Oligopoly ari upfumi - chii ichi? Basa oligopolies ari ano Russian upfumi

Kazhinji capitalist nyika vanoonekwa ne oligopolistic musika ukama. Oligopoly ari upfumi - rudzi pakati pasi, vachibvumira rumwe rutivi, kudzora zvose Largest zvebhizimisi uye kutarisira, pane dzimwe - rokusika zvinhu mune ramangwana kupinda makwikwi kwezvakatipoteredza. Chero zvazvingava, musoro zvinokosha chaizvo kuti Russia, nokuti munyika nyaya yedu ongororo zviwande.

Chii chinonzi oligopoly

Ngatikurukurei muudzame musiyano kwakadai musika ukama rumwe. Oligopoly mune pamusika upfumi - nzvimbo misangano vashoma vaburitsi vatengi zhinji. Kazhinji, nhamba yemakambani hakuiti kupfuudza 10-12 dzakabatana. Most Sezvineiwo, pamusika oligopolistic vangava zvinhu zvose chindingindingi uye zvemakwikwi, zvichienderana maitiro waro chikuru kuvashanu.

Zvinofanira kunzwisiswa kuti kana mumusika pane mashoma zvikuru vatambi, vane mbiri chete yokutevedzera mufambiro: ari wokutanga Co-ishande uye kushanda pamwe kugadzirisa nyaya Pricing gwara, uye mumwe - kukwikwidza uye funga nemumwe vavengi akaipisisa. Muchiitiko chokutanga tiri kutaura "zvibvumirano muchivande", apo vatungamiriri vane kofi kana ari hwemvura mukamuri chete kubvumirana worudzii mhuka maitiro. Price hondo iri muenzaniso maitiro yechipiri hakuiti kuenda abatsire vagadziri, asi zvinoderedza mari inoshandiswa kana kuvandudza unhu kwayo chinokwezva itsva zvinogona vatengi.

Mamirire zviri oligopoly

Oligopoly ari upfumi ano vane yavo chaiyo zvinhu. Kune vashoma chete:

1. uwandu yokutungamirira mapoka pamusika. Kakawanda kutora pamusoro chete zvinoenderana, saka kuti simba ravo hazvigoni kunzi akachena chindingindingi.

2. Kana tichida kufunga girafu, kwokudiwa munyonga nerimwe boka nomumwe achava kudzikira hunhu, izvo munhu anogona kugumisa kuti kumusika hakusi makwikwi.

3. chikuru chinhu ndechokuti chero chinhu pamusoro chikamu chimwe Vagadziri haizorambi pasina pfungwa vakwikwidzi. Kana kunyange inokosha bato kurera mutengo vakwikwidzi ayo vachamanikidzwa kutora matanho zvakafanana kana kuti pave nekukurukurirana kudiwa zvigadzirwa zvavo. Panyaya iyi, kusiyana musika zvemakwikwi, mutengi maitiro zvakaoma kufungidzira. Oligopoly ari upfumi - nguva dzose ane kusunda kuvandudza kana kuderedza mutengo.

4. Kazhinji kwezvipimo zvigadzirwa anogadzirwa pamusika oligopolistic. Nokudaro, vaburitsi vachiri kutamba chete mutengo hondo, sezvo kuchinja unhu kana mhando mishonga havagoni. Panguva iyoyowo, imwe subtype - kusiyaniswa oligopoly (eg motokari indasitiri) - unokubvumira kuronga pamwero mukuru rudzi pakati yemakambani zvibereko nokuda mutengi aone.

5. Chero oligopoly inogona dzinoratidzwa kubudikidza chinoratidza wevasungwa. The yepamusoro indekisi, shoma makwikwi mumusika. Ngaaverenge mwero wevasungwa nokushandisa Herfindahl-Hirschman.

wokupinda inoratidza kumusika

The musika iyo pane vaburitsi huru shomanana, vechiduku Makambani kwakaoma chaizvo kupinda. Izvi hazvishamisi. Oligopoly ari Russian zvoupfumi chakasimbiswa yabatanidza chinzvimbo chavo, uye mazita avo aonekwa pose. Kazhinji, maindasitiri zvose zvinogona kunzi oligopolistic ndivo avo apo pane kupfuma, vepamusorosoro ano, pamwero mukuru michina.

Zviri pachena kuti vaduku kambani achava zvakaoma chaizvo kwete chete kutanga pokuvhiyiwa, nokuti zvinoda huru mubhizimisi, asi kuramba kushanda pane imwe makwikwi pamwero. Kana zita "Lukoil" pamiromo vose, zvakaoma kurova. Munyika tsika, pane vaviri chete mienzaniso abudirire Login kune oligopolistic pamusika kambani itsva. Ndiyo "Volkswagen" iri US uye AvtoVAZ muRussia. Zvino, yakanga chete mamiriro rutsigiro ezvinhu, saka kuti zvisingatomboiti makwikwi haisi kutaura.

The musika okuwana mafuta muRussia

Basa oligopolies ari ano upfumi Russia anonyatsorayiridzwa kurondwa nomuenzaniso musika mafuta. Ichi chimwe chezvinhu mienzaniso sei zvishoma vatambi hombe anogona kutevera mutemo "zvibvumirano pakavanda".

Chokutanga, funga zvinotaurwa zvakasimba kuoneka mune pamusika kupiwa uye izvo chidimbu inogarwa. Nokuti ichi tinoda zvinotevera nhamba.

Sezvinogona kuoneka kubva nhamba iyi, makambani Russian 11 chete kubudisa dzinenge 90% of mafuta. Mana dzavo mugove 60%. Ndivo vatambi pakukura, dictating mamiriro avo. Distribution okuwana vanokwanisa mu Russia rinomiririrwa zvinotevera nhamba.

Chii chiri kuitika mumusika mafuta chaizvoizvo

Oligopoly ari Russian upfumi, uye zvikurukuru mumafuta indasitiri, vanorarama sezvinoita monopolists. Zvikurukuru pane vertically-revatema maitiro kuti kudzora yose muitiro kubva mafuta, uye kubudiswa kwayo asati Sale kugumisa vanoshandisa pamusoro kwokunze uye zvemukati kumusika.

Sezvo Anti-chindingindingi Committee, mabasa makuru Vatambi pamusika uyu hakusi segirazi. Tichingotarisa, mutengo epetroleum zvigadzirwa zvinofanira kuumbwa nokupesvedzera zhinji kwokunze uye munyika zvinhu, asi chaizvoizvo chiri zvikuru kukwirira, uye, sezvinoratidzwa Masvomhu, peturu aigona arasikirwe 20% shoma, pasina rusaruro kune vagadziri. Ikoko - wokurangana, umo huru mapato dzinobvumirana pamutengo nokutengesa pamusoro mumhuri pamusika.

The pawaitengesa Mobile dzaishandisa mu Russia

Kana tikafunga basa oligopolies ari ano Russian upfumi, mumwe wakanaka muenzaniso unoratidza kumusika kuti Mobile dzaishandisa. The makwikwi pano kare kurega kuva chete mutengo. Kodzero kukwezva mutengi kuitwa hondo chaiyo, dzimwe nguva kunyange zvisina kunaka makwikwi.

Chimbofunga, chii chiri kuitika uye chii vatambi rwugare aitungamirira chinzvimbo.

Sezvinogona kuoneka kubva mufananidzo, chikuru chikamu musika anobata "Big Vatatu", izvo zvinosanganisira MTS "VimpelCom" ( "Beeline") uye "MegaFon". Munguva ichangopfuura, kuwedzera kukurumidza kwayo "tele 2", kunyange kuwana kupinda zvikuru kunobatsira nzvimbo Moscow uye St. Petersburg ichiri kuvharwa. Nhamba dzinoratidza kuti gore rapera pane churn dzaishandisa zvose mishoma muzana. MTS kwakaderedza nhamba vatengi kubudikidza 0.1%, asi "megaphone" - 0.3, uye "Beeline" - ne zvakawanda 2.6%.

Sei munhu oligopoly pamusoro pawaitengesa Mobile dzaishandisa

"The Big Vatatu" anodzora anenge pamusika yose Mobile dzaishandisa. simba ravo michina mitsva, akadai 3G- uye 4G-Internet. Pfungwa, mashoko oligopoly iri ano upfumi Russia kunoonekwa sei dzaishandisa vazvibate. Muna 2006, kuti "Big Vatatu" chaibatanidzwa guru chinyadzo uye akapomerwa rangano pamusoro emunharaunda dzaishandisa. Panguva iyoyo akaona kwemapazi mamwe makambani madiki kana avo zvizere kunyangarika.

Muna 2010, ivo Antimonopoly Service akaripisa musika vatungamiri kuti nemaune kuwedzeredza kuti tariffs, mabasa mu kungomberereka. boka rimwe nerimwe achaparadzwa mhosva, iro vakasvika 1% of zvichizoita kwemari nezvavaizoita. Yaipedzerwa ari FAS mari vakasvika mamiriyoni 8.1 rubles. Zvakakodzera exchange mabhiriyoni vangani rubles kunoitwa makambani pachavo.

The "Big Vatatu" uye "tele 2"

Muna 2006, munhandare rinooneka zvikuru opareta Swedish "tele 2". Akaiumba akanga adzoka 2001, asi kuramba zvipingamupinyi kuti kupinda kumusika kuchimutadzisa kugadzirisa nechepakati munharaunda. Nemhaka akangwara bata pakati anogoverana ose emunharaunda dzaishandisa, akakwanisa kuwana munhu yemakwikwi zvinobatsira muna 13 nzvimbo imwe gore chete "tele 2". Uyezve, kambani aidzidza chisimba chaizvo Pricing gwara, izvo akabvumira pacharo kukunda 4.3% kubva pamusika. Chaiva budiriro aigona kuti kurasikirwa kukuru Vatambi Mobile yokukurukurirana.

The "Big Vatatu" kwava munzira dzose kupindira "tele 2", uye kosi vaiva raisatomboita zvemakwikwi nzira. Somuenzaniso, imwe chikumbiro chakaitwa Bazi Internal Affairs ari nhengo imwe, ipapo nhepfenyuro zvose uye mahofisi "tele 2" vakanga vachinyatsoongorora zvakaongororwa kana vari kushanda nemazvo.

Asi kambani Swedish haina yaserera uye huru chinangwa yakatarwa nokuzvionera kukunda Krasnodar Territory. Izvi "guru zvitatu" haigoni kutenga, uye vaifanira kucheka mutengo hafu kuti vanyatsokwanisa akakuitira mukwikwidzi. Muenzaniso uyu unogona kuonekwa zvakakwana basa oligopolies vari upfumi ano. Fair makwikwi haisi nyaya, uye kana boka idzva kurarama uye kuwana nzvimbo pano, unofanira kutsigirwa simba chaizvo, kana mamiriro, kana makambani mamwe simba.

Oligopoly uye nzvimbo yaro pamusika upfumi

nezvoupfumi All kubvumirana chete nemaonero: ane oligopoly zvakakodzera kuti ano uye musika upfumi. Uye kunyange zvazvo musika uyu dzimwe nguva zvakaoma kudzora, dzimwe nguva aidzidza hondo vakwikwidzi, achine yakanaka divi kuti paumbwe hwakanaka zvoupfumi. zvinoti:

1. Kutanga, yemakambani makuru vane yakawanda zvemari, izvo zvinogona yakawandisa Kugadzirwa indasitiri, kutsvakurudza uye kubudirira.

2. Kubva ndima yokutanga inofanira kuti nguva yava mari uye unogona mari kukura, chigadzirwa zvichava zvikuru zvakanaka kuti mutengi, uye nokudaro, zvinokwanisika kurova makwikwi. Oligopoly ari upfumi - iri injini simba mberi.

3. Munzvimbo pane hofori, hapana rinoparadza yakadaro makwikwi, zvose zvinotengeswa pamusika rakashama. Pano, pane nemitengo yakaderera uye yepamusoro zvigadzirwa.

4. Imwe anobatsirwei mukova ematongerwo. Kukwikwidzana vatungamiri vanogona chete nemari zvakanaka kambani.

payakaipira oligopolies

Inenge zvose zvakanakira - ichi ndicho akaipa nyaya dzinomuka munyika zviri youpfumi hwanhasi.

Ngatitange nepfungwa yokuti vatungamiriri chekambani havana kutya makwikwi uye vanoita nemaune kuita chero chavanoda. The legality nezviito zvavo, ivo kusimbisa chakavanzika zvibvumirano, saka kuti vamwe akaita saizvozvo. Nokuita wokurangana, vatambe vatengi uchiitema navo kutenga zvivezwa kbps nomutengo yepamusoro. Uye vanhu vasina sarudzo, nokuti oligopoly iri upfumi ano kwakafanana anotambura: kana kutenga kana kugara (semuenzaniso) pasina peturu.

Kunyange oligopoly anogona kuchinja mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu mberi, uye kunongova navo, makambani makuru hapana kukurumidza kusuma michina mitsva uye mari kukura. Akatsanangura zvose zvakare chete akasimba ari mhanya nokuti anoziva: achaita kutenga zvakadaro. Kusvikira iwe abhadhare zvose kare mari, hapana chitsva haazorambi kutanga.

Migumisiro musika oligopolization

Negative atinoitwa nevhu rakawandisa uye oligopolies ari upfumi zvakajeka chikonzero. Zvichida ichi imhaka yokuti kusavimbana rakawandisa uye vanhu vakawanda vanoda kubatsirwa maererano mari vanhuwo zvavo munyika yedu. Asi chokwadi, yakakura wevasungwa okuwana mune rimwe bazi upfumi inodiwa.

Chokutanga, izvi imhaka kutsanangurwa mabasa. Izvi zvinoratidzwa yakatarwa mari. For madiki zvinenge zvose mari vari shanduka. Asi chikuru maindasitiri ose pamwero anogona kuponesa pamusoro Implementation chero idzva rwokugadzira. Somuenzaniso, kukura itsva zvinodhaka achaita mari $ 600 miriyoni, asi izvi mari richabva kwemakore, kusvikira dambudziko iri kugadziriswa, uye mari inogona kuwedzerwa mari kare kugadzirwa zvigadzirwa, uye mutengo uyu haachinji zvikuru.

mhedziso

Oligopoly ari upfumi - iri simba chaizvo chishandiso pave nesayenzi uye michina mberi. Kana zvakanaka yakananga kupa unofanira kutama, ipapo achandichengeta ose kunaka uye mativi kunaka vakachengeta ari kuitika munyika yedu.