Nehelium: ehupfumi, unhu, kushanda

Nehelium - inert gasi boka 18 periodic table. Ndiwo wechipiri lightest chinhu pashure rehydrogen. Nehelium - gasi pasina ruvara, kunhuwidza uye kuravira rinova emura panguva tembiricha kuti -268,9 ° C. Kubika pfungwa yaro nechando pfungwa kudzika kupfuura zvimwe kuvazivisa fuma. Ndicho chete chinhu usingabereki zvigare naye kutonhora panguva dzekudya mumhepo kumanikidzwa. Akatamira kune yakasimba mamiriro anofanira kuva 25 atmospheres, pane imwe tembiricha 1 K.

History yakawanikwa

Nehelium rakawanikwa gasi mumhepo yakapoteredza zuva, nyanzvi yokuFrance Pierre Zhansenom kuti muna 1868 munguva nokuora kwezuva yakazviwanira rakajeka yero rwokuyera chakarondedzera zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri chromosphere. Pakutanga zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti mutsetse uyu anomirira chinhu yavaibvisa. Zvegore, Chirungu zvomuchadenga Dzhozef Norman Lockyer vakachengeta yero rwokuyera zuva chakarondedzera, izvo haana anoenderana kuzivikanwa yavaibvisa mitsetse D ₁ uye D _2, uye naizvozvo zita nayo tambo D _3. Lockyer akagumisa kuti kwakanga kwakonzerwa fuma iri Sun zvisingazivikanwi Panyika. Iye kemisiti Edward Frankland muzita rokuti chinhu uchishandisa Greek zita 'Helios' Svondo

Muna 1895, kuti kemisiti British Sir Uilyam Ramzay akaratidza kuvapo nehelium Panyika. Akagamuchira mharidzo cleveite akatakura uranium exchange-zvicherwa, uye pashure tikaongorora magasi kuumbwa panguva kudziyisa izvozvo, vakaona kuti rakajeka yero rwokuyera chakarondedzera rinobatana nerwonzi D _3, akaona zuva chakarondedzera. Saka, chimwe chinhu chitsva pakupedzisira yakaiswa. Muna 1903 Ramsay uye Frederick Soddy vakawana kuti nehelium chibereko pakati kwatangwa kuora pakati radioactive zvinhu.

Distribution zvakasikwa

The vakawanda nehelium anenge 23% of zvachose gobvu zvakasikwa, uye chinhu ndiyo yechipiri rakajairika muchadenga. Zvinonzi kusimbiswa nyeredzi, apo rehydrogen achiumbwa kubva zvichiguma Fusion. Kunyange zvazvo nehelium mumhepo iri wevasungwa 1 chikamu 200 fung. (5 ppm) uye zviri mu uwandu radioactive zvicherwa, meteorite shwanu, uyewo chicherwa manyuko, yakawanda yacho chinhu inowanikwa United States (kunyanya mu Texas, New duku Mexico City, Kansas, Oklahoma, Utah, uye Arizona) sezvo chikamu (kusvika 7.6%) kubva negasi. Small aro reserves vave yakawanikwa Australia, Algeria, Poland, Qatar uye Russia. Muna goko nehelium wevasungwa ndiyo chete anenge 8 ppb.

isotopes

Chinoumba nechimwe nehelium atomu rine protons vaviri, asi, sezvo mamwe masangano, ine isotopes. Inosanganisira kubva umwe nhanhatu neutrons, saka vanhu vakawanda nhamba dzavo kubvira matatu navasere. Kugadzikana ava ndivo okunze ane uremu vagara vandifungira nehelium mabhomba nhamba 3 ⁽³⁾ uye 4 ^(4). zvimwe zvose radioactive uye nokukurumidza nekuwora kupinda zvimwe zvinhu. nehelium vepasi kwete chikamu nyika yepakutanga, yakanga yakaumbwa somugumisiro kuora radioactive. Alpha nezvimedu chaibwinya kubudikidza nuclei ose radioactive inorema zvinhu zviri isotope ⁴ Iye neerekitironi. Nehelium asingagari -wedzera akawanda mumhepo, nekuti giravhiti paNyika hazvivakwani kukumisa kubva zvishoma nezvishoma usabuda muchadenga. Kungoda ³ munyika zvinotsanangurwa kunaka Beta kuora rehydrogen chisingawanzowaniki-3 chaikosha (tritium). ⁴ Iye ndiro rinonyanya zvinowanzovapo akatsiga isotopes: ⁴ nhamba Iye kwemaatomu kurutivi ³ Iye anenge 700 zviuru 1 mhepo uye vanenge 7 mamiriyoni 1 mune dzimwe nehelium-vapfumi zvicherwa ..

The ehupfumi kuti nehelium chaiko

Kubika uye utsotso pfungwa chinhu ichi vari rakadzika. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, nehelium aripo sezvo gasi kunze ezvinhu akanyanyisa. Iye gasi yakanyauka mumvura zvishoma kupfuura zvimwe gasi, uye mwero diffusion nomuviri chikukutu ndechevakura katatu kupfuura iya mhepo. Its refractive indekisi of dzepamwoyo anouya 1.

The chafariz conductivity pamusoro nehelium wechipiri chete rehydrogen chafariz conductivity, yakananga kupisa kwaro zvemariro dzakakwirira. At zvavo tembiricha zviri nenharo panguva kuwedzera, uye pasi 40 K - haachandidi. Saka, pana T <40 K nehelium inogona kuchinjwa kuva mvura nokuda kuwedzera.

Eremendi chiri insulator, kana iri kwete ionized mamiriro. Kufanana nevamwe vanokudzwa magasi, nehelium ane metastable simba mumatunhu kuti anobvumira kuti ionized kubudikidza yemagetsi kukangamwirwa kana voltage riri pasi ionization mukana.

Nehelium-4 yakasiyana nedzimwe pakuti ane mbiri mvura siyana. Yekushandisa inonzi nehelium I uye aripo tembiricha kubvira Kubika zvokusvika 4.21 K (-268,9 ° C) kuti anenge 2,18 K (-271 ° C). Lower chafariz conductivity pamusoro 2,18 K ⁴ Iye anova 1000 nguva kupfuura zvemhangura. chimiro ichi inonzi nehelium II, kusiyanisa kubva zvavo. Chakasimudzira superfluid: viscosity zvokuti akanetseka kuti hazvigoni kuyerwa. Nehelium II anopararira mugomba nhete firimu pamusoro pemvura upi venhumbi anonetseka, uye firimu iri kuerera pasina kukweshera kunyange negiravhiti.

Zvishoma zhinji nehelium-3 rinoumbwa zvitatu emura zvakasiyana maitikiro, vaviri vari superfluid. Superfluidity muna ⁴ Akanga yakawanikwa pedyo Soviet yefizikisi Petrom Leonidovichem Kapitsey nepakati 1930s, uye iyoyi iri ³ Akanga kutanga muonekwe Douglas D. Osheroff, David M. Lee, uye Robert C. Richardson kuUnited States muna 1972.

A mvura musanganiswa isotopes maviri nehelium-3 uye -4 panguva kutonhora pazasi 0,8 K (-272.4 ° C) iri huviri akaturikidzana - ane chezvematongerwe wakachena ³ Iye ⁴ Iye muvhenganiswa pamwe 6% kubva nehelium-3. Pokufa ³ muna ⁴ anoteverwa kutonhora kushanda iro rinoshandiswa cryostat hurongwa umo nehelium tembiricha iri pazasi 0.01 K (-273,14 ° C) uye vakaramba kwemazuva mashomanana.

kubatana

Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, nehelium iri mishonga inert. In yokunyanyisa anogona kusika remubatanidzwa Kufananidzira kuti panguva dzekudya tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa zviratidzi havasi kugadzikana. Somuenzaniso, nehelium zvingaite yeimwe pamwe ayodhini, tungsten, fluorine, phosphorus nesarufa, kana pasi ane zvemagetsi sokupenya zvinoyerera kana Erekitironi bombardment mu plasma wehurumende. Saka akasikwa HeNe, HgHe _10, WHe ₂ uye samolecular ions Iye ₂ ⁺ ₂ Kwete ^++, heh ⁺ uye HeD ^+. chidobi rino uyewo ari kwazvakarerekera Morekuru Iye ₂ uye HgHe.

yeplasma

In zvakasikwa advantageously vakaparadzira ionized nehelium, ane ehupfumi akasiyana substantially kubva samolecular. Maerekitironi uye protons haana chokuita, uye ine zvikuru zvemagetsi conductivity kunyange mumamiriro zvishoma ionized mamiriro. On mhosva nezvimedu zvikuru kufurirwa rinobva uye dzemagetsi minda. Somuenzaniso, mune zuva mhepo ine nehelium ions anosangana chete ionized rehydrogen magnetosphere pasi, kukonzera Aurora borealis.

Kuwanikwa deposits iri US

Pashure drilling muna 1903 muna Dexter, Kansas, yakanga yaunganidzwa non-zvinobata moto gasi. Pakutanga, zvakanga asingazivi kuti rine nehelium. Iyo gasi kwakawanikwa, akazivisa mamiriro Erasmus Haworth geologist, uyo akaunganidza ivhu ake uye University of Kansas to mishonga Kedi Gamiltona uye David McFarland akawana kuti rine 72% senitrogen, 15% methane, 1% rehydrogen uye 12% haana kuzivikanwa. Tapedza nekutambira pachisara vaongorori vakawana kuti 1,84% of nzwisa nehelium. Saka tinoziva kuti uyu makemikari maatomu akafanana aripo akawanda ari pakadzika Great Plains, apo rinogona zvikaramba kubva negasi.

maindasitiri kugadzira

Izvi akaita United States kugadzirwa enyika nehelium mutungamiri. At zano na Sir Richard Threlfall, US Navy mari nhatu diki mutyairi wendege chirimwa kubereka fuma iyi panguva World War First inonzi yakawanda Balloons lightweight non-zvinobata moto gasi kusimuka. Maererano chirongwa ichi zvakabudiswa pakati vanosvika 5700 mamita ³ 92 muzana Iye, kunyange zvazvo izvi rwaiwanikwa chete kanenge 100 litres negasi. Chikamu mari iyi yaishandiswa munyika yokutanga nehelium airship US Navy C-7, iyo akaita rwendo rwayo kubva Hampton Roads (Virginia) pa Bolling Field (Washington, DC) December 7, 1921.

Kunyange zvazvo izvi yakaderera tembiricha mvura gasi panguva iyoyo akanga asina zvakakwana yakatanga kuva zvinokosha munguva World War First, kugadzirwa mberi. Nehelium iri aiwanzoshandiswa sezvo amusimudze gasi iri ndege. Kudiwa nokuti yakawedzera panguva Second World War apo yaishandiswa ane kudzivirirwa chinhu chakakombama nomoto. The chinhu anewo zvikuru kukosha pakasikwa maatomu bhomba "Manhattan".

US National chengetedza

Muna 1925, United States hurumende akasika National kuchengeterwa kuti nehelium muna Amarillo, Texas, kupa airships zvechiuto munguva yehondo uye ezvokutengeserana airships munguva yorugare. Kushandiswa gasi akawira mushure World Second, asi Nehunde yakanga yakawedzera 1950 kupa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, izvozvo anopa sechipiriso coolant inoshandiswa kugadzirwa okisijeni-rehydrogen propellant munguva nzvimbo rudzi uye Hondo Yemashoko. Kushandiswa nehelium muUnited States muna 1965, vasere nguva kupfuura yepamusoro kudyiwa munguva yehondo.

Pashure kuitwa mutemo pamusoro nehelium 1960 Mining Bureau zvitsidzo 5 makambani private dzokubvisa chinhu kubva negasi. chirongwa ichi rakavakwa 425-? km Mapaipi kubatanidza miti izvi nehurumende zvishoma kwezvinoshandiswa gasi munda pedyo Amarillo, Texas. Nehelium-senitrogen musanganiswa pumped kupinda pachivande kuchengetwa, uye vakagarapo kusvikira hapana chikonzero mariri.

Pakazosvika 1995, bhuku wemari ikaungana bhiriyoni cubic metres, ukuwo chikwereti of National kuchengeterwa mabhiriyoni 1,4 emadhora, iyo chakakurudzira US Congress muna 1996 kuti danho pairi. Zvichitevera kuitwa muna 1996 mutemo pamusoro privatization pakati nehelium Ministry of Natural Resources yakatanga liquidation chitoro muna 2005.

Zvakachena uye kugadzirwa

Nehelium anobudiswa kusvikira 1945 gore aiva kuchena anenge 98%, vamwe 2% vaiva senitrogen kuti hwakakukwanira airships. Muna 1945, yakabereka shoma 99.9 muzana gasi kushandiswa mune chinhu chakakombama nomoto. Pakazosvika 1949, rucheno chinhu yasvika 99,995%.

Kwemakore akawanda muUnited States ikabereka vanopfuura 90% of munyika yezvokutengeserana nehelium. Kubvira 2004, gore rimwe nerimwe rakanga kwakashanda mamiriyoni 140 mamita ^3, 85% iyo kuitika muUnited States, 10% yakaitwa muna Algeria, uye vamwe - kuRussia uye Poland. Vanonyanya kupa nehelium munyika vari minda gasi dzinongoitika of Texas, Oklahoma uye Kansas.

The urongwa chokuwana

Nehelium (kuchena 98,2%) iri akapora kubva liquefaction rwokuzvarwa gasi nevamwe zvinoriumba yakaderera tembiricha panguva pamatunhu zvisingatauriki. The adsorption zvimwe magasi dzaserera kusashanda kabhoni anogona kuzadzisa kuchena 99,995%. A shoma nehelium anobudiswa panguva mhepo liquefaction pamwero. Pakati 900 matani mhepo vanogona anenge 3.17 cubic metres. M gasi.

Minda chikumbiro

Noble gasi raiswa muminda siyana.

• Nehelium, iyo nzvimbo kubvumira kuwana tembiricha yakaderera chaizvo, rinoshandiswa sechiratidzo kutonhora mumiriri mu LHC, MRI superconducting magineti apparatuses uye zvenyukireya rinobva resonance spectrometers, Satellite midziyo, uyewo nokuda liquefaction reokisijeni uye rehydrogen mu zvombo "Apollo".
• Sezvo inert gasi kuti Welding aruminiyamu nevamwe. Metals vari zvaAtemisi semiconductors uye Manyiminya fibers.
• .. Kuti sika nevamwe chinotsva Matangi ose chitundumuseremusere michini, kunyanya avo uchishanda mvura rehydrogen, T nehelium gasi chete hunochengetedza ayo ezvinhu aggregation apo rehydrogen anoramba mvura);
• He-Ne gasi lasers zvinoshandiswa atarise Barcode pamusoro bhokisi yebazi muzvitoro.
• Nehelium-Ion maikorosikopu unokubvumira kuwana mufananidzo zvakanakisisa pane zvemagetsi.
• Nokuda mukuru permeability yomuchinda gasi inoshandiswa kuongorora idonhe, somuenzaniso motokari mhepo-kutonhodza mugadziriro, uyewo nokukurumidza rokuzadza airbag pamusoro kudhumhana.
• Low arambe achirema achibvumira decoration balls vakazara nehelium. The inert gasi anotsiviwa putika rehydrogen gasi mu airships uye Balloons. Somuenzaniso, muna meteorology, nehelium Balloons inoshandiswa kusimudza tambo tambo.
• The cryogenic coolant rinoshandiswa, sezvo tembiricha iri makemikari chinhu shoma zvichibvira zvokunwa mamiriro.
• Nehelium, iyo nzvimbo kukutsigira kamari reactivity uye mvura solubility (uye ropa), mune musanganiswa pamwe okisijeni awana kushanda mu kufema Formulations kuti chamunyurududu Diving uye vakabata caisson basa.
• Meteorites uye matombo vakaongorora kuti zviri chinhu ichi kuti vaone zera ravo.

Nehelium: Zvivako zviri chinhu

Iye huru chaiko ehupfumi ndeinotevera:

• Mabhomba nhamba: 2.
• The hama guru pakati nehelium atomu: 4,0026.
• Kubvunda pfungwa: kwete.
• Kubika pfungwa: -268,9 ° C.
• Density (1 ATM, 0 ° C): 0,1785 g / n.
• oxidation mamiriro 0.