Manyiminya uye nedhigirii mumuviri uye makemikari homogeneity yakakwana.

In indasitiri

ZvaAtemisi Manyiminya magirazi pamusoro muindasitiri pamwero rakatanga kumavambo XIX remakore. Swiss Gian pachiimbwa Fraunhofer chinotaurwa pana imwe mafekitari muna Bavaria nekaupenyu kugadzikana nzira hwokubereka rinoonekera kwakadaro. Kubudirira kugamuchirwa akanga uchanyauka nokusanganisa kushandisa raundi inofamba vertically achinyatsotaurira nevhu girazi netsvimbo. Somugumisiro, zvaibvira kuwana Manyiminya Girazi inogutsa quality, aine dhayamita 250 mm.

ano kugadzira

Mukugadzirwa mavara Manyiminya magirazi akashandisa chirungiso zvinhu nendarira, selenium, ndarama, sirivha nedzimwe simbi. Cooking kunobva batch mangé. Zvinonzi dzakatakura kupinda fireproof hari, izvo zvinozoita anoiswa regirazi utsotso romoto. Mhosva sezvamunoita zvingasanganisira kusvika 40% kurenje girazi, rinokosha ndeyekuti murwiyo regirazi cullet uye kubika. Glass akanyauka panguva cooking akaramba akamutsa aine spatula akagadzirwa Ceramics kana Platinum. Saka kunoitwa munhu homogeneous mamiriro.

Nguva nenguva, asi uchanyangadika anoendeswa kuzotongwa, umo unhu rinodzorwa. Danho rinokosha riri kufashaira bleaching: mugirazi kubva clarifiers fuma pakutanga akawedzera kuti Zvinoumba vebasa, inotanga kusarudzwa wandei magasi. Unoumba guru matema kuti kumuka nokukurumidza, ichitora panguva imwecheteyo matema zviduku kunotozongoita kuumbwa panguva yokubikira rikurumidze.

Mukupedzisira, nehari dziri zvikaramba kubva pachoto uye ipapo inotonhodza nezvishoma. Kutonhora, anononoka anokosha nzira, anogona kugara kusvika namazuva masere. Inofanira kuva dzakafanana, kana anogona aumbwa mukanyiwa pamusoro zvemaziso kunetseka kuti anokonzera makatsemuka.

ehupfumi

Optical girazi - zvokunyama kuti pagadzirwe lenses. Ivowo, vakakamurwa mhando ari yakaungana uye muchiaparadzira. Akaunganidza rinoreva biconvex uye paneeli-convex izvo uye concave-convex, unobereka zita "zvakanaka meniscus".

The Manyiminya girazi rine nhamba hwounhu:

• refractive indekisi kunotemwa maviri spectral mitsetse, makatumidzwa yavaibvisa doublet;
• paavhareji makakava, iro rinorondedzerwa so musiyano pakati refractive indekisi tsvuku uye zvitema akarongwa chakarondedzera;
• vakapararira chikonzero - nhamba yakapiwa nhamba avhareji kupararira uye refractive indekisi.

Colored Manyiminya girazi rinoshandiswa kuti kugadzirwa Absorção de Água filters. Zvichienderana acho, pane mhando huru matatu Manyiminya muchionioni

• inorganic;
• Plexiglas (Organic);
• chicherwa uye Organic.

The Kuronga inorganic girazi zvinosanganisira oxides uye fluorides. Fused Manyiminya girazi rinorondedzerawo kune inorganic (kwemakemikari payakavakirwa Sio _2). Goldstone ane pasi refractive indekisi uye yakakwirira indekisi chiedza hutachiwana, izvozvo kunoratidzwa kuramba nokupisa. Wide pachena siyana zvinogona kushandiswa foni ano (internet optic wire, etc.), sezvo silicate girazi hunokosha ari zvaAtemisi Manyiminya lenses Somuenzaniso, kuti rinokudza girazi yacho Goldstone.

Pahwaro nesilicon

Transparent silica girazi ingava Manyiminya uye michina. Optical kugadzirwa nenzira kubvunda dombo rekristaro, chete saka kuwana zvakakwana homogeneous marongerwo. The opaque magirazi anokonzera noruvara duku gasi matema mukati mashoko.

Kuwedzera silica girazi yakabereka pamusoro nesilicon nechigadziko uye vanonzi nesilicon girazi, iyo, pasinei akafanana nechimwe ane zvakasiyana Manyiminya ehupfumi. The nesilicon zvinhu zvinogona diffract maekisirei uye michini nemwaranzi kupfuura.

plexiglass

Vanonzi acrylic girazi chakavakirwa chakaita zvokugadzirwa polymer zvinhu. Ichi yakajeka uye yakasimba acho ane thermoplastic uye rinowanzoshandiswa senzira wokutsiva Goldstone girazi. Plexiglas husingakwanisi zvezvakatipoteredza zvinhu zvakadai mwando tembiricha yakaderera, asi zviri manyoro zvikuru uye saka vade kuita zvokuimba kushushikana. Nokuda softness pakati Organic Manyiminya negirazi chete kubudiswa - zvinogona 'kutora "kunyange nyore maturusi kuti achicheka simbi.

Izvi zvinhu zviri zvakakwana yakakodzera Laser kurapwa, zviri nyore kushandisa muenzaniso kana achiita zvokutemera. Somunhu gogorosi, iye zvakakwana kunoratidza michini mwaranzi asi transmits ultraviolet chiedza uye X-ray.

kunyoresa

Optical girazi ndiyo yainyanya kushandiswa kugadzira lenses, izvo zvaizoitawo zvinoshandiswa dzakawanda Manyiminya gadziriro. Single yakaungana gogorosi yaishandiswa rinokudza girazi. Nzira lenses ndivo chikamu chinokosha zvikuru kana hurongwa hwakadai mabhainokura, scopes, mamaikorosikopu, theodolites, materesikopu, makamera uye midziyo.

Zvakafanana yakakosha Manyiminya girazi nezvinodiwa ophthalmology, nekuti pasina navo zvakaoma kana kuti zvisingaiti kuti aruramise zvikanganiso nokuona (myopia, astigmatism, hyperopia, kunetswa akkommodasie nezvimwe zvirwere). Eyeglass pamwe diopters zvinogona kuitwa kana kubva Goldstone girazi, uye yepamusoro epurasitiki.

asitironomi

Optical magirazi zvinokosha uye zvikuru kudhura chezvinonhuwira chero teresikopu. Fans zhinji pachavo unganidza refractors, ichi zvinoda zvishoma, asi chinhu chinonyanya kukosha - paneeli girazi izvo.

Pakutanga rokupedzisira remakore kuti mumwe muchadenga lenses simba, uye kutaura zvazviri yacho yakakweshwa, zvinogona kutora makore akawanda. Somuenzaniso, muna 1982, kusvika shoroma Charles Yerkes akashandura musoro University of Chicago Vilyam Harper kukumbira mari Observatory. Yerkes isa vanenge zvitatu namazana zvamadhora mariri, uye zviuru makumi mana wakange apedzera pamusoro kutenga lenses rinonyanya simba panguva yacho teresikopu panyika. Observatory ainzi mushure financier Yerkes, uye saka kure ichi refractor izvo ane dhayamita 102 masendimita ichaongororwa makuru munyika.

Materesikopu huru dhayamita vari reflectors, pane chiedza-pakumora girazi maatomu akafanana.

Pane rumwe rudzi lenses inoshandiswa nezvenyeredzi, uye ophthalmology - magirazi pamwe convex-concave hukawanika, anonzi meniscus. Rinogona mhando mbiri: kuputsanya uye kuungana. Kuputsanya meniscus unopinza mugove mukobvu muzinda uye wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose ari kuunganidzwa chinhu chinokosha.