Functional kushandisa michina zano. Nei zvichikosha?

Mumakore achangopfuura, ari kushandisa michina ine pezvakaitwa kweShanduro simbi iri kusimba kushanda pamwe zvakawanda vakasuma itsva nzira, namano uye hurongwa kuti kuderedza mutoro pamusoro munhu, ochinja kuti magadzirirwo. At miti yakawanda ngavauye otomatiki michina kuti vaite zvose zvakafanana kushanda, asi pamwe kukuru zvakarurama uye munguva shoma. Uyezve, wakaparadzaniswa kucherechedza kuti kushandisa michina anogona kuderedza ngozi vanhu vakambotadza vaifanira kushanda zvakaoma uye ngozi ezvinhu. Zvino havafaniri kuva pakati chii chiri kuitika - muchina dzaishandisa kutarisira kubva chinhambwe yakachengeteka kamuri.

Saka, tinogona zvakachengeteka kutaura kuti kushandisa michina - sangano ichi munguva yemberi, pavanogadzira mberi kuti chete kubatsira vanhu. Zvisinei, munyaya ino hatisi kutaura pamusoro kushandisa michina seboka, uye kuti ndiye kushandisa michina zano, sezvo chinoitwa uye sei kushandisa. pfungwa iyi ingaita sezvinoshamisa kuti vanhu vakawanda. Chinenge hapana chete anogona kutora uye fembera chii chaiva kuti kana kuti unomirira. ichi zvose ichakurukurwa zvakadzama pazasi, asi kutanga, unofanira kunzwisisa kuti kushandisa michina zano - ichi chinhu chinokosha zvikuru chinhu, pasina raakanga michina muitiro angadai zvisingabviri.

Ndechipi dzichipfekeka chinogumbura dhayagiramu?

Tisati kubata huru pfungwa ino, inova kushandisa michina zano, zvinokosha kuteerera chokwadi kuti vakawanda zita iri riri wakawedzera uye chipauro "dzichipfekeka." Asi hazvina ichene - zvose zvinova chete zvakawanda kuvhiringidza. Ndechipi dzichipfekeka chinogumbura dhayagiramu? Saka akadana gwaro hwakasikwa kuitira kujekesa uye kudonongodza zvimwe pezvakaitwa kuchiitika rimwe chikwata kana pane imwe nzvimbo. Saka, zvakanaka kuti titi kushandisa michina hushande mune iyi yaizova kutsanangurwa (kunyange zvishomanana hwezvaizoitika) nokuti automating mutoo chero chaiyo vachida. Chokwadi, izvi zvikuru rinowanika tsanangudzo, uye saka unofanira yakawanda yokunyatsoongorora kuverenga nyaya ino, nokuti achava nezvakawanda zvakadzama akatsanangura zvose zvine chokuita pfungwa iyi, ayo Implementation uye chikumbiro uchidzidzira.

Kuchinja achangopfuura makore

Hatigoni kutaura kuti zvinhu zvose ane yayo mureza. Ikoko iye hapana chinhu yakadai kushandisa michina zano: GOST. Asi zvakafanira kunzwisisa kuti mitemo usamira, uye kunyanya kudaro pezvakaitwa yepamusorosoro. Kwemakore gumi apfuura hwachinja kuisa unyanzvi nzira yaishandiswa kushandisa michina kwacho, saka zvakawanda zvachinja uye nezvaanoda.

Now zvoga hurongwa hunobva ano super-makombiyuta anogona kuratidza zvikuru zvaitoshamisa kadambari simba pane zvakafanana makore gumi apfuura. Ndokusaka zvino vava kuwanika yakakura kupfuura mabasa nokuda zvoga hurongwa, kusanganisira pakuchengetedza zvabuda chero nguva, ari goho mashoko chero nguva nenzira yakakodzera nenzira, pakatangwa chaiwo zvakawanda mimics, izvo raizoita kushandisa chero nzira kuti kusimba zvinonyatsochengeta kudzora dzinenge dzose zvichibvira hurongwa.

Zvino vatariri vava zvikuru succinct, vanogona kuiswa kushandiswa munzvimbo pedyo napedyo kuti zvoga hurongwa, uye kure kure, izvo kunoita zvikuru anonzwisisa kudzora hurongwa. Saka unogona kufungidzira nyore sei ichava yakasiyana chaizvo kubva pamakore gumi apfuura ano gwaro kushandisa michina zano. GOST 2006 uchava zvachose pasina kushanda nhasi, chokwadi, sezvo ndivo zvoga hurongwa kuti ikozvino inogona chikatsiviwa zvikuru tibudirire.

Zano kushandisa michina sei?

Hazvina chakavanzika zano akadaro mumwe mapepa anokosha yokugadzira fekitari kushandisa michina, chitoro kana mumwe kugadzirwa dzakabatana. Iye akarondedzera zviduku zvose ichasanganisira kushandisa michina, kusanganisira kwezvinhu zvokushandisa, chidhiraivho michina iyi, kukurukurirana uye ukama pakati okunze, uye zvichingodaro.

Zvinokoshawo chaizvo kurangarira sei zvinokosha akasarudzwa muna kushandisa michina matunhu - vakatendeuka gwaro nyore ari succinct uye yakajeka zano. Mumwe Kutarira yake yakakwana kazhinji vaongorore yose gadziriro kushandisa michina uye kunzwisisa chii sei uye zvichava chinozoiswa. Nyora pasi kushandisa michina zvirongwa zvinofanira kuva pachena sezvinobvira, nokuti maererano mufananidzo dzichakurukurwa muhurukuro kare zvimwe zvinyorwa akakodzera, iyo ichashandiswa mune ramangwana. Saka, zano iri sezvamunoziva, ndeimwe anokosha zvinhu yose muitiro kushandisa michina, uye ayo Implementation vanofanira kuva nenguva chepamusoro pamwero - pasi zvidukuduku.

Chii anoratidzwa mune dhayagiramu?

Functional Zano kushandisa michina - ichi hachisi uwane mufananidzo zvose zvinhu kugadzirwa kutaurirana pakati pavo. Chekutanga, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvachose zvinhu zvose anonyorwa zano pane zvinodiwa, kureva, havafaniri dzinoenderana kutarisa wakafanana chokwadi. Chechipiri, pakafunuka hauna wakacherechedza, saka kuti zano rine chokuita sei zvose zvokushandisa yaiva chaiyo kukura uye ratios. Kukurira zano ichi, unofanira kunzwisisa kuti zviri chete zvimiso gadzira, aunopiwa Fafitera nzwisisei kuti anodawo pezvokuvamba kugadzirwa kwacho, uye ivo vachava ipapo dyidzana pamwe kushandisa michina hurongwa.

Functional Zano kushandisa michina, pfungwa, nevakawanda format, saka kuti vakawanda zviratidzo zviri kwezvipimo. Somuenzaniso, mune vaenzi vanosungirwa chinoreva zvokushandisa uye kukurukurirana matete mitsetse, apo kwacho hova akasarudzwa fatter. Kune vazhinji mazita akasiyana, uye? kuwana zvose, unofanira tinyatsoziva vaenzi.

kwakadaro namano

Zano kushandisa michina ine pezvakaitwa kunogona vakawanda chaizvo. Zvichienderana kuti midziyo mhando rwuripowo urongwa, vanoverengeka zvitoro uye nehoro vari revatema, zvinokosha kufunga optimizing kuronga rikurumidze. Uye mutemo wokutanga anoreva zvakafanana namano. Chokwadi chokuti anorimwa zvinowanzosanganisira vakawanda zvinhu, sezvo madhipatimendi siyana zvinoda mharidzo dzakasiyana. Zvisinei, kana zvinoitika kuti pane imwe mhando mano kana zvinhu, vanogona kunzi ne rimwe zano, akamupa kubatana kumwewo.

Toti une shanu akafanana namano kuti uchida kuratidza ari tsananguro gwaro. Kana vachiita zvakafanana, uchishandisa imwe nheyo kushandisa michina. Kureva, unogona kuumba schema wokutanga mano izvi, uye ipapo zvakanyatsonanga kuti zvakafanana zano rinoshanda kuti dzasara zviridzwa mana. Sezvaunogona kuona, kushandisa michina kudzora redunhu vane zvakawanda zvinonakidza uye zvinokosha kuti munokosha kuongorora, sezvo ivo aivabatsira hwako kwazvo uye achaita kuti muitiro zvikuru yamunenge uye akarongeka.

pamwe zviratidzo Tables

Zvaizoratidza sokuti yakadaro kunyengedzazve sezviratidzo kushandisa michina Zvirongwa zvinofanira kuitwa pazera vakasununguka nenzira, asi zviri zvechokwadi kure zvakadaro, uye kwazvo zvakasimba kudzorwa. Unofanira kuva yoga tafura rundanyara, izvo zvicharatidza kuva mbiru mbiri kusika - munhu ane zita imwe mudziyo, yakananga kukurukurirana uye zvichingodaro, uye vamwe kucharatidzwa zvakananga chiratidzo chaizvo. Panyaya iyi, vose ezvinhu vari oma chaizvo - kunyange inopiwa imwe mbiru upamhi iri tafura, saka kuti murege kupiwa nzvimbo fungidziro.

Chokwadi, unogona kugadzira pachako zviratidzo zvenyu, asi pano, zvakare, ane mitemo yayo, izvo kazhinji vanoomerera zvose. Ndiko, hamuna chaiyo rokuti Somuenzaniso, kubatanidza pombi kana ravo mharadzano, asi kazhinji kacho akatorwa kumirira navo congruent pamwe chete mitsetse, uyewo kuburikidza nomunhu kuramba uye mumwe discontinuous kana mbiri mitsetse, mumwe iyo anoita semicircular vanobwembura panguva mharadzano. Asi iwe unofanira kurangarira kuti kunyange kana ukashandisa vanhuwo notation, iwe uchiri kuda kutaura nawo ari patafura zviratidzo. Chete nenzira iyi anoita dzichipfekeka Zano kushandisa michina.

tsamba zviratidzo

Chimwe chikuru pfungwa dziri kushandisa michina zvirongwa, pasinei kushanda schematic dhayagiramu kana tafura kushandisa michina muri mazita tsamba. Vatambe basa rinokosha uye kutakura anoyevedza mari nezvahunonyatsoreva, saka unofanira zvachose kudzidza chii chinogona kumiririra mumwe kana rimwe tsamba, iyo yakanyorwa zvimwe zvinhu. Chekutanga cherechedza kuti tsamba iyoyo angava nezvaanoreva akawanda. Somuenzaniso, anogona kushandiswa kureva akayera kukosha uye panguva imwe chete ari dzichipfekeka mudziyo noruzhinji. Hongu, vakawanda tsamba vane mumwe mazita maviri pamusoro. Somuenzaniso, "A" inomiririra zvichikurukura, uye "E" rinoratidza zvemagetsi ukoshi. Asi pane tsamba kuti anganzi munhu kana rimwe chikamu. Somuenzaniso, "H" - uye inogona manually pave uye yokumusoro panogumira measurand.

Uyezve, dzimwe tsamba dzinoratidza chete pamusoro chakayerwa kukosha, asi zvinogona zvichiri kutora mbiri tsika - nesekondari. More chaizvo, ichi chingaitika huru measurand rokuti uye zvakare, izvo rinoti mashoko chakayerwa ukoshi. Kuti unzwisise, unogona kupa muenzaniso "D" tsamba. Huru ukoshi kuti rinomiririra pamusoro ari vanodhirowa - the arambe achirema. Asi vangadavirawo vane chimwezve nan'anuro dzimwe tsika. In chimiro ichi, zvichaita kuratidza musiyano kana differential. Kazhinji, tsamba nyora zvinofanira kubhadharwa vainyatsotarisirwa, kunyanya kupiwa chokwadi kuti vari zvakare kushandisa-vataurwa pamusoro musimboti uye chinogumbura Mufananidzo ari kushandisa michina.

Two Nzira rakasikwa nematunhu

kushandisa michina zano inogona nzira mbiri notation, uye ichi zvakakosha zvikuru. Vane simba rokuchinja munzira zvakanyorwa mune ramangwana yose zano zvaizochengetwa akambochera. Saka, nzira inogona nyore uye kuwedzerwa. Muchiitiko chokutanga, dunhu iri nyore kushoma. Zvakananga, izvi runoratidzwa pakuti dzose kushandisa michina zvishandiso vanobatanidzwa muurongwa anomiririrwa zvakafanana, kureva vasina zvakananga zviratidzo. Kana nzira yechipiri, zvose zviri zvikuru kunzwisisa uye siyana. Mumwe kushandisa michina zvinoreva rinoshandiswa yayo zano rokuti, izvo, sezvingatarisirwa, yakanyorwa ari oga tafura, zvatakakutadzirai kare ataurwa pamusoro.

Zvinowanzoshandiswa zvose nzira, chete mumwe nomumwe wavo rinoshandiswa zvichienderana ezvinhu. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, nyore kuita gadzira, umo vose kushandisa michina Ezvemutauro kuda kunzi chete maatomu akafanana. Izvi zvichaita kuti kunzwisisa ezvinhu rose. Asi dzimwe nguva zviri kukosha kune kunzwisisa kwacho kushandisa michina yakadzika, saka zvose zano yoga kuenda apa. Zvisinei, zvinokosha kuyeuka kuti kunyange iyi, pakafunuka haakudzwi. Nokuti mumwe mhando dzakashandiswa zvakanaka anogona kuitwa zvizere kushandisa michina. Kwesayenzi Zvirongwa zvinogona kwazvo, asi havana ichitaurwa imwe mhando. Rimwe chinguva zvakasiyana, kunyange kufungisisa nezvokuti kwazvo rinofanira nezvinodiwa.

Graphics kushandisa michina midziyo

Functional muitiro kushandisa michina zano angasanganisira akawandisa zviratidzo, asi pane avo kuti unoona ipapo kazhinji. Tiri kutaura notation vari yakasungirirwa dzakananga maturusi uye kushandisa michina namano, zvinowanzoshandiswa ano hurongwa. Sezvingatarisirwa, mhando dzavo ariko rakakura mari uye ikozvino haatombotauri musoro kunyora zvose. Asi iwe unogona kufungidzira inokosha shoma, dzakadai chikuru wokutepfenyurisa, uko kunomiririrwa nyore chaizvo - nokubatsira mudenderedzwa. Asi kana ukaona denderedzwa, iyo yakakamurwa muna misara miviri, ichava yakasiyana zvachose mudziyo - zano kuti yakaiswa pamusoro kure kuzvidzora.

Kana ukaona denderedzwa, iyo ngaubve yakarurama mutsetse pasi, zvinoreva kuti wamuri actuator - asi kungotadza Generic izwi. Kune mhando inoverengeka actuators, mumwe icho chiratidzo iri kuchinjwa dzokuwedzera okunze, akadai museve pamusoro kuguma yakarurama mitsetse ane ode kune pati, maviri pfupi yakarurama mitsetse, chinoyambuka perpendicular kune imwe refu yakananga mutsetse, tsamba iri nechepakati denderedzwa uye zvichingodaro. The regulator akasarudzwa sekanguva "uta" - zvokuridza maviri kuti bata mumwe vertices. Uyewo kucherechedza, uye vakasarudzwa zano kuti haasi zvachose kurerekera mudziyo wake. It runotaurwa noruoko Semi-denderedzwa ane yakarurama mutsetse anomuitira kubva kumusoro.

The nhamba dhayagiramu

Wakati achitaura chete pamusoro graphical notation kuti unogona kuwana mune dzichipfekeka Mufananidzo kushandisa michina, uye takataura pamusoro tsamba, izvo zvinogona uye zvinofanira kushandiswa mazano aya. Asi usakanganwa kuti nhamba ringashandiswawo pakugadzirira mufanidzo kwakadaro. Unofanira kunzwisisa kuti dzichipfekeka dhayagiramu zvinofanira kucherechedzwa zvose, uye zvakawanda pane rokuti, nani uye zvikuru pachena zano vachasunungurwa. Naizvozvo, unofanira zvachose kushandisa nhamba sezvo zvakavanakira ndechokuti shure kwavo hakusi enshrined chero tsika. Uchada kuti tafura wakakwana umo iwe tsanangura kukosha dzakabatanidzwa ichi kana kuti nhamba kusika. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti zvakanaka Kochekera zviratidzo, ukama tsika dzakafanana kwakadaro.

Somuenzaniso Mapaipi kushandisa michina zano. Nhamba zvichibvira kuziva zvinhu zvose, izvo anowanikwa mune mamwe mapazi eumambo nenyere. Figure 1 - iri mvura, nhamba 2 - vakaroorana 3 - mhepo uye zvichingodaro. Sezvingatarisirwa, dunhu rimwe nerimwe rine yayo kushandiswa Zvisinei rokuti Data ndiyo chete muenzaniso. Wakasununguka kusarudza sei anoratidza chimwe vanzwe zano rako tichibatsirwa nenhamba.

Somugumisiro, tinogona kutaura kuti kushandisa michina - iri rinokosha chaizvo uye zvakajairika mutoo nhasi, izvo anobatsira chaizvo pakuita kukura maindasitiri, mukurima uye zvavo chero munda basa. Saka richiswedera a nomazvo uye yakarurama dzichipfekeka kushandisa michina zano - asiwo unobatsira chaizvo unyanzvi, sezvo zvinyorwa zvakadai kuburikidza kushandisa michina muitiro rinoitwa zvikuru nokukurumidza uye pasina chinovhiringidza. The uchida uye zvinonyatsochengeta kushandisa michina vanoronga - runovimbisa yepamusoro kuurayiwa chirongwa akaramba kushanda zvoga kugadzirwa. Saka, nyaya nhasi iri akaripa kunyatsoongorora kwakadaro.