The dzakananga kurema simbi. Dzakananga kupisa simbi

Vaionekwa chiwanikwa iron nevamwe makemikari. Pakati zvinoumba murwiyo, carbon aripo munzvimbo chitsama 2.14%. Nokuda kwayo kuvapo simbi alloys achiwana simba ravo. The dzakananga kurema hwendarira 75500-77500 N / m. dzimwe nguva alloying zvinhu anogona kuvapo ari chiwanikwa sezvamunoita. Dzakananga kupisa simbi pa 20 ° C akayera pa 460 J / (makirogiramu * ° C), kana 110 Cal / (makirogiramu * ° C).

kupatsanura

Pane parameters dzakasiyana pasi iyo acho mubvunzo kunoratidzwa. Somuenzaniso, simbi ndiyo chishandiso uye STRUCTURAL. High-nokukurumidza chiwanikwa anoonekwa kuva mhando chokushandisa. Panewo kusiyana maererano makemikari anoumba. Zvichienderana chii zvinhu varipo vari chiwanikwa, uye kabhoni doped vakaparadzana. Vakabvumawo kupatsanura pamwero kabhoni yevasungwa. Saka, pane mhando nhatu alloys:

1. Low kabhoni. It kabhoni zviri 0.25%.

2. Steel Medium. Izvi kabhoni chiwanikwa vanenge 0.25-0.6%.

3. High kabhoni simbi. In chiwanikwa ichi aripo pakati sezvakarayirwa 0.6-2% kabhoni.

Saizvozvowo Classified uye chiwanikwa simbi yacho chikamu ari alloying zvinhu:

1. A yakaderera chiwanikwa simbi ine kusvika 4%.

2. srednelegirovannoj chiwanikwa iri kupa kuti 11%.

3. High yakapambadzirwa simbi. Rine zvinopfuura 11%.

Steel zvinoberekwa nzira dzakasiyana uye kushandisa anokosha ruzivo. Zvichienderana imwe nzira ari chiwanikwa nziyo ine siyana esimbi inclusions. chikamu ichi chinobata chaiyo kukomba simbi. Classifying alloys pamusoro nhamba nouipi Munokudzwa:

1. munhuwo unhu mixes.

2. Quality.

3. High-unhu.

4. Of Hunofanira.

Panewo kupatsanura maererano STRUCTURAL Kuronga zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, ikabereka ferrite, bainite, austenite, pearlite uye Martensitic alloys. Pasina mubvunzo, STRUCTURAL Kuronga esimbi kunokanganisa zvariri regiravhiti. Alloys tiri huviri-danho uye multiphase. It zvinoenderana kuvapo chimwe chinhanho mamiriro. Uyewo alloys dzinoiswa maererano hunhu uye rwakadini solidification kuti deoxidation. Saka, pane akanyarara, Semi-vakaurayiwa simbi uye Kubika.

Production nzira vava

Yakatsvuka zambara kugadzirwa kukandira simbi. Kuvapo yakawanda kabhoni, phosphorus uye nesarufa kwayo sezvamunoita inoita pfava uye kusimba. Nokuti kubudiswa mumwe zvinhu mumwe zvinokosha kuderedza zviri izvi zvinhu kune achida wevasungwa. Panguva iyoyo shanduko uye yakananga kurema simbi, uye ayo zvivako. Mumwe kana zvimwe alloys kugadzirwa nzira kunosanganisira nzira siyana oxidation ose kabhoni iri simbi. The anowanzodanwa kushandiswa:

1. Vhura-pachoto nzira steelmaking. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nezvechisarudzo ichi chakanga ichangopfuura zvakaipisisa kukwikwidzana nevamwe nzira.

2. convert nzira. Nhasi, marudzi vakawanda simbi zvigadzirwa yakabereka kushandisa ruzivo urwu.

3. An electrothermal - mumwe zvemberi rwokugadzira nzira zvibereko simbi. Somugumisiro, mashoko ikabereka ane yakakwirira chaizvo unhu.

mumwe convert nzira

Muchishandisa ichi zvokugadzira zvinhu muitiro, zvakawandisa simbi, phosphorus nesarufa iri oxidized pamwe oxygen. Chinozoiswa nokufemera pressurized yakanyungudutswa zvinhu kuburikidza rinokosha kwazvo. akadana convert. Vira ane chimiro peya. In menzvimbo - lining pamwe refractory nezvidhinha. vira iri rine yakakwirira mufambo: anogona zvayaitenderera paguyo 360 inegumi. Vachikwanisa of convert vanenge 60 matani. Kushandiswa lining, kazhinji zviviri mhando mbishi nezvinhu:

1. Dinas - zvinosanganisira SiO2, ine acidic ehupfumi.

2. Dolomite uremu - MgO uye Cao. It rwaiwanikwa kubva dolomitic zvinhu MgCO3 * CaCO3, kuva dzinokosha ehupfumi.

Nemhaka Kwakashandiswa micheka nokuda liner vanokamurwa kupinda rokutendeutsa romoto uye Thomas Bessemer. Kunatswa mhepo pasi kumanikidzwa nesimbi unovanza nharaunda yose. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kwemasayendisiti kuitika muchoto, vane ya hapana maminitsi anopfuura 20. Duration mashoko ari convert kunokanganisa kupisa vanokwanisa pakati simbi. The chiwanikwa iyo anogadzirwa convert yamavira, kazhinji rine yakawanda simbi monoxide. Ndokusaka mashoko kazhinji chenhando inotengwa.

Open-pachoto muvira

Nzira iyi processing simbi usingachashandi. Pasina mubvunzo, kana kushandisa akawanda shure kubudiswa michina iri yekudyidzana kwakaderedza chatingatevedzera acho, kuchinja zvachiri (kupisa inokwana simbi uye nevamwe). Pachoto vira huru yakanyungudutswa kugeza. Unobwinya Arch yakagadzirwa refractory nezvidhinha uye recuperators-makamuri. nezvikamu izvi zvakagadzirirwa muchidziisa huni gasi uye mhepo. Vari vakazadzwa chiputiriso Zvidhinha (refractory). The kuyerera inopisa gasi uye mhepo ikaridzwa muvira kuburikidza rwechitatu norwechina recuperators. A rokutanga uye rechipiri Zvichakadaro neshungu nokuda vira magasi. Pashure yakakwana tembiricha kuwedzera yose muitiro kunoshandurwa.

electrothermal nzira

Nzira iyi ine zvakawanda zvakwakanakira yakavhurika-pachoto uye convert pamusoro. Electromechanical nzira inoita kuti zvibvire kushandura makemikari anoumba kunoguma simbi. In izvi musanganiswa inotengwa pashure kubudiswa chaizvo yepamusoro. Nokuda shoma kuwana mhepo iri yemagetsi muvira zvinoderedza uwandu resimbi monoxide. Anozivikanwa kuti nouipi ayo anosvibisa simbi. Uye ichi, akavapindurawo, ane chinokosha zvazvinoita unhu wayo. Furnace tembiricha hakuiti kusiyira pazasi 2000 ° C. Saka, tsvina dzakadai sarufa phosphorus, vanobviswa kubva nguruve simbi zvachose.

Method yezvidhinha

Electrothermal muvira nokuda kwayo yakakwirira tembiricha chiwanikwa steels achibvumira Via refractory simbi. Izvi zvinosanganisira, zvikurukuru, tungsten uye molybdenum. EAF nzira kunoita kuwana yepamusoro kunovhengana: chaiyo kupisa simbi, uyewo unhu kwayo zvinhu - at soro chechetere. Asi zvinosuruvarisa yamavira izvi uparadze yakawanda zvemagetsi simba (kusvika 800 kWh muzana tani kuti chikafu). Electric chinzvimbo Ingasiyana kubva makirogiramu 500 matani 360. The zvidzidzo vanoshandisa kwakajairika lining. Sechivako mhosva anogona kusvika 90% kuti chinyorwa simbi uye 10% yesimbi. Dzimwe nguva feedstock zvikuru zvingave zvakasiyana. Lime, izvo akawedzera mhosva, anoridza basa achichinja. Huru makemikari pezvakaitwa mu yemagetsi chinhu chakakombama yamavira havasi kunyanya akasiyana rakavhurika wechoto.

chaicho uremu

Power maitikiro dzenzvimbo rinoitwa induction kudziyisa yacho simbi. Nokuda guru guru chinoumba mwoyo kwakadaro inokwana. Nokuti kubvunda simbi yairema matani 100 zvakakwana kuitika kakawanda 50 Hz. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti dzimwe parameters kuti rakasiyana-siyana mbishi zvinhu zvinogona kuenzana. Somuenzaniso, ngura, kupisa nemishonga uye zvinoenderana Stainless simbi vane 7.9 g / masendimita ^3. chakarurama Izvi chokuita zvakananga uremu yapera chigadzirwa goho. Ndizvo zvazviri, chigadzirwa naizvozvo kunorema. A kwakakurudzira simbi zvinoenderana uyewo vanenge 7,9 g / masendimita ^3. Pangave zvishomanana musiyano zvichienderana nemhando. Asi chaizvo kurema simbi jira - 7,85 g / masendimita ^3. Sezvinogona kuoneka, mwero iri zvishoma dzakaderera, saka mashoko nyore. Zvinofanira vaifungidzira kuti chaiyo kurema simbi uye simbi yakasiyana. Munguva chiwanikwa panguva goho mwero wakakwirira ave mutemo. Izvi kunonyanya kukonzerwa chokuti munguva kubudiswa, pasinei nokuti vamwe zvinoriumba vanobviswa kubva mbishi acho ari musanganiswa chakawedzerwa mamwe okunze. Vane simba pamusoro parameters ari goho chigadzirwa. Siyana mhando dzamatare avo chaiyo giravhiti (g / ^cm3):

- chena - 7.5 ± 0.2;

- ndachena - 7.1 ± 0.2;

- Ductile - 7.5 ± 0.2.

kukarukureta

The reshiyo pakati Vhoriyamu chiwanikwa wayo gobvu maitire chete kwenguva chaiyo fuma. Uyezve, ndiko kugara parameter. Kushandisa chaiyo inonyatsoita anogona kuziva arambe achirema kwenyaya. Zvinonzi chokuita zvakananga kukarukureta maduramazwi kurema chiwanikwa. Heunoi sei anotarisa.

The dzakananga kurema simbi akasarudzwa sezvo nzira γ. Icho reshiyo P - homogeneous muviri uremu - kuti bhuku mukomboni. Uye rinowanikwa nokushandisa mutoo: γ = P / V.

It anoshanda chete kana simbi iri zvachose gobvu mamiriro, non-porous.

mhedziso

michina New zvinoshandiswa rinorema maindasitiri akasiyana chaizvo nevaya kushandiswa kutanga kwekupwanyiwa Kugadzirwa indasitiri. Nemhaka ano musayenzi mberi matallopromyshlennost unobereka akawandisa Misiyano alloys. Dzakananga uremu yeimwe sei kusarudza imwe mhando mbishi zvinhu kuti kushandiswa mukugadzira. Kana tikatora nesimbi nhatu dzakasiyana: simbi, nendarira aruminiyamu, akaenzana, - kuti vose vachava zvakasiyana uremu. Saka, kusarudza imwe simbi anofanira kufungwa nezvake, pakati pezvimwe parameters, ayo chaiyo negiravhiti.