Ndeipi kufara mamiriro atomu

. Muna 1905 naJ Thompson rokutanga akataura muenzaniso mabhomba mamiriro, maererano icho chokwadi mhosva bhora, mukati zviri akaronga imwe kunaka mutariri nezvimedu - maerekitironi. Electrical kwavakarerekera atomu akatsanangura mukana wokuti vanhu vanga bhora mutariri uye vose maerekitironi dzayo.

In nzvimbo dzidziso iyi muna 1911, akasvika yemapuraneti womuenzaniso, vakasikwa Rutherford: pakati musimboti nyeredzi, vanoumba unorema maatomu zvose zviri kutenderera akapoteredza maerekitironi, mapuraneti dzitendererane. Zvisinei, mamwe kuedza, migumisiro akakanda mubvunzo pamusoro Kururama muenzaniso. Somuenzaniso, kuti zvokuimba pakati Rutherford vakatevera kuti kumhanya ari maerekitironi vavo radii zvinogona zvakasiyana dzose. anofanira Pakadaro zvingava kuchengetwa kuramba nemwaranzi pamusoro yose chakarondedzera. Zvisinei, migumisiro kuedza anoratidza mutsetse spectra kwemaatomu. Uyewo, pane mamwe kusiyana. Gare gare, Niels Bohr zvinganaka munhu quantum muenzaniso mabhomba mamiriro. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa pasi uye kufara kworudzi atomu. Nyaya iyi inobvumira, kunyanya, tsanangura Valence yacho chinhu.

The kufara kworudzi atomu chinhu zvenguva Danho pakati ezvinhu pamwe razero simba pamwero uye yakakwirira kupfuura. Aiminama, saka zviri kupera kwazvo - ya millionths chechipiri. The kufara ezvinhu ane atomu kunoitika apo shoko kwaari kupfuura simba. Somuenzaniso, kwarwakabva zvinogona vachibatwa tembiricha remagetsi minda.

Mune nyore chimiro dzekare dzidziso mabhomba mamiriro rinoti vakapoteredza chinoumba zvimwe kure pamwe dzeraundi kutenderera tenderera indivisible isakarurama mhosva nezvimedu - maerekitironi. Mumwe muchadenga haisi mutsetse, zvingaita sezvinoshamisa, uye simba 'gore "pamwe maerekitironi akawanda. Uyezve, mumwe Erekitironi ane yayo kuruka (tenderera ari ayo akabatana). Chero Erekitironi muchadenga nharaunda kunobva simba rayo sandara, saka pasina nechitarisiko simba womukati Murongerwo iri zvakakwana kugadzikana. kutyora Its - kunakidzwa mamiriro atomu -nastupaet apo kwokunze simba mushumo. Somugumisiro, mune rokupedzisira kutenderera apo simba nekuita pamwe tsanga iri diki, aiwanzopiwa wokushanda Erekitironi Muruoko rwake anobata chirukiso uye steamed, sezvo zvakaguma mhesano yavo rinowanikwa mumasero dzisingafambwi. Nemamwe mashoko, maererano nesimba kuchengetedza mutemo Erekitironi yezwi yepamusorosoro simba mumatunhu ari pamwe Absorção de Água pamusoro photons.

Chimbofunga atomu pachinhu yaifara ezvinhu ane atomu muenzaniso Arsenic (Kana). Valence Its matatu. Chii kunakidza, ukoshi ichi ichokwadi chete nyaya apo nhengo iri akasununguka ezvinhu. Sezvo Valence pakutsvaga nokuwanda unpaired Muruoko rwake anobata chirukiso, pamusoro kugamuchira zvokunze simba atomu pa nzvimbo yekupedzisira muchadenga vakachengeta nokuipisa noutsi hwemvura nezvimedu aine yezwi vakasununguka muchitokisi. Somugumisiro, anoshandura muchadenga. Sezvo simba sublevels nyore kunoshandurwa, ipapo sanduko shure (recombination), pasi mamiriro maatomu, achiperekedzwa mhindumupindu of woga simba sezvo photons yakaenzana. Tichidzokera muenzaniso Arsenic: nokuda zvachinja nhamba unpaired Muruoko rwake anobata chirukiso vari kufara mamiriro rinoenderana Valence kuti maatomu akafanana shanu.

Schematically, zvataurwa zviri sezvinotevera: kana kugamuchira simba kubva kunze chikamu rokunze atomu maerekitironi vari misha chinhambwe chikuru kubva musimboti (muchadenga nharaunda inowedzerawo). Zvisinei, nekuti Purotoni ari musimboti ndiko, mari yacho womukati simba iri atomu kunova huru. Pasina kuramba zvokunze simba chiyamuro ndiko kutsanya chaizvo Erekitironi rinodzokera ayo yapfuura muchadenga. Panyaya iyi, zvakawandisa kwayo simba ukasunungurwa muchimiro remagetsi mwaranzi.