Nyore-siyana. Types, maitiro uye kukosha nyore

Mhuka vanonzi kupfuura chinyakare zvinenge kuroora-celled vari nhengo umambo. Vanoumba guru mhando majemusi, zvakasiyana-siyana izvo tichakurukura nhasi. The zita echiLatin iri mhando - majemusi. Sezvo zvinenge chete-celled anonetsa yoga mhuka (majemusi) uye zvirimwa (Protophyta), vanowanzoororwa aibatanidza vari boka Protista. The dzakasiyana-siyana nyore nenjodzi. nhamba yavo kunopfuura 30 000 marudzi, zvakawanda zvacho usingaonekwi akashama ziso, nokuti saizi havachisiri tsono muromo. Ngatiedzei zvishoma kutsanangura kusiyana majemusi.

tsanangudzo pfupi pamusoro nyore

Utachiona zvose izvi zviri akakamurwa 4 makirasi zvichienderana kwadzinoita chokufambisa. Sarkodovyh (Sarcodina) kutamira kuburikidza pseudopodia; ndivo ava kunyanya vakasununguka-zvipenyu andobata zvakatapwa. Flagellates (Mastigophora) dzinonyanya pachishandiswa mumwe kana kupfuura flagella. Sporozoa (Sporozoa), uye dzine Plasmodium sp, -. Parasitic siyana kushayikwa pakufamba chaiyo adaptations. Ciliates (Ciliata) vakanga kubatanidzwa mune kunyanya vakasununguka-chimiro, izvo akatamira kubudikidza cilia. Zvakafanana vakasiyana chubhu ciliate Stenior, zvokudya, hwemvura zvirimwa wanamatira pemvura.

Kufanana nedzimwe mhuka dzose, majemusi, kazhinji pafoni, Vakaguta zvakasiyana-siyana zvokudya mishonga kunzwisisa. muviri wavo akatsemura, kupa paro simba. All siyana nyore zvinodiwa munyika hwemvura zvakatipoteredza. Kunyange zvazvo dzakawanda mhando vanogara wechikepe kana kutsva mvura, vazhinji vavo vari parasitic mararamiro kwemhuka yakakwirira, kusanganisira vanhu, uko vari kazhinji mhosva zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. The siyana pathogenic majemusi guru.

flagellates

By flagellar mhando mbiri - Euglena uye Chlamydomonas, vamiririri ane chlorophyll uye saka vanokwanisa photosynthesis. Kunosanganisirawo uye warrior flagellates (Dinoflagellata), akapfeka cellulose Kamudzira uye tiri chikamu plankton. Murume anogara, kuchikonzera akarara kurwara, munhu parasitic muchimiro Trypanosoma (aimiririra pazasi).

sarkodovyh

Sarkodovyh - mumwe boka, uko vakawanda mhuka ndohwavo. All siyana ichi ingori zvakaoma kutsanangura, ngatitaurei kutaura mashoko mashomanana pamusoro kupfuura vakakurumbira saka. We vanoziva ichi mumiririri sarkodovyh chikoro sezvo vakasununguka-zvipenyu zvose Amoeba proteus (aimiririra pazasi). Amoeba - celled mhuka rinopiwa rakafara mhando majemusi, izvo vachikura kwese zvikuru nyorovera.

hukuru hwavo siyana nemaziso chisvetasimba Babesia ropa foraminifera guru, ane anoshongwa 5 masendimita pakureba.

Pod, Dory uye sporozoans

Pod (Radiolaria) uye Dory (Heliozoa) vane marangwanda pamusoro silica. Naizvozvo, dzimwe nguva anounganidzwa uye kushandiswa hasha zvinhu. Vachidonhedzera of zvachose kushanduka mitemo Sporozoa kuratidza yakakwirira mwero kufanana chisingazivi wakasiyana siyana majemusi. Parasitic majemusi - mhando dzose pavo. Naizvozvo sporozoans kushaiwei organelles hunodiwa kuti inofamba uye simba; havafaniri kutama, uye ivo metabolize chikafu kare ozeyewa. Hwavo upenyu kutenderera rinobatanidza pachikuva, ruminant zvose asexually uye unzenza, zvichiguma nokuumbwa spores kuti zvinogona nemazana mazhinji nevanhu.

Ciliate-patapata

Paramecium (ciliate-shangu) - iri kushandiswa chete-celled mhuka. On zvirokwazvo anofanira kuudzwa, achirondedzera kusiyana hwemvura majemusi. Chokunze paiva sero Mukati - ectoplasm - zvishoma gobvu goko akatakura muzvizhinji duku cilia. Dzavo mutinhimira kwakarongeka parinouya kubvumira mhuka kutama. Peristome mupinde bofu outgrowth - huro takapoteredzwa granular endoplasm. Food nezvimedu zvokudya kupinda huro kuburikidza ciliary kufamba uye ipapo kuwira vacuole. Zviri zvomudumbu vacuoles, uchifamba endoplasm digesting makemikari. Undigested vakasara vari vabudiswa kuburikidza poroshitsu. Water mwero anodzokororwa kuburikidza nebasa maviri pulsating vacuoles. Vaviri makuru nuclei (macronucleus) chokuita muviri sero, uye zvishoma (micronucleus) rinobatanidzwa zvounzenza muitiro.

Plasmodium vivax

Chimbofunga mumwe anozivikanwa chimiro, achirondedzera kusiyana majemusi. Parasitic majemusi izhinji, asi marariya chisvetasimba anopa dambudziko kune vanhu kunyanya. Plasmodium vivax, achipinda munhu dzeropa pashure kuruma nehadzi yayo mosquito Anopheles, chinopinda kupinda chiropa masero, apo Anowanza. Kana iwe kuputsa kubva ane masero plasmodium uye kombera vatsva. Zvadaro akatanga kakawanda masero matsvuku eropa, nokuwanza navo uye kuparadza. Pakupedzisira, pane vechirume pabonde masero (gametocytes). Kuwana ropa kune imwe umhutu, varume gametocytes vakakamurwa mudumbu rake, zvichiumba gametes. Zvibereko kwemapazi - ari zygote - kune plasmodium itsva, rakapinza muruoko umhutu mate mumasero. Zvino kutenderera rinodzokorora pacharo.

kubereka nyore

Kana asexual kubereka kuti majemusi vakakamurwa nepakati, zvichiumba vanhu vaviri. kupesana kwakadaro zvizere kuumbwa masero uye inobudisa protoplasm uye mwoyo. Somugumisiro chimiro ichi fanana mwanasikana masero maviri. Under vanoshorwa ezvinhu mamwe flagellates uye secrete sarkodovyh gobvu impermeable unodzivirira mumuhara (chikofu) umo muchitokisi kunogona kugovera. Kana jekiseni muimba akanaka ezvinhu chikofu yaparadzwa, uye pane vanhu kuti bereka asexually.

dzepabonde kubereka of nyore nzira dzakasiyana chaizvo. Paramecium, semuenzaniso, kubudikidza conjugation Anowanza: vanhu vaviri yomumwe zvakasiyana mitsetse batanidza mativi, uye shure fission yenyukireya uye renyukireya Exchange zvinhu diverge. Gare gare zviviri vadiwa vanogona kugoverana, ichibereka kusvika sere (ina nechimwe) kuti kuyeuka specimens tinazvo nuclei zvakasiyana nhodzera. Amoeba, rinozvibereka asexually, rakakamurwa masero maviri mwanasikana. Vane zvakafanana zvikuru. Pakatanga fission iri chinoumba, rinova mapfupi uye mukobvu kuratidzika chromosome; mumwe nomumwe rinoumbwa chromatids maviri. Pulsating vacuole inokamukana, uye ayo sezvikamu voga. Panguva iyoyo vari voga uye chromatids, uye cytoplasm anotanga pereshnurovyvatsya hafu. Kuguma weboka okutodza vakaparadzana uye cytoplasm. The zvichiguma mwanasikana masero akafanana.

Power nyore

Kufanana nedzimwe mhuka, majemusi vanogamuchira simba, vachidya kunzwisisa Organic yeimwe. Amoeba sp. pseudopodia rinoburitsa chikafu nezvimedu, uye vari ozeyewa mune zvomudumbu vacuoles chokuita makemikari. Paramecium sp. It anorarama kunonyanya kukonzerwa utachiona, kutyaira navo cirrus fambisa cilia. Trichonympha sp. It anogara dumbu pamusoro mujuru uye zvokudya pamwe zvinhu kuti havasi yokuita zvinoitwa hondo. Acineta sp. (Picture pazasi) rinoshandiswa zvokudya chete mune mamwe ciliates, izvo dzimwe nguva anokura kudarika pachavo.

mufambo

The nyore ufambe huru nenzira nhatu. Sarkodovyh "zvinokambaira" kuburikidza paumbwe outgrowths protoplasm. Sangano vakasikwa kutungamirirwa kuitika mune imwe nhungamiro dzaro endoplasmic reversible kushanduka pamusoro arikunze mune gelatinous ectoplasm. Nokuda unopinza kukanganisa pamusoro flagellum famba flagellates. The ciliates vari unozununguswa oscillating munhu muzvizhinji duku cilia.

Utachiona uye mavhairasi

General zvechadenga siyana uye chete zvinofanira vaisanganisa ne pfupi nyaya pamusoro utachiona uye nemavhairasi, anowanzoshandurwa kuvhiringidzwa navo. Vachikukumikidzai dambudziko kumunhu, asi vane basa rinokosha zvakasikwa. Utachiona uye mavhairasi - duku zvinenge panyika. Kunyange zvazvo zviri nyore yakarongwa zvisikwa, kwete kuvadaidza chinyakare. Vanokwanisa kurarama mu yaivhuvhuta kwazvo ezvinhu, uye kukwanisa mukuru kuchinja Zvichidiwa zvinovapa uri ndima chete-akura zvikuru uye vakabudirira siyana. Nemavhairasi - haisi masero, saka haagoni kunzi rimwe-celled, asi utachiona vanogona kunzi sezvo vakadaro. Zvisinei, havasi nyore, nekuti havana neerekitironi. We vachakuudza zvakawanda pamusoro pavo.

Inogarwa nemabhakitiriya

Kusiyana nemavhairasi utachiona - foni. Zvisinei, vari zvikuru nyore chivako pane masero anokosha vakarongeka zvisikwa, uye zvikuru zvakasiyana-siyana pakukura uye chimiro. Utachiona vanowanikwa kwose kwose. Vanogona kurarama kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu izvo runosanganisirawo kusashandisa kuvapo zvipenyu zvakawanda kunzwisisa. Vanosangana mugungwa, kunyange panguva kudzika 9 km. Ezvinhu ari kuipa zvezvakatipoteredza bacteria vanoumba yakatsiga zororo rwakazara - endospores. Ndicho kupfuura akatsiga enyika anozivikanwa zvipenyu: vamwe endospores kufa kunyange kana yakabikwa.

Of zvose zvinobvira nzvimbo zvikuru ngozi - dzimwe nhengo. Utachiona kupinda kazhinji kuburikidza ronda. Asi wakati atora mukati, vanofanira kudzivisa kuchengeteka mauto rechipfuwo, kunyanya pamusoro phagocytes (masero anokwanisa rokutora uye digesting) uye antibodies anogona neutralize zvazvinokonzera hunokuvadza. Saka, mamwe mabhakitiriya takakomberedzwa kunze mucosa, invulnerable kune phagocytes; vamwe pashure kubatwa kwavo phagocytes vanogona kurarama nazvo; Pakupedzisira, wechitatu masking zvibereko zvinhu kuti avabatsire kuviga kuvapo kwayo mumasero utachiona, uye yokupedzisira havana kubereka antibodies.

Inokuvadza uye runobatsira utachiona

Mabhakitiriya anogona kukuvadza munzira nhatu: somuenzaniso, blockage kuti migero siyana zvinokosha mumuviri nokuda vakawanda; anosunungura zvine chepfu (toxin ivhu utachiona Clostridium tetani (yaifananidzira pazasi) kukonzera tetenasi, rinoreva zvakawanda zvinokachidza nesayenzi); uyewo kweiyi neutachiona mu vawirwa.

Vamwe nguva pamusoro microbial noutachiona dzaibudirira nemishonga, mabhakitiriya akawanda zvave kuramba zvinodhaka. Ivo bereka nokukurumidza, achibatanidzwawo mumwaka ezvinhu ose maminitsi 10. Izvi Chokwadi, mikana chimiro mutants husingakwanisi nemimwe mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kunowedzera. Asi kwete vose utachiona vanogara dzimwe Utachiona, zvinokuvadza. Somuenzaniso, muna nemudumbu yemombe, gwai kana mbudzi ane dhipatimendi - vanga, umo vakawanda mabhakitiriya mupenyu kuti rubatsiro mhuka kugaya chirimwa faibha.

mycoplasma

Mycoplasma - vashoma zvose cellular zvipenyu uye, zvichida, iri Transitional Danho pakati nemavhairasi uye utachiona - kuwanikwa zviriko wastewater, asi kunogona kukanganisa mhuka uye kuita zvirwere zvakadai Somuenzaniso, mamwe marudzi ehosha mu zvenguruve.

zvichireva utachiona

Nemhaka zvipenyu izvi kuti anoora mitumbi uye vakadzokera ivhu zviri mukati makemikari nyaya. Pasina izvi Kugara kutenderera kuvaka zvipenyu vasingagoni kurarama dzakabatana. Munhu anokosha basa mabhakitiriya zvikuru kushandiswa rokutendeutsa makemikari tsvina zvinhu kupinda hunoshatisa zvigadzirwa panguva composting, zvichiita kuti chizi, ruomba, vhiniga.

In mhedziso

Sezvaunogona kuona, kuti siyana uye kukosha nyore zvikuru. Pasinei chokwadi kuti hukuru hwavo vari vashomashoma, ivo basa rinokosha muupenyu zvirarame pasi redu. Chokwadi, isu muchidimbu chete tsanangura kusiyana maprotozoa. Tinovimba iwe waiva nechido kudziziva. Systematics uye kusiyana nyore - zvinofadza uye rakafara imwe nyaya.