Test inoungana: mune zviitiko zvinokosha, dzakashandiswa

In drafting chero kumba, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, zvinofanira rinorondedzerwa uye chii chichava nheyo dzaro. Species Pane zvikonzero zvinoverengeka nokuda zvivakwa. Panguva iyoyowo chakavimbika kupfuura mhando nheyo ichaongororwa pamurwi. Dzichiisa Zvivako dzakadaro kazhinji musi nevhu pamwe murombo kubereka vanokwanisa. Panguva iyoyo kwakawedzera inoungana muvhu kusvika rizere akaturikidzana. Izvi mhinduro inoita kuti kuva kunonyanyisa kugadzikana uye anobvisa mukana mberi, uye nokudaro pakakuvara mutoro-kubereka zvivako. Pamberi pakuvaka nezvigadziko ichi mhando kazhinji zvinoberekwa kwakadaro nzira sokuedzwa mirwi. Akaita chiitiko chakadaro achiita zvaidiwa dzemunharaunda rinotsanangurwa SNIP uye GOST.

Chii dutu hwaro

Kokutanga nheyo iri mhando dzakavakwa pasi imba muna 1838. Akashandisa nheyo akadaro aimbova chete pakuvaka zvivako pamusoro pemvura uye marshy munzvimbo. Gare gare vakatanga kuisa inoungana pasi dzimba permafrost mapazi uye hazvisi vakakukurira nevhu. Munguva yedu, nheyo iyi mhando kunogona kuvakwa kusanganisira pamusoro mawere.

At mwoyo pavakwe nehwaro rutsigiro vari refu, chaizvoizvo akadana mirwi, zvakabatanidzwa nokuda chinjikira grillage. Ekupedzisira vangava chinoramba kongiri rakanyorwa, uye tepi. Pasi zvitsigiso, zvichienderana magadzirirwo yavo, kana Akarovera kana Volt.

Zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira kuti dutu nheyo

Mirwi, nzira munda nemiedzo zviri zvakasiyana, zvinoitwa chete ane yakasimba chaizvo zvinhu. Izvi kazhinji simbi kana Akazadzisa kongiri. The chikuru zvakanakira murwi nheyo dziri:

• Inogona kushandiswa iri kusagadzikana pasi;

• mukana basa okunze zvose;

• vashoma shoma mutengo;

• refu mwero rakavimbika.

Uyezve, mukana nheyo dzakadaro dzinosanganisira chokwadi kuti chivako yakavakwa pamusoro pavo kushanda regai shure. Pokuperevedza ari murwi nheyo iri dikisa. Asi havana Chokwadi, iripo. Zvazvakashatira nezvigadziko dzakadaro dzinosanganisira zvikurukuru:

• kudikanwa kushandisa midziyo pakuvaka;

• nekusagona zvose pasi chivakwa bhesimendi.

Key ruzivo kuziva kubereka vanokwanisa

Pamberi pakuvaka hwaro projecting masangano, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kurondedzerwa uye parameters dzakadai dhayamita uye pakureba mirwi. Zvokushandisa vanofanira kutanga Chokwadi, zvakanaka kubata mamiriro. Asi panguva imwe chete paivakwa nheyo kunofanira kuedza ichengetedzwe mari.

Kuti vazive chaizvo kwakatosiyana kuchengeteka kumucheto kana kuti kutsigira inogona kushandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana:

• kwemasvomhu kukarukureta, kufungisisa zvinodiwa SNIP;

• kunofambira mberi bvunzo ine kufinhikana inoungana uye simbi;

• simba bvunzo.

Okupedzisira nzira mbiri nomumwe muedzo akadana semirwi ivhu. Kuti aite Maitiro akadaro anogona kuva chero kunenge kuvakwa - panguva tsvakurudzo, magadzirirwo, kubudikidza kunyudza pachavo mbiru uye zvichingodaro ..

Kazhinji, kutsunga aitaridzika anokwanisa pazvitsigiso inoitwa panguva imwe chete uye dzemaitirwe kurwisa kwavo maererano yemaitiro, uye kuedzwa. Uyezve, achishandisa iduku tsika yapihwa. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti pakupedzisira kuvaka hwaro kupfuura hwakasimba. Nzira dzinoshandiswa yemamota munda miedzo zvinowa- vakasarudzwa zvichienderana Kuronga ivhu.

fomura SNIP

Nzira iyi Pakusarudza mwero kunounzwa nemurwi nemishonga iri nyore chaizvo uye nokudaro zvishoma yakarurama. Anotsvaka kubereka simba kukarukureta payakavakirwa sezvinotevera: Fdu = R * A + nepfambi * Σ γcf ∙ va- ∙ H, sezvamakaropafadzwa:

• R - ivhu nemishonga imwe sezvamunoita pasi sole (pakutsvaga tafura);

• A - nzvimbo nemurwi hwaro;

• swa - avhareji nemishonga kukosha lateral rutsigiro pasi (zvichienderana kugadzira zvinhu);

• U - mukomberedzo of-chikamu pamuchinjikwa nemurwi;

• mhoro - Ukobvu ivhu rukoko.

For kufinhikana mirwi, nyika dhayamita izvo zvinogona kusvika kusvika 1.5 m, uye urefu - kuti 40m mukuvakwa dzimba nevhu nevhu pamusoro parameters izvi vachava zvinotevera tsika:

• R Nekuti ivhu ivhu - 794 kPa.

• A = π ∙ D2 / 4 = 3.14 * 0,8 / 4 = 0.5 m2.

• Akatarira = π ∙ D = * 3,14 0,8 = 2,5 m.

• Σ γcf ∙ va- ∙ mhoro = 222 (vakatsunga nokushandisa tafura anokoshesa va- uye mhoro).

Dzinomiririra date izvi kupinda yemaitiro, zvinokwanisika kuwana mugumisiro wakadaro Fdu = 794 * 0.5 + 2.5 * 222 = 952 kN = 95,2 m.

Kana zvakakodzera kunofambira mberi bvunzo inoungana

Nzira iyi inobvumira kuti kuona kutakura anokwanisa zvitsigiso zvakarurama sezvingakwanisika. Zvisinei, kunofambira mberi miedzo kazhinji mari zvinodhura zvikuru. Chimwe drawback ruzivo urwu anonzi kuva chokwadi kuti zvinotora refu chaizvo nguva. Kubva pakutanga basa chairo mugumisiro uchishandisa nzira yakadaro kunowanzoitwa kanenge pavhiki. Asi vazhinji nguva iyi ndiyo akatowanda.

Kunofambira mberi miedzo hunongotaura pana vanodawo. Somuenzaniso, muna vachisimbisa nheyo nokutyisidzirwa pakudhirika kwezvivako zvivako akare. Uyewo ari zvemichina ichi kazhinji kuedzwa ivhu nevhu. Field bvunzo nzira yemamota pamusoro dzakadaro dzinogona kushandiswa akasiyana, kusanganisira simba. Asi kunofambira mberi goho vachiri chakavimbika kupfuura zvabuda. Izvi zvinoshandawo unorema ivhu (kubva kuvakwa masarasara) kana loess.

How kunofambira mberi miedzo: mukuru Zano

Sarudza aitaridzika vanokwanisa yemamota maererano zvemichina iyi Modelling kuti mashandiro basa ravo kuti akasarudzwa nzvimbo - yakaipisisa nokuda zvikuru ivhu ezvinhu enyika chinhu. Izvi zvinobvumira iwe kuti rakarurama kupfuura mugumisiro. Inoitwa munda miedzo nevhu kubudikidza semirwi kunofambira mberi michina mumatanho dzakawanda. rutsigiro First nomuzvanza pasi kuti kwakajairika pamwero. Ipapo vanopiwa kutsigira mazuva 3-20, zvichienderana murwiyo wenyika. Izvi zvakakodzera kuitira kuti ivhu akapora STRUCTURAL Links.

Next, muedzo murwi mumatanho (mumatanho), uyewo nokubvumira kumira, akatakura neimwe nguva nokuyera pellet achibatsirwa dzinokosha zvishandiso. The thawed Ivhu zvachose ya nzira iyi yemanyorero anenge 2 mazuva permafrost - vanenge 10. The inodiwa bvunzo mutoro inoungana zvinogona akasikwa pachishandiswa pazviruva:

• munhu hydraulic Jack, zvibatiso inoungana uye matanda wegadziriro;

• Rori kuchikuva kushandiswa senzvimbo vanorega nokuda Jack;

• ane torque mutoro;

• vasanganiswa.

Uyezve, mashoko kunofambira mberi miedzo yemamota zvinogona kugadzirwa uchishandisa ndikadzura mitoro. Panyaya iyi, chikuru midziyo yaishandiswa jacks.

preliminaries

Tanga mashandiro kuziva mutoro inobereka vanokwanisa pakati kunofambira mberi nzira maererano nokurondedzerwa, zvinokwanisika chete pashure simba nekongiri inoungana vanosvika 75%. Tinotsigira pre-iongororwe kuvapo chips zvimwe zvikanganiso. By Yokuedzwa akabvumira chete qualitatively akaita mirwi. Kana zvakakodzera, misoro yavo vari yakakura nevanhu zvokunze wokuisira. Chipped mune zvimwe zviitiko vabvumirwe namira samende-jecha nezvakasanganiswa.

Mumwe inoungana asati kuita bvunzo yakagadzirira sokunoratidza. Usati muchipinda nawo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, tarisa kuti straightness. Uyewo, vachinyatsoongorora kuzoongorora nzvimbo kwokubatana yayo nokuda kusakara. Zvarakasiya kubva yakarurama mutsetse zvitsigiso, maererano nemirau, haafaniri kuva kupfuura 10 mm pamusoro yose yakareba kana ari ndege.

Kuwedzera rokuongorora, kuongorora kunosanganisira semirwi kuti regadziriro basa sezvo unyoro-akaremerwa ivhu mhando iyi. Pashure pezvose, nyika pasi mumba wakatevera chakaoma haisi nguva dzose. Uye somugumisiro, mutoro pamusoro nemurwi kungava kupfuura chaiye ezvinhu. Nokuti ichinyongovedza ivhu pamwe bvunzo ikanyanya mukomberedzo vacherera mugoronga makubhiti 0.5 M uye kudzika 1-1.5 m. Dzimwe nguva uyewo akachera matsime (kakawanda munguva mari 3 zvidimbu). dhayamita wavo kazhinji ndiyo masendimita 20. unosanganisira wellbore uyewo kumucheto nzvimbo.

Mumuedzo anofanira nechokwadi kuti mvura pamwero mumigodhi uye pemigero akaramba kugara. The shoma soaking nguva yomugove SNP richinzi maawa 24 chete mita ainyatsonzwisisa. Zvisinei, nhamba iyi dzingasiyana zvichienderana murwiyo wenyika.

Michina Features

Achiita chaiyeiye munda nemiedzo pachavo kunofambira mberi mirwi, ona kuti hunyambiri mutoro hwokungotsvaka napo. The precipitate neimwe padanho kunoonekwa nokushandisa kupesana-mhando nenguva 0.01 mm mutengo zviratidzo.

Kana achiunganidza muvhu vanotozvikuvadza simuka zvemarudzi ose reactive kuita. vari vakayambuka kwegadziriro inoperera mu chikepe mirwi, mbiru zvinoshandiswa kusika kugadzwa mitoro. Kuzvidzora yenhengo idzi kuitwa Via nenguva zviratidzo. Maererano nemitemo, kufadza zvinobvumidzwa kukosha kudhonza pakati 0.2 cm. Zviratidzo zvose akagadzawo mano hazvo kubviswa panguva imwe bvunzo rwakazara. Uyezve, akanyorwa chaiyo remazita.

Nepo achizorora zvitsigiso maererano GOST

Sezvambotaurwa, asati mumwe bvunzo nhano zvinokosha kumira yemamota. Nepo achizorora zvitsigiso anosarudza GOST. Test ivhu inoungana kuti kunofambira mberi kwacho rinoitwa maererano sezvamunoita yavo. Kwaachazoratidza chiitiko ichi, pane ukama vanogona kuwanikwa tafura pazasi.

Kuziva rwevhu pamusoro nzvimbo kuvakwa kuvaka kuburikidza mumarabhoritari nemiedzo.

Dynamic miedzo: umo nyaya zvinoitiswa

Zvakanakira nzira iyi yakaderera mutengo uye shoma nguva aipedza. Zvisinei, rakarurama zvabuda yokuedzwa guru pakati kunofambira mberi zvibereko. Shandisa navo kakawanda, uye anenge ose chinokosha nzvimbo panguva imwe chete chete masvomhu akatakura tichikwanisa yemamota. The midziyo panguva iyoyo kakawanda kufanana pfuma iri chokupika nheyo.

Dynamic kuidzwa yemamota: mukuru Zano

Sezvo kunyudza nemurwi muvhu inoitika chisimbiso kokupedzisira. Izvi zvinoonekwa chokuti panguva iyoyo pamwe yakadzika murwi muromo kunoderedza kukundikana. Pakupedzisira, rutsigiro uye zvose Anodzivisawo kupinda pasi. Dynamic kukarukureta nzira, chokwadi, chinhu kuedza kurondedzera kukundikana nemurwi wayo kubereka vanokwanisa. Kazhinji mashoko, chinotaurwa iri nzira: G * H = Fu ∙ Sa + G * H + α ∙ G ∙ H, apo:

• G * H - sando basa;

• Fu ∙ Sa - basa pamusoro svetuka;

• α ∙ G ∙ H - basa inelastic deformation;

• G ∙ H - basa kwakavharwa nenyama deformation;

• Sa - inoungana kukundikana mamita;

• Fu - kubereka mutoro vakaomerwa nemishonga (KN);

• A - kutendeuka coefficient chikamu simba kupinda nekupisa.

Sa parameter kakawanda se Zvichakadaro murwi immersive munhevedzano ekushandiswa (4 kusvika 10). Chiyero kukundikana bvunzo inotsigira pamwe dzakasiyana zvokushandisa (otkazomera, Roulette, dipstick).

Test ivhu inoungana zvinofanira kuitwa dynamically uchishandisa rinorema sando zvakakwana. Chokwadi kuti kuwedzera kwayo uremu uye kuwedzera rakarurama Masvomhu.

Kana miedzo zvinonyorwa:

• Kuwanda sando zvibhakera;

• kukundikana ukoshi pashure kunyudzwa kune akafanorongerwa chiratidzo;

• kubvisa reshiyo (kukundikana kukundikana panguva murwi pa dobivku).

Features ndiite guru nemiedzo marudzi akasiyana-siyana evhu

Jecha riri kushandiswa zvigadzirwa akadai achiunganidza noruvara nekuumbanidzwa. On ivhu nevhu riri kuchengetwa ndeimwewo nyaya. Chokutanga, sezvo mujecha, pane zvishoma nezvishoma zvinoderedza kukundikana. Asi mumwe kudzika mwero shanduko rinomira. Dzimwe nguva kunyange kuwedzera kukundikana. Panyaya iyi, zvingaita sokuti nemurwi kutyaira asingadi kuwedzera mutoro kwairo. Zvisinei, izvi zvechokwadi handizvo. Akaderedza nemishonga ivhu zvikurukuru nokuda kwayo nezvainoita liquefaction.

Imhaka ichi maturo, munda muchizviedza semirwi ivhu munzvimbo dzakadaro unogamuchirwa kuti aite rimwe kunofambira mberi nzira. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, unogona kushandisa simba. Asi pashure liquefaction vanofanira uzorore basa kwevhiki kana maviri.

On the jecha nzvimbo panguva simba bvunzo dzimwe nguva akadaro vanetsane. Pashure yokumbozorora nemurwi kutyaira kwechinguva, kukundikana kutanga kuwedzera. Izvi anonyanya nokuda compaction zvevhu pasi pamurwi muromo. Panyaya iyi, maererano nemitemo simba bvunzo jecha nharaunda vakaita mazuva matatu mushure achiunganidza, uye ivhu - 6 mazuva.

Chii zviripo achiziva

Dynamic kuidzwa yemamota mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, zvingava vanoratidza kukwirira goho zvinobereka chinzvimbo, kana vakutarisire - imwe understated. Izvi anonyanya nokuda layered nemamiriro ivhu. The murwi anogona kupindira gobvu rukoko uye kupinda mamwe unzenza, kana vakutarisire. Panguva munzvimbo dzakaoma dzakadaro kazhinji kururama migumisiro zvinoratidza kunyange kunofambira mberi bvunzo. Ndokusaka asati atanga chero basa iri panzvimbo kuva nechokwadi kuita anonyatsotsvaka radio.

Chii chinofanira kutungamirira

Vaedzwa inoungana uchiwirirana nemitemo chairayirwa anotevera magwaro:

• GOST 5686-96 "wevhu. Unyanzvi inoungana miedzo ";

• SNIP 2.02.03-85 "Pile nheyo";

• SNIP 3.02.02-87 "Nheyo, earthworks, nheyo";

• 50-102-203 SP "midziyo uye pamasikiro nuolet hwaro";

• GOST 25258-82 "Method kuziva tembiricha munda";

• Interstate mureza kuitisa Geological kuongorora (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia Federation).

Asati kunofambira mberi bvunzo ane unyanzvi basa, basa racho anoshanda, uyewo yokuvakira vanokweverwa kuronga uye ayo Geological chikamu. Panopera mumunda basa uye mushure mari takatsunga ne kwemasvomhu Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri dhayamita uye pakureba mirwi.