Ngura FIs. ngura kudzivirira nzira

Gore negore, anenge kota simbi anogadzirwa munyika, akarasika nokuda budiriro uye ngura kwendangariro. Mari chokuita kugadzira uye yaitsiva midziyo uye kutaurirana kwemakemikari zvinomera, kazhinji kanoverengeka kupfuura mutengo nezvinhu, izvo zvaidiwa kuti gadzira kwavo. Ngura anonzi vaingoerekana disintegration chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi uye alloys vakadhakwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvisinei, unogona kuzvidzivirira kubva azvaiitwa. Pane nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti kudzivirira pamusoro ngura, uyewo izvi. Mumunda kwemakemikari kugadzirwa mhando rakajairika ngura vari gasi, mhepo yakapoteredza uye electrochemical.

Out mamiriro ezvinhu

Kusarudza munhu nzira Panyaya iyi nyaya hakubvi chete pamusoro simbi features, asi pamusoro uchishandisa ezvinhu. Nzira ngura kudzivirira vari Zvisinei vakasarudzwa maererano zvimwe zvinhu, uye pane kazhinji dzinoverengeka nezvinetso. A chaiyo dambudziko rine chokuita kusarudza kuti multi-chinoumba unosvikirwa pamwe parameters izvo siyana panguva kwacho. In makemikari indasitiri zviri zvikuru zvakajairika. Nzira kudzivirira ngura zvinoshandiswa tsika, yakakamurwa hunhu migumisiro dzavo zvakatipoteredza uye simbi.

Impact zvakatipoteredza

Kunyange kuMiddle Ages vakazivikanwa anokosha zvinhu zvakanga kwakamboitwa akawanda zviduku kuti kubvumira kuti kuderedza sehasha Kuparadza kwezvakatipoteredza. Chinangwa ichi, kwakasarudzwa kushandisa mafuta, Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti uye sitachi. Mumakore nguva, pakanga zvakawanda ngura FIs. Panguva iyoyo, chete Russia anogona kuverenga vakawanda vagadziri. FIs nesimbi ngura zvakapararira nokuda kwavo inokwanisika mutengo. Ndivo zvikuru mune hurongwa kunodiwa dzose kana zvishoma yoku- Vhoriyamu kungatikanganisa svikiro, somuenzaniso mune matangi, reservoirs, kutonhora hurongwa, boilers nezvimwe namakemikari dzakabatana.

ehupfumi

Ngura FIs angava Organic uye inorganic hunhu. Vanogona kuchengetedzwa kubva pakunzwisisa mvura kana gasi chokupfeka. Ngura FIs ari peturu indasitiri kakawanda dzinoitwa chinovhiringidza pamusoro anodic uye cathodic electrochemical pezvakaitwa kukuvadza paumbwe passivating uye anodzivirira mafirimu. Unogona kuona musimboti ichi.

Anodic ngura FIs yakavakirwa passivation akaipa anodic nzvimbo simbi pamusoro, yaiva mhosva passivating zita. Sezvo oxidants dzakadaro dzinozivikanwa kushandiswa inorganic nitrates, chromates uye molybdates. Vari nyore kuderedzwa panguva cathode hukawanika nokuda izvo akafanana depolarizers, kuderedza kumhanya kuchinja zviri anode ari mhinduro ine ions zviri akaipa simbi.

Anode retarders vaiona vamwe yeimwe vasiri kuzivikanwa pamberi oxidative zvivako: polyphosphates, phosphates, yavaibvisa benzoate, silicates. zvavakaita FIs rinowanika bedzi pamberi okisijeni, iyo inoita basa passivating pomutumwa. Izvi zvinhu kutungamirira adsorption reokisijeni pamusoro simbi hukawanika. Mukuwedzera, vanovakonzera chinovhiringidza pamusoro anodic nemukuparadzwa kwacho nokuda paumbwe anodzivirira mafirimu, iyo ine chimwe zvishoma soluble maitiro zvibereko inhibitor uye simbi ions vaipfuura kupinda mhinduro.

Features

Anodic ngura FIs chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi zvinogona achaendeswa muchikwata che ngozi, nokuti vakatendeuka kubva kune Moderators initiators anoparadza muitiro pasi zvimwe ezvinhu. Kuti izvi zvisaitike, zvakafanira kuti ngura ano arambe achirema yakanga yakakwirira kupfuura kuti izvo Mhedziso aumbwa passivation pamusoro anodic nzvimbo. passivating muiti wevasungwa haafaniri kutapudza pazasi chairo kukosha, zvimwe ari passivation kurege kuitika, kana zvichava kukwana. Zvapedzisira nzira hwakazara njodzi huru, nokuti hunokonzera rutapudzo pamusoro anode pamusoro, kuwedzera kudzika uye simbi kutsemuka mwero migove diki.

zvinodiwa

Zvakaratidza kuti vanogona kudzivirira abudirire zvakaitika anode kuramba wevasungwa pakati inhibitor pamusoro kunonyanyisa chaiko zvikamu zvose nyaya iyo kaviri dziviriro. zvinhu izvi zvikuru inonyatsoziva ph padanho svikiro. Kazhinji, chromates uye nitrates zvinoshandiswa kupisa exchangers uye kudzivirira nomutopota pamusoro.

cathodic inhibitor

By anodzivirira migumisiro izvi zvinhu zvisinganyanyi inobudirira mukuenzaniswa anode. Zvazvinoita inobva pakuti omunharaunda alkalinization of svikiro zvabuda pakugadzirwa pamusoro cathode migove insoluble zvigadzirwa, zviri insulating mugove pechiso mhinduro. Zvazvakadaro zvinhu anogona kuita Somuenzaniso, karusiyamu bicarbonate, kwokusunungura munhu alkalized svikiro karusiyamu carbonate somunhu precipitate, zvakaoma kuwana nemukuparadzwa. Cathode ngura inhibitor, murwiyo izvo kunoenderana zvakatipoteredza yekushandiswa haiiti kuti vawedzere dzinoparadza urongwa, kunyange pasi kugutsikana.

mhando

In kwazvakarerekera vezvenhau sezvo kazhinji cathode uye anode FIs kuita inorganic zvinhu, asi havakwanisi kubatsira zvakasimba acidic mhinduro. Sezvo retarders pakuburitswa kwacho kushandiswa makemikari iine acid fuma ane mamorekuru ine yakananga kana polar mapoka, somuenzaniso amines, thiourea, aldehydes, phenols uye carbonate munyu.

Musi mashandiro chiito pamusoro ngura FIs akasiyana adsorption hunhu. Mushure adsorption kuti cathode kana anode migove ivo kuchidzivisa zvakasimba zvinoyerera rehydrogen ions uye simbi ionization kuita. Kusvika pamwero unodzivirira kushanda hwakavakirwa tembiricha, wevasungwa, imwe iine acid anion, uye rehydrogen Ion yevasungwa. Vanowanzoororwa yebhasera zviduku zvakawanda, nokuti runodzivirira mugumisiro zvinoverengeka Organic FIs pamatunhu kuwanda kungatove nengozi.

Somuenzaniso, mashoko makemikari mukomboni rinonzi "Penta-522" - neftevodorastvorimy. Zviri vanokwanisa kupa dhigirii vadzivirirwe kupfuura 90% pamwero wenyika 15-25 magiramu por tani. Ngura inhibitor anobudiswa pasi pemusoro unoti "Aminkor" chiratidzo - inogadzirwa esterification pakati carboxylic acids dzisiri kugadzikana, haana risingafadzi kwakanaka, hakuna zvinokuvadza. chipimo chemushonga Its Akatsunga chete pashure kugadzwa rwakadini ngura nebasa chairo kwezvakatipoteredza.

Zvinoitika Metal

Ichi boka nzira yokudzivirira kunosanganisira kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana coatings. Izvi pendi, simbi, rabha, uye mamwe marudzi. Ivo vakashandisa nenzira dzakasiyana: kubudikidza spraying, electroplating, uye nezvimwe rubberizing. Unogona kuona mumwe nomumwe wavo.

By rubberizing inowanzobvunzwa kunzwisisa ngura kudzivirira kupfurikidza inogadziriswa rabha coatings kuti kazhinji zvinoda vari kuiisa chlorine kugadzirwa. Rabha yeimwe kwakawedzera zvemakemikari kugadzikana uye kudzivirira kuti mumidziyo, tubs, uyewo mamwe makemikari midziyo kubva ngura uye ngura. Gumming ndiye kuchitonhora uye kuchipisa vulcanization muitiro iyo unotakurwa epoxy uye PTFE wemisanganiswa.

Zvakakosha kuti kwete chete kusarudza, asi anokonzerawo ngura inhibitor. Manufacturers kazhinji anopa nhungamiro iri zvakakwana yakajeka panyaya iyi. Panguva ino, kunze electroplating, zvakasimba zvakakwana kuti mukuru-nokukurumidza kuparadzirwa spraying. Uchibatsirwa kwayo kugadzirisa navanopinda chakarondedzera mabasa. Zvinogona kushandiswa upfu zvokuvakisa hwokubereka coatings vane ehupfumi siyana.

kuchengetedzwa midziyo

Issues chokuita kuchengetedzwa kwemakemikari michina, rakanyatsojeka, uye saka zvinoda kungwarira chaizvo nezvazvo. Kusarudza mashoko kubudisa yepamusoro coatings zvinoda kuongorora pemvura mamiriro, Zvinoumba svikiro, kuti anodawo mamiriro, ukuru sehasha, uye dzimwe tembiricha ezvinhu. Dzimwe nguva "nyore nyaya" pane dzinonetsa parameter, izvo zvinoomesa kusarudza norudzi unhani Somuenzaniso, nokuipisa noutsi hwemvura, kunyange mishoma ose ari propane mutangi. Ndokusaka ose vanotyaira ezvinhu kunoda pakusarudza firimu yaichimbova uye zvinoumba nokuda coatings vakadaro kuti vanoonekwa ne kurwisa kune reactants.

kuparadzana

Nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti hazvigoni kuenzaniswa mumwe chafariz spraying nzira, uye kunyanya kutaura kuti vamwe vavo vari nani kupfuura vamwe. Ita chero wavo ane zvimwe zvakanakira nekuipira, uye zvichiguma coatings vane ehupfumi zvakasiyana unotaura kwavo kukwanisa kugadzirisa vamwe mabasa ake. The Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri sezvamunoita, izvo zvinofanira kuva vanhu vari ngura FIs, uye avo nzira chikumbiro vanosarudzwa mu pazviri chimwe chiitiko.

Makemikari kura shure, nzira iyi chinonyanya inowanzoshandiswa muitiro kuita urongwa igadziridzwe. Kunyange kana acidic ngura FIs anoshandiswa, zvinokosha kutanga kugadzirira pose kunaka simbi. The chete nzira nechokwadi ukapiwa unhu pakavha. Pamberi zvakananga pokushandisa mufananidzo zvinhu inogona kushandiswa nenyunje nako kune anopiwa mumwe kumbonyanya mafungu pamusoro.

Gore negore kuwedzera kukura itsva ikaonekwa pamisika, uye pane wandei sarudzo. Zvisinei, mishonga vanofanira kuzvisarudzira chii nani - kuti vatevere michina kudzivirirwa rakakodzera kana yaitsiva zvose mano rakakwana.