On kukosha nesayenzi, zviripo nemagariro mberi kusimukira, vakarongeka upfumi - zvose uye zvakasikwa basa nesayenzi uye okugadzira etc.

VA Pyatkin nokuparara

nhamo pamusoro. Nguva yasvika

nguva kufungisisa pfungwa.

S. A., munyori.

FROM THE AUTHOR

The kuvakwa XX remakore rakanga kuparadzwa USSR - mamiriro yose yakati sandara pakati vatungamiriri yesayenzi uye michina mberi. Rakaparadzwa ane simba maindasitiri chawo kukura, pamwe nayo uye zvakasikwa - okusika zvesayenzi uye nevakangwara zvinhu zvevanhu uye voruzhinji mabasa evanhu. Makore makumi maviri apfuura National njodzi - tsaona avanhu Russia uye yaimbova Soviet Union.

A yenyika pfuma nokuda basa kwezvizvarwa zvizhinji uye pfungwa akatendeuka - akabata zvinhu rakamanikana pedenderedzwa vanhu, uyewo nenyika mbishi zvinhu. Yakava hwaro zvose upfumi ekisipoti-zvekuvaka anotsanangura, umo hapana kusimudza uye nyika kukura - chete vapfume uye vapfume chete. Rudzi hachisisina tsika mabasa mune zvesayenzi, magadzirirwo uye ouinjiniya kuitika mune indasitiri.

Muinonzi zvokuvandudza, kwemakore makumi maviri haana kuitika uye kugona kuitika chinhu chinokosha kuti pave ane nyatsoshanda upfumi. Mariri nesimba chete zvido guru varidzi artificially kusikwa, chido risina parinogumira upfumi. Izvi inotsanangura akoromoke - rakadzika stratification nokuwedzera paruzhinji-evanhu mabhora.

Nei izvozvo? Mubvunzo achimirira vaongorori chinangwa. Achaita dzinopikisana ukama munzanga, uye kupfuura zvose - nemhaka yokushayiwa kunzwisisa kunobva kunyatsoshanda okukura, nyaya iyi yava kukamura uchishandisa chaizvo, zvakaoma - National.

Yanhasi Russia - nyika hombe varidzi uye makambani kuti vakatsunga kushandisa upfumi uye mumaindasitiri negwaro. Ndiwo mutemo nehana chitange National mberi mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira uye negation kwayo sezvo basa. Makore makumi maviri vakanga zvitungamirire chete dzidziso iyi substantially ikure Vhoriyamu chinhu upfumi uye tarira sezvinoita kwekanguva mushandi basa kuti anoreva nhema zvivako maindasitiri.

Russia - nyika isina zvinangwa uye pfungwa. The Soviet Union yakanga chinangwa - gutsaruzhinji uye pfungwa - zvesainzi, hwokugadzira uye zvemagariro mberi pakati pehurumende - National kukura. (Negative basa reDare inflated pfungwa komiyunizimu). Kuchinjwa Russia. Anogona munhu zita zvimwe zvinangwa zviri kuisa? Zvisinei, mumwe chete pane "kupfuma pfuma." Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, zvapararira zvose uye vose, kubva kumusoro kusvikira pasi - dzesangano, bhizimisi, Pop netsika, nezvimwewo, chero basa vanhu uye rose upenyu evanhu ..

Rondedzero rinonzi "The Rise uye Kupunzika." Mushure 2nd World War, Soviet Union pakati mberi munyika kutungamirira mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira - simba guru. Izvi zvakanga yakafanira kubvisa kubva shure agrarian NTP vasina kuRussia simba nemasimba maindasitiri, pokukundwa Hitler fascism, pamwe yepamusoro European maindasitiri chawo ... The Kukundwa Russia kwaifanira kuchinja enyika vasinganyatsooni pfungwa dzavo zvakakonzera kuparadzwa nesayenzi, nyanzvi uye vashandi uye maindasitiri mabhora.

kukurukura kwedu pamusoro kukosha nesayenzi uye michina mberi kusimukira, vakarongeka upfumi - zvose uye zvakasikwa basa nesayenzi uye okugadzira basa, zvikurukuru magadzirirwo. The Company hwakundikana kunyange kunzwisisa basa iri. Akaparadza engineering, dzidzo, maindasitiri uye jira munzanga. Paiva kuchinja nezvizvarwa. In upenyu paruzhinji vakabatana vechidiki kure zvesayenzi uye michina basa.

Izvi rondedzero achizvidzivirira engineering kwesayenzi uye injiniya basa, izvo chokuita kwemasikati-up of tsika minda National basa. It vaiona vanenge makumi maviri yakasiyana which kushandiswazve zvimwe zvinhu. Iyi haisi uchidzokorora akanyorwa uye akasiyana maonero tarirai dambudziko.

Rondedzero akatarisa okusika vechidiki. Ndinoda kutenda kuti zviri isingambokwanisi rusaruro, anowana kunzwisisa kwayo yose uye yakarurama nemunhu.

Kumuka nokuwa Trends

RINOKOSHA UTSUNGIRIRE kukura

Remakore rapfuura - nguva huru kusagadzikana, shanduko uye kuparadzwa, kubudirira uye hwakanyanya makata; Kaleidoscope vatungamiriri uye mamaneja - akasimba, vakakurumbira uye simba kwazvo, seasingakoshi, asi kuda chinzvimbo, pamwe Zvinotaurwa exclusivity. Dzidziso nguva, zvakare vakanyarara kubva nechigadziko - social kugadzira, akamutsa kumusoro zvinodiwa vanhu uye zvido, anoparadza chero dzidziso uye tsika. Time incredible zvigadzirwa, anoparadza chokwadi uye kuremadza pfungwa dzevanhu. Ndiro zvidzidzo zvinovava munhoroondo uye kudzokorora zvikanganiso chawakadzidza chinhu.

Events 90 makore hunotevedzana zvinoda kunzwisisa uye kuonga zvose. Chii chakaitika? Zvakanga zvakakodzera? Chii Russian capitalism? Nei izvi nenzira uye kwete zvimwe? Kwete sezvakavimbiswa policies, sezvo vazhinji vaitarisira. Zvichienderana chii yezwi upfumi? Ndezvipi kutyaira mauto? "Chizvarwa wose anoda tinyatsonzwisisa zvakaitika. Tinodzivisa akatendeseka kupima. " (Granin)

Nhasi zvakaoma chaizvo kutaura kuvanhu vakasiyana zvido, zviito uye zvizvarwa kuwana vamwe kunzwisisa inokosha kunzwisisa nhoroondo, magariro uye omunyika zvido. pfungwa ipi, kunyanya kana totaura Soviet kumwedzi, zvino rinosiyaniswa chimwe - zvikuru akatarisana. Pfungwa zvinodiwa nenyika - yakanyangarika zvachose, kuti sarura. Vamwe, vashoma, nechido kutaura chiitiko, mumwe - zvakasiyana zvakanyanyisa. Hapana bhuku pfungwa, zviremera, hapana kazhinji akagamuchira chinhu.

Nokuti kunzwisisa zvose zvakafanira kuziva huwandu zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu mberi munguva pasi review, mwero iri pakutsvaga upfumi uye nzanga. Kusvikira vatungamiri zvinogadzirisa kundosangana yenyika zvido uye kana dzidziso yakadaro. ruzivo urwu chete rinopindura mibvunzo yose.

Kuti tinzwisise izvi zvinoda kuziva nhoroondo yenyika Stp. Just kuti nhasi ari kuteerera, glossed pamusoro sezvo kukodzera hanya uye kudzidza. Tinoda nechiyero nhamba - urongwa, zviito sarudzo anotyisa. Ndiye mumwe, chete, mumwe wacho asingadi uye haagoni kuva. Ko basa kana zvido. chokuratidza ichi - the chinotibatsira zvakapfuura mazano yezvakaitika, mutemo nezvisarudzo - zvose. haanganonokeri chete chakaipa.

Makore achangopfuura, vazhinji dzinonetsa, akataurirwa kare, akazivisa vashandi tsika. Izvi hazvisi mhembwewo "mubato." Vakanga hunodzorwa nezvido weumwe chikamu vanhu, kunyimwa kuitwa nenheyo. Artists, vanyori, uye asinganzwisisi nheyo kwenzanga anotorwa kutonga evanhu mananara uye nhoroondo urongwa, intrusive chimiro ruzhinji kuziva. Izvi zvinoitwa voga kubva nguva, pasi rose kukura. Zvizhinji idealized, kuteerera, mwero. Ashatirwa uye categorical aplomb akaita yakakanganiswa mashoko. izvi zvose Inovhiringidza vanhu mutezo pakunzwisisa nhoroondo zvikanganiso uye nyika zvido.

Moscow nevakangwara yeChina, umo yakauya muinonzi zvokuvandudza, zvikuru-siyana mune maonero avo uye nokunzwisisa. Iye anoyeuchidza vavaki reBhabheri. Zvinonzi anozivikanwa sei ndokuguma ... Kunoshamisa kunofadza zvavakaita uye kunyadziswa renyika: "Democracy, rusununguko uye kururamisira", "No rudzi munyika zvikuru uzvidzwe", "Russia - a mbishi zvinhu manda, anofanira pakupedzisira kusiya nzira Powers Great", " Sale yeRussian Empire "(chii chizaruro!), nezvimwewo, etc. ...

heroine Mumwe Chekhov raMwari, kazhinji kuteerera mibvunzo vakadzidza pamusoro perennial dambudziko Russian, yakati: "Ndinofunga pane mhinduro, iyo zvakare huchabvisa zvose mibvunzo yenyu ..." Izvi pfungwa nokudenga, chete nyika, uyo refu akarasika vakadzidza uye iyo inokwanisa zvinetso zvose. Pfungwa iyi - kukura National mberi mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira. Zvinoshamisa, zvose nhoroondo yedu akasungirirwa pfungwa iyi! We tsikwa chii dzika uye chivimbo vakanga akamwisa kare madhaka pamusoro chinhu pasina kufunga.

Scientific uye kwesayenzi mberi, zvemagariro kugadzirwa - hwaro simba zvoupfumi uye zvakanaka wenyika, vanhu, zvinhu inoshanda kukura uye kubudirira. Zvinosuruvarisa ichi rava chokwadi zvifakazira (sezvo zvinoitika raiva) Huh vanochinja. Kunyanya nokuti Moscow intelligentsia, izvo anoti vadzidzisi kunamata uye tsika. Zvakajairika uye rakadzika simbi kurasika.

Domestic NTP - nyika-kirasi vzdot munzvimbo dzakawanda uye fronts zhinji. Mumakore 50 Soviet Union akagashira kuzivikanwa zviri Great Masimba. Izvi zvakanga achinyanya nokuda mukuru professionalism - dzidzo remasayendisiti uye mainjiniya. Tinoisa yakawanda nezvinangwa uye akaisa mberi unhu anokwanisa kugadzirisa pavo, izvo zvakasikwa zvikuru nyanzvi chikwata uye akakwana unyanzvi. New matambudziko kujairika akanga chakagadziriswa nemhaka kuvafarira uye yakakwirira-kunokanganisa vanhu, njere dzavo, tarenda, unyanzvi anouya musoro. In zvakasiyana nguva zvakazozivikanwa kunoshamisa kubudirira.

Ndezvipi kwakatangira kwemaindasitiri kubudirira? Nei tichikwanisa kukunda muHondo Yenyika II? Pakudaro chinozoiswa kuzadzisa nyika-kirasi? Sei isu achiripo hondo chando? ... Nei asipo chinhu nyatsoshanda upfumi? Nei vose pezvakaitwa vari azadzwa shata expansions? Izvi uye nemimwe mibvunzo yakawanda mune mhinduro imwe: vari kwakavakirwa zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu mberi, kana - havana nheyo iyi. Izvi chinokosha kukura zvinobudirira upfumi rwacho.

No vanofanira kureva vatungamiri mienzaniso. ruzivo yedu pachedu, kuzivikanwa netsika dzakawanda. Mumakore 50 chiitiko ichi chaiva nhangaruvanze kuwedzera dzidzo US zvesainzi, uye paumbwe vashandi nyanzvi Japan. Chinese nyanzvi pakugona manyorerwo uye zvesayenzi hwaro Soviet kukura (vakanga zvitange uye magadzirirwo mapepa, kunyanya nokuti ndege kuvaka, chitundumuseremusere). Scientific uye hwokugadzira mabhuku ikazobudiswazve Chinese.

Makore makumi maviri muRussia uchapupu ichi zvose munhoroondo, nemaune kuparadzwa sezvo asingabatsiri kwavari, vanochinja kusingachakosheswi yokukanganwa. Ndicho kurambwa yakadaro zvevhiki kuti akamedura yakaumbwa mumakore National pfungwa.

Ndeipi inokosha chinokonzera tsika? Izvi magadzirirwo uye magadzirirwo kukura uye mumaindasitiri kukura. Munzira dzakawanda ichi kunotanga pakasikwa art. Kutanga zvokutsvakurudza kuvandudza, kugadzira kukura, magadzirirwo uye kugadzira michina mitsva. Kazhinji inobata uye kuyeuka makambani, kugadzira uye mapazi ... Zvose izvi akasika rakakura National munda basa revanhu, nokuti vazhinji yakava rutivi hwavo uye mabasa ounyanzvi.

NTP MHIRIZHONGA MUDZIMBA AND Engineering

Remakore rechimakumi maviri, kure shagnuvshy mberi mune zvokugadzira zvinhu mberi, ndiyo nhoroondo. Vanhu vava kuda kuchinja kuti chinhu qualitatively chitsva, chikuru. Asi makore anenge makumi matatu nesayenzi uye michina mberi nedoumiyu uye zvishoma vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende anoenda pasina uye kunze Russia ... Tine simba guru, aidhura yepamusorosoro zvirongwa. Munzira dzakawanda akatungamira nzira, akatambanudza uye vakaramba parity muchiuto bhora, iri kwandakaita simba uye simba dzakabudirira, chokutanga - the United States. We yakatowedzera uye akamutsa muzvigadzirwa pamwero wavo (kunyange ine lag). In zvose mirayiridzo nokusika vakatora zvesayenzi misimboti huchangotanga zvose maindasitiri munzvimbo. Uye zvinoshamisa.

Chakajeka uye kupfuura kare chinokosha nzendo National mberi mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira - akasikwa uye muhurukuro prewar nguva, uye bhizimisi uye pave Michina nyika-kirasi zvakaunzwa Kukunda Kukuru Patriotic War; ari yepashure pehondo -. zvisikwa uye pave renyukireya, chombo uye nzvimbo zvirongwa, itsva mitsetse Aerospace, shipbuilding, vanoverengeka namatavi zvokuimba engineering, zvemagetsi, simbi, kemisitiri, etc. Zvose izvi zvinoitwa-muimba zvakakwana voga (kwete mhosva yedu) hwenyika nyika .

Kutaura zvekare zvinokanganiswa uye kusakwana, ndinorova kwava kuti taisava uye haana kushanda (mu tichienzanisa West), mumwe arege kukanganwa kuti akanga kukwikwidzana (haringanzi atumidzwa reshiyo mauto) pamwe munyika yose upfumi, inova akaita vaumbe zvenyika nezvinhu - pakugadzira zvinhu, maindasitiri, zvesayenzi uye pfungwa. Ndizvo zvinhu yebudiriro ano. Ndivo kagumi anopfuura edu nokure. Nokuti ichi uye zvakawanda irreconcilably yaityisa nemafungiro kuti Soviet Union ane yakaoma zvoupfumi voga kubva West. Hongu, zvaiva kwedu - pevatongi, administrative-murayiro, kutonga pamusoro managerial careerism uye dilettantism, irrepressible miromo "ostepenennyh" uye caressed simba vakachenjera, uyo zvino sezvo zvakasimba vanoshora maperero azvakaita zvose kuparara uye kubvisa ... Kugovera ane chinangwa chaichoicho, mhosva ava sabatsira, asi kubudirira chaiko chinomiririra akasiyana, kunyange hakungagoni. Hapana mubvunzo kuti nyika kare pamwe kufarira achava kukwezva vatsvakurudzi sezvo chinangwa akarasika kwenzanga zvinoshamisa sezvo hwokugadzira uye magariro nokubudirira, uye ayo kuzvipokanidza.

Mugove mainjiniya Russian zvose kumarudzi dzakawira somunhu inopenya uye zvikurukuru kunoshamisa, kunyange zvinorwadza mugumo. Pakuyeuka nhoroondo akachengetedzwa kwokukunda budiriro munyika-kirasi - kusika zvemichina nani uye unmatched ivhu: Victory zvombo muHondo Yenyika II, uye ndege pashure uye zvinoita zvokukandwa uye nzvimbo ano, uye zvakawanda. Defense achiati dzinomirira chitsuwa engineering okugadzira zvinhu, kwaiva vanenge noruvazhe. Paunoverenga pamusoro zvinoshamisa nezvaanogona ari ndege, PO Dry, AI Mikoyan, helicopters, ML Mile N. Kamov, pane kunzwa kudada uye ichichiyemura. Chete munhu aiziva mifananidzo, chii nesimba zvikuru zvakaitwa. Defence indasitiri yave pasi chidzitiro pakavanda namano. SP Korolev achiitei chinzvimbo chinokosha paruzhinji. chitundumuseremusere yake, nzvimbo dzakanga chikamu mutemo - the dzidziso mukurumbira. Zvakanga zvisingaiti kuvanza. Mukupesana, mumabhuku aya, kunoshamisa kubudirira vakanga anounzwa nehurongwa kwemubairo. Ndezvokuti, vari vakawana pasinei dzinopikisana hurongwa, zvikurukuru nokuda titanic zvinoitwa masayendisiti, mainjiniya, uye SP Korolev.

Kurutivi, mune zvokuimba ouinjiniya Mazinga - maindasitiri orgy freaks, metal- uye kuvimbika. Sei zvemichina yedu haina kukwana? Hakusi tine mainjiniya benzi. Yakawandisa chirongwa akanga inopiwa kune vakuru madhipatimendi uye ideologues - idlers uye vanotaura, "theorists" mberi. Vakapa pave kwakapararira amateurism uye kusaziva, zvetsika, paunoti kunzwisisa basa mainjiniya sezvo creators muzvigadzirwa uye kwesayenzi uye zvekushandisa mberi, isu kutsiva ichi basa rokuriritira (mirairo - Itai), asi chaizvoizvo rusarura injiniya.

Nhasi, muitiro absurdities chete kunowedzera. Mitezo ndokuparadza indasitiri, kugadzira, zvesayenzi uye michina mabasa, upenyu kwenzanga. Scientific uye kwesayenzi mberi, zviitiko itsva - hwaro uchabudirira zvose. Zvinoita sokuti kuva chokwadi pachena, asi hapana munhu waizvinzwisisa. Uye zvinoshamisa. Events mumakore achangopfuura zvinoratidza kuti maererano kunzwisisa zvemichina uye mainjiniya ayo nokusika zvakaitika sixties uye nineties, uye chii chinoitika, hapana musiyano ... Half munzanga yedu ave achishingaira kushanda mafekitari. Mamiriyoni masayendisiti zvikuru vanokwanisa uye mainjiniya ari kupfuura yepamusorosoro nzvimbo vakauya munyika kuti vabudirire munyika yose. Vakanga vakagadzirira kupa ruzivo rwavo uye Zvakaitika nokubatanidzwazve. Panguva iyoyo vakanga varasikirwa nezvinhu zvose. Hapana aitarisira mumwe mugumisiro wakadaro. Production akanga arwara, vachikumbira kurapwa, uye ayo chete navakaurawa.

Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi ndiyo saka chinoramba chikuru chakavanzika, mhiri kunzwisisa nhau, zvakare fixated pamusoro udzvanyiriri, nharo pamusoro asiri aripo gutsaruzhinji, rusununguko, kururamisira, pamusoro idealizations, vakanyarara kubva chokwadi ... The vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika, iri kure