Ndezvipi zvakafanana sechivako zvose zvipenyu? General ehupfumi zvipenyu

Kusiyana nenyika kunoshamisa nezvinhu zvoumbozha kwayo. Hapana chete havasi zvisikwa iwe ukasangana! Kwapera Zvipembenene anenge miriyoni dzakasiyana marudzi, tisingatauri mhuka uye nhengo imwe taxonomic zviumbu zvakasikwa. Zvisinei, masayendisiti akakurukura dzidziso kuti inotaura kubatana kwakabva biomass panyika. Izvi zvinoreva kuti tateguru aiva mumwe. Uchapupu uhwu zvakafanana pakati pezvisikwa. Ndezvipi zvakafanana sechivako zvose zvipenyu? Sei pfungwa iri kukurukurwa kuzivikanwa? Edza kunzwisisa.

Ndezvipi zvakafanana sechivako zvose zvipenyu?

Mhinduro chaizvoizvo nyore. Izvi zvinoratidzwa rechishanu mugwaro vadzidzi kudzidza zvidzidzo zvipenyu uye rwokuzvarwa nhoroondo. General ehupfumi zvipenyu vanosemburwa kubva mamiriro, iyo yakavakirwa pana zvose ndiyo chete mamiriro - muchitokisi. Pasina chinhu kunzi kuvakwa chezvakaipa upenyu.

Kubva mumasero omuviri dzine miti, notumwe tupukanana mhuka, uye lichens dzevanhu. The duku zvisikwa panyika - utachiona, asi naivowo kumiririra masero. Asi cherechedza kuti nemamiriro masero zvipenyu haisi chete. Uye zviri muropa. Pashure nezviuru zvemakore yaiva shanduka kuti zvakazoita kuti chidzoke uye nenzvimbo kusiyana. Somugumisiro, tine nyika yacho biomass yepasi, iyo zvino.

Ndezvipi zvakafanana sechivako zvose zvipenyu? Mhinduro iri zvikuru zvakarurama. Kuvapo masero, kana kuroorwa kana mamiriyoni pavo. Kana ukatarira kwakadzama, zvino unogona kutaridzwa generality pamusoro nokukanganisika Zvinoumba maumbirwo ichi. Zvinozivikanwa kuti ichi puroteni mamorekuru - hwaro yeupenyu.

Maererano dzidziso Oparin-Haldane upenyu rakabva coacervate mumate mapuroteni mamorekuru. Iye rinochinjwa pamusoro nguva muchitokisi, uye ipapo kunoteverwa vakasara Biological Organization. Naizvozvo mubvunzo: "Ndezvipi zvakafanana sechivako zvose zvipenyu?" inogona akapindura mune mazwi mashoma:

• muchitokisi anotsanangura mamiriro;
• mapuroteni muchitokisi nezveBhaibheri;
• nucleic acids pamwoyo nhaka midziyo.

Ava zvikuru zvakafanana pamusoro izvo dzidziso kubatana kwakabva upenyu Panyika.

The chikuru Zviratidzo wevapenyu

The inokosha ehupfumi zvipenyu, zviri pachena kubvumira kusiyanisa kubva zvinhu zvisina upenyu uye miviri, sezvinotevera:

• kubereka, ndiko kuti, achisiya vana kwerunyararo uye pakuchengetedza nhamba;
• kushatirwa - kukwanisa kupindura zviwane nezvezvikwata zvose (mumuviri, kemikari, zvemaziso);
• muviri (uye simba), rinosanganisira simba uye voga;
• kufema;
• kukura.

Anoendeswa pamwechete, maitiro aya anobvumira kutonga kana muviri mupenyu. Zvino Kuongororwa yawo morphological, kuvabereki uye vasiri zvaidiwa anatomical mamiriro, zvinogona kunzi imwe nzvimbo zvakasikwa.

Ivowo, inozivikanwa nhasi shanu.

1. Animals.
2. Plants.
3. Howa.
4. Mabhakitiriya.
5. Wanda.

Ekupedzisira ndivo vasiri cellular zvipenyu, hwavo enderana chinzvimbo mukuru ino zvakasikwa zviri nani zvakawanda.

Biological Organization yokurarama nehurongwa

Chakatokanganisa vasarudzwa kuva akanyatsorongwa pakuvaka upenyu. Ngationgororei izvozvo zvizere. Chipenyu anova chikamu nyika, chimwe chinhu pamusoro biomass. Zvisinei, izvozvo kunotangira zvose, chii matanho wakapfuura? mubvunzo uyu yagara nemasayendisiti. Accepted zvinopa dzakasiyana siyana nesangano upenyu.

1. Molecular.
2. Cell.
3. Jira.
4. Nhego.
5. Organismic.
6. Population-marudzi.
7. Biogeocenotic.
8. Biosphere.

Mukati mumwe pamwero ine maitiro ayo, kwemasayendisiti, iyo inoratidza kuvapo upenyu. Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

Molecular uye cellular

Izvi siyana ndivo vokutanga chaizvo, zvinokosha. Saka samolecular dzakawanda nemakemikari kuitika pakati-siyana Organic uye inorganic yeimwe. Somugumisiro, masero yemberi aumba mamiriro. Kubva pano anotanga pamukwidza zvishoma nezvishoma imwe nhano yakakwirira - the cellular chechetere. Ndiye mumwe anokosha uye anotaura kubatana zvose zvipenyu panyika.

Ndezvipi mamorekuru anokosha ari Kuronga sero? hazvibviri kuvapo pasina wavo? Zvinoita akadai:

• makabhohaidhiretsi;
• mapuroteni;
• makemikari;
• mahormone;
• mavhitaminzi;
• amino acids;
• nucleic acids;
• Vamwe inorganic yeimwe dzakaoma;
• mvura;
• lipids;
• micro uye makro okunze.

Chokwadi, kukosha neimwe yakasiyana. Zvisinei, panguva kwenguva refu kusavapo chero muviri kaviri kusingarapiki kuchinja, uye pakupedzisira - anopedza upenyu kutenderera.

Tishu uye Organ

Inotevera pamwero foni - tishu. Pashure pezvose, pacharo, chero Mucheka - mubatanidzwa masero kuti vakabatanidzwa nevakawanda mavambo, anatomical zvinhu uye executable basa.

Uyewo zvinyama zvinoumba siyana dzomuviri. Kana tiri kutaura pamusoro zvinomera, ichi ndicho mudzi maitiro uye zvose vatize chacho. Kana mhuka, iyo nhengo zvinogona refu ipi yokuverenga, nokuti mugove wavo. Somuenzaniso, mwoyo, neitsvo, mapapu, ura, ganda uye nevamwe.

At izvi siyana kuonekwa nevakawanda ehupfumi zvipenyu dzarwo zvipuka zvine masero akawanda.

Kwevari zvipuka zvine masero akawanda

Akatevera yakakwirira yakati sandara - organismic. Anoreva kuti mumuviri zvipuka zvine masero akawanda vanhu miviri pamwechete hurongwa kuti vagari uye kwakarongeka basa nechokwadi kunowanzoitika kushanda yose muviri.

Zvisinei, zvose dzakasiyana pezvokuvamba biomass. Population-danho marudzi - kunokonzerwa zvakagadzirwa musangano dzakasiyana siyana zvisikwa. kuchinja izvi zvinokonzerwa pokudzora ambient ezvinhu. Kureva chokwadi - ndiro pamwero panguva iyo shanduka kuchinja kuitika somugumisiro kwadzakabva.

Biosphere

The inokosha ehupfumi zvipenyu kuti isu zvawanyora pamusoro apa, ndivo hwaro kwakadaro yose chinhu sechinhu biosphere. Ndicho soro, nzwisisika pamwero sangano zvakasikwa. vechikamu vese vari biosphere - chete zvipenyu. Imhaka kwavo inokudziridza biomass. Uyewo, chikamu chinokosha ndechokuti zvibereko kuva. Zviri bioinert fuma yacho biosphere.

Tinogona musiyano marudzi akawanda nezvinhu kuti vanoumba chechetere. Ivo:

• vapenyu;
• biogenic;
• inert;
• biokosnyh;
• yepasi pose mavambo;
• radioactive kuora;
• nyore maatomu.

Muvambi dzidziso yacho biosphere vakava V. I. Vernadsky. munorumbidzirweiko ake kukura pfungwa iyi zvikuru.

prokaryotic Utachiona

A nzvimbo inokosha pakati taxa hunhu uitore utachiona. The ndechokuti keji yavo hwakarongwa zvishoma zvakasiyana pane vose. The chinzvimbo zvigare zviri zvipenyu Munyika runotaurwa neshoko rimwe - prokaryotes. Izvi izwi zvinoreva zvisikwa sero iyo isina vaurayiwa hamvuropu yenyukireya. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nucleic acids dziri mukati yose mhango.

For Mabhakitiriya kwevari sangano vari siyanei hunhu. Vanogona dzakanyorwa kuti ichi:

• samolecular;
• sero;
• howa;
• Biosphere.

mamwe matanho All hazvisi kuwanikwa kwavari. Asi microscopity nyore marongerwo haana chakatadzisa zvigare kuva rakajairika uye vakawanda vamiriri redu. vakawanda vamiririri kwakadaro haana neimwe hwaJehoshafati zvakasikwa.