Ndiani uye kana akazogadzira ballpoint mudanga? gore chii akazogadzira ballpoint mudanga?

Kubva panguva apo mangwanani murume wokutanga kudzidza kudhirowa uye kunyora, paiva maturusi akawanda ichi. Chokutanga, basa reDare Stationery yemapuranga rutanda nedombo. Vaikwanisa siya chifananidzo sejecha kana paruware. Muzana 4th remakore BC. e. vanhu vakatanga kunyora tichibatsirwa pfupa kana emapuranga tsotso nomusi kunyorova pamahwandefa mvura nevhu. In yekare Greece rakashandiswa tsvimbo iyi ine wakananga yokutenda (chinyoreso) uye chikwangwani akafukidzwa nhete wakisi rukoko. Nhasi, tinoshandisa zvose zvazvakanakira yebudiriro, uye saka nyore uye zvinoita nyore mudziyo wakaita chinyoreso, anongoti havateereri. You Bet! zvinhu zvakadai chero muhofisi wedzerai chitoro (uye kwete chete) zvinopfuura: ballpoint, gel, mafuta, ingi ... The Range zvakadaro rakafara, kuti meso diverge. Asi haana nguva dzose. Ngativerengei kuronda nhoroondo kukura chigadzirwa ichi uye kuziva apo uye ndiani akatanga ballpoint kunyora.

Background. The vanowana mapiramidhi

Ndiani uye kana akazogadzira ballpoint mudanga? Kutaura zvazviri, mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu haisi pachena saka - Vamwe vaongorori vanodavira kuti pfungwa pakusika ichi kunyora zvinhu akauya vaIjipiti vekare. Muguva Tutankhamen yakawanikwa tateguru ano mubato - chubhu akaita mutobvu-akasununguka uye ane wakananga magumo. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti ayo mhango iri dzichengeterwe Rutsanga akazara neingi, uye nokudaro, kuti midziyo yaishandiswa kunyora.

Zvadaro, kana parchment yagadzirwa isu akavhomora tifunge quill kunyora. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti wokutanga kushandiswa matanga kuti kunyora akatanga vokuSpain. Kugadzirira kushandiswa chinyoreso rakaitirwa mujecha inopisa rokutanga, ipapo Vakarodza pane imwe akachinjikana. Zvichienderana pakona yokunyorwa manyorerwo dzingasiyana. Saka yakanga yagadzirwa mavara makuru. Most inowanzoshandiswa nokuda kunyora minhenga shiri. Ishoma gunguo uye kunyange pikoko minhenga. chinyoreso Good chinhu repamusoro chipo, sezvazvakaita nhasi, somuenzaniso, zvinhu kana muchiso Parker ST Dupont. Asi kana iye akazogadzira ballpoint mudanga?

Kubva hanzi minhenga kuti rirambe richibvira shamhu

Mukupera remakore rechi18, yakanga kutanga yakambogadzirirwei penzura kutungamirira. Izvi zvinoitwa vakazvimiririra Australian uye French vavambi. nguva idzi kuti kutanga kukura bhizimisi pamusoro Stationery. Muna 1803 paiva kumumvuri hwendarira kunyora. Pakutanga, hapana longitudinal slots pamusoro kumuromo kwematanda minhenga, saka kuvanyorera zvakanga kusagadzikana. Pashure pemakore 27, kwaiva simbi kumuromo kwematanda minhenga yadzo nani Bhaibheri. Uye pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 simbi matanga zvachose chakatsiva kushandisa kwakajairika, zvakagadzirwa nesirivha, simbi uye nendarama.

American muvambi Lewis waterman the akapiwa itsva shanduro akanyorwa chiridzwa - kunyora. Pfungwa dzacho kushanda kwaibva okutambirwa ingi kuburikidza okuwedzera makomba. Waterman the akatanga Ideal Pen boka, asi nokukurumidza kuvamba ake, mumwe mukwikwidzi itsva - munhu ballpoint kunyora.

Mugore zvakanga kekutanga akazogadzira ballpoint mudanga? Pfungwa John Lauda

Muitiro pakusika munhu ballpoint chinyoreso pamusoro nyaya inoenderera mberi. Zvichida pane imwe nguva uye kwakanga murume akauya yokutanga chaizvo kunyora. Mumwe anogona kutaura kuti chokwadi ndiani uye kana. Akazogadzira ballpoint mudanga iri muchimiro umo tinozviziva nhasi, isu, American kubva Massachusetts Dzhon Laud. Patent nokuti, akagamuchira October 30, 1888.

Munzira dzakawanda, wokutanga magadzirirwo nowenyika ano mupumburu-mberi deodorant. Inside aiva gobvu tsvimbo, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma Chengeta ingi kuti bepa, muhwezva. chinyoreso wokutanga vakazadzwa neingi vamwe pane vaya kushandiswa chisipiti matanga. Naizvozvo pakarepo muna Lauda sokuti yakawanda makwikwi - vazhinji vanoda kuti yako bvumidzwa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi neingi. Zvinofadza kuti John Lauda panguva nokugadzirwa, bhora-pfungwa mudanga raiva nemakore 44 okuberekwa, uye iye aiva munhuwo womubhengi.

Zvisinei, kuti vawane zvinodiwa haibatsiri zvisingaiti munhu, nokuti muvambi nokungwarira kuvanza zvakavanzika dzavo, yasara undisputed mutungamiri. Zvinyoreso, uyo akaedza kutengesa pamusoro pawaitengesa vakwikwidzi ayo, chenhando - the ingi yakayerera kwavari kazhinji kwakadonha bhora. Kunyange zvazvo michina naJohani uye Lauda zvavaikanganisa ake. Somuenzaniso, ingi kubva ballpoint mudanga nayo yakayerera panguva kupisa ekunze. In chando, nekusiyana ivo ndakadaro.

Improvement mubato László Biro

Vatsvakurudzi kuti tione kuti ndiani uye kana akazogadzira ballpoint mudanga, kazhinji ona zita wenhau yaiva László Biro. Pfungwa akasvika muvambi panguva akatarisa mapepanhau akadhindwa ari wokudhinda. László kuziva kana unogona kugadzira chinyoreso kuti ingi nayo aiyanika uyewo ari nokudhinda. Akakwanisa afuridzire pfungwa munin'ina wake George, uyo aiva kemisiti, uye ane nani shanduro ballpoint mudanga akasikwa 1938.

Start okuwana

Hama dzakakwanisa kuwana bvumidzwa muParis, asi kuti usvinudze zvavo vakawanda kugadzirwa akakundikana nokuda ezvinhu zvino enyika. Kutaura zvazviri, njodzi kugadzirwa ballpoint matanga rokutanga raiva mumaoko yacho. Kana Hungarian wenhau akazogadzira ballpoint mudanga, haana chinhu Sponsors vaigona kubatsira naye nyaya uye kutengeswa chigadzirwa. Biro kamwe akazorora nezuva reMediterranean egungwa uye ipapo mukana akasangana Augusto Yusto, kuti purezidhendi Argentina. Musoro State aiva kufarira nokugadzirwa hama kuti vaigona kuzarura munyika yavo manufactory kuti kugadzirwa bhora-pfungwa matanga.

Makore mashanu akazotevera, hama achiri vakakwanisa kuita yomugariro pfungwa. Vachienda Argentina uye ikoko akakumbira rubatsiro kubva Juan Mayne - rakakura investor. mumatanga avo vakatengeswa pasi zita Birome - kubva surnames zvabatanidzwa Biro uye Maine. In Argentina achiri chero ballpoint mudanga inonzi "Beer".

Competitors: kutamburira mberi

Kana akazogadzira ano ballpoint mudanga (László Biro haana kuziva kuti muna America kare akaita izvi zvakawanikwa), kwakasarudzwa kuti akudziridze kumusika uye muuye rokutengesa wayo kunze kwenyika, rokutengesa kuSouth America. Zvisinei, Biro Hama dzavo mupinduriri yakatotanga outstripped mutengesi Milton Reynolds, vaimbova muArgentina uye akanga patented chigadzirwa kurimwa muUnited States. Steel mubato akakurumbira chaizvo pakati Entrepreneurs - uye izvi pasinei mutengo 12,5 dhora rina!

Uye Soviet Union kwakauya ballpoint chinyoreso ari 60s. Pakutanga, matanda vakanga havatorina, saka vanhu vakaronga achidira matanga mumusangano midziyo yemagetsi. Munguva yedu, chinyoreso anoshandiswa anenge 92% vemo nyika.

Zvakaoma kupa musi chaiwo kana akazogadzira ballpoint kunyora. László Biro, Dzhon Laud, Lewis waterman the - nerimwe vavambi izvi zvakaita kuti zvinonyatsorehwa muitiro kwezvisikwa uye kuvandudzika pakati mubato kuti somugumisiro kwava zvakadai sezvatinoona nhasi. Sam László Biro akafa muna 1985 Aires. Kubvira ipapo, mumwe gore vokuArgentina pazuva raakaberekwa - 29 September - kupemberera Day of muvambi.