Nazi Party (NSDAP): chirongwa vatungamiriri, zviratidzo, nhoroondo

In Germany muna 1920 pakutanga huriko Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), mu Russian - Nazi Party, kana NSDAP) muna 1933 akava chete zviri pamutemo webato iri simba munyika. Decision Anti-Hitler mubatanidzwa pashure pokukundwa muna 1945, akanga ichiputswa, rokuNuremberg Miedzo ayo utungamiri vakaziva mhosva uye dzematongerwe ndonda nokuda mungozi chokuvapo kwevanhu.

kutanga

Muna 1919 muMunich, njanji fitter Antonom Drekslerom akavamba German Vashandi 'Party (DAP) pachikuva of Komiti basa Rugare (Freien Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden), iro rakaumbwa Drexler. chipangamazano wake - Paul Tafel, mutungamiriri uye mutungamiri Pan-German League, akapa pfungwa chokusika chinhu nationalist Bato akavimba vashandi. Pasi Bapiro WCT kubva inception chave vanenge 40 nhengo. The purogiramu enyika bato yakanga isati zvakakwana yakatanga.

Adolf Hitler akabatana DAP dziri September 1919, uye mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare pakaziviswa "The purogiramu makumi maviri namashanu pfungwa," kwaisanganisirei uye zita shanduko. Zvino pakupedzisira akawana zita rayo sezvo Nazi Party. Hitler pachake vaikwira zvakagadzirwa kuti National Socialism akanga yaparidzwa panguva ino muAustria. Kutevedzera zita yeAustria webato, Hitler zvinganaka munhu Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Asi akanyengetedza. Reading akanhonga pfungwa, achidzikisa chidimbu kuti "vaNazi", sezvo zita "sotsi" (Socialist) kwatova nomuenzaniso.

pfungwa Twenty-shanu

Kuisa yenhamo chirongwa ichi, mvumo February 1920, achava pfupi.

1. Greater Germany vanofanira kubatana vokuGermany zvose mundima yavo.
2. Kuti danho zvose Pakuurayiwa Versailles Treaty pane kusimbisa kodzero Germany kuti yakazvimirira pakuvaka ukama nemamwe marudzi.
3. Lebensraum: zvinoda okuwedzera ndima kubereka zvokudya uye kuti agadzirise kuwedzera German vanogara.
4. Ugari makapiwa pahwaro rudzi. VaJudha havasi zvizvarwa zvokuGermany.
5. All Vasiri vokuGermany anogona chete kuva vaenzi.
6. Official mbiru vanofanira kubata zvakakodzera vanhu unyanzvi nemano vachiva iripo, chero urongwa cronyism nezvisingabvumwi.
7. Hurumende vanosungirwa kupa mamiriro ezvinhu kuvapo vagari. Kana kushaya mari zvose vasiri vagari havachafaniri nhamba vanobatsirwa.
8. Entry vasiri vokuGermany muGermany kuti kurega.
9. vagari vose havana chete kodzero asiwo basa kuitawo sarudzo.
10. Ose German mugari ane kushandira zvavo zvakanaka.
11. Zvisiri pamutemo mari atorwe.
12. Purofiti All chichiwanikwa tichiregeredza hondo, atorwe.
13. Nationalization ose makuru akaitwa.
14. Vashandi nevashandi havagovani mari guru mabhizimisi.
15. akare-zera mudyandigere zvinofanira kuva vakadzikama.
16. Kudikanwa kutsigira vaburitsi diki uye vatengesi, kutamira vose zvikuru zvitoro.
17. Kuchinjwa munyika gavhuna, kugumiswa yokufungidzira.
18. Nokufungidzira rufu, mhosva zvose kurangwa tsitsi.
19. Replacement kwomutemo weRoma mumurairo German.
20. The nokubatanidzwazve dzidzo wemuTesitamende Germany.
21. State rutsigiro amai uye kukurudzira vechidiki kukura.
22. Rokumanikidzirwa rechiuto, panzvimbo nyanzvi National hondo.
23. Vezvenhau vose munyika chinofanira chete vokuGermany, vasiri vokuGermany kushanda navo hakubvumidzwi.
24. Chitendero akasununguka, kunze chitendero, izvo Germany ngozi. pfuma Jewish akarambazve.
25. Kusimbisa chehurumende zvinobudirira kushandisa mutemo.

paramende

Kubva rokutanga April 1920 chirongwa yaHitler enyika vakava mukuru, uye kubva 1926 zvose zvatinopiwa waro akazivisa inviolable. Kubva 1924 kusvika 1933 bato kuwedzera uye nokukurumidza kusimbiswa. Parliamentary sarudzo kuratidza kukura vavhoti German kuvhota gore negore.

Kana Nazi Party yawana chete 6.6% muna sarudzo, uye muna December, uye kunyange zvishoma muna May 1924 - 3 chete%, nepo muna 1930 iri sarudzo yaiva 18.3%. Muna 1932, vatsigiri National Socialism ndakawedzera July nokuda NSDAP akavhotera 37.4%, uye pakupedzisira, muna March 1933, anenge 44% of sarudzo bato vakagamuchira Hitler. Kubvira 1923, aigara wakaitwa congresses reNazi Party, kwave gumi, uye pakupedzisira yakaitwa muna 1938.

dzidziso

Utongi dzematongerwe enyika National Socialism anosanganisa zvezvidzidzo gutsaruzhinji, urudzi, urudzi, Anti-Semitism, fascism uye Anti communism. Ndokusaka Nazi Party akazivisa chinangwa chayo rokuvaka mamiriro Aryan kwemarudzi kuchena uye mundima huru, iyo ine zvose unofanira wako zvakanaka uye kubudirira-gore zviuru Reich.

Hitler akaita Mushumo wekutanga pamberi October 1919 bato. Ipapo nhoroondo bato yakanga ichangotanga, uye vateereri diki - vanhu chete chete zana namakumi gumi. Asi Akatapa ramangwana Führer zvachose. Pfungwa, mashoko postulates ari kutaura zvake makadaro - the kwaita Fascism kwakatoitika. Pakutanga, Hitler akaudza sei zvikuru anoona Germany uye akazivisa vavengi yaro: vaJudha Marxists, avo vane mhosva nyika rokukunda muHondo Yenyika I uye haizopereri kutambura. Ipapo zvakanzi pamusoro rematch uye chombo German ichabvisa urombo munyika. Zvinodiwa kuti kudzoka nyuchi pasinei "ufuza" Chibvumirano Versailles yakanga ine chinangwa batanidza kundima itsva dzakawanda.

pati mamiriro

Akavaka Nazi Party riri miganhu musimboti, maumbirwo yakanga hierarchical. Mhedziso simba uye masimba risingaperi taipinda sachigaro bato. Musoro wokutanga kubva January 1919 kusvika February 1920 kwaiva wenhau Karl Harrer. Ari achishingaira munyaya pakusikwa WCT. Akanga yakatsiviwa Anton Drexler, papera gore yakava honorary sachigaro webato, kana mumaoko itsvo kuna Adolf Hitler muna July 1921.

Pakarepo midziyo bato rinotungamirirwa wegurukota Führer. Kubva muna 1933 kusvika 1941, wechipiri nzvimbo maigara Rudolf Hess, akasika Nazi Party Chancellery, uyo pakarepo muna 1933 akatungamirira Martin Bormann, muna 1941, kwave tinoshandurirwa kumuzinda Party Chancellery. Kubvira 1942, Borman - Munyori Führer. Muna 1945, Hitler akanyora kuda umo yaakagadzira mutsva webato mumhanyi - mushumiri akaonekwa bato nhau, rwakazokura kwayo musoro. Bormann akagara ari musoro Nazi Party refu - anenge mana mazuva, nezuva ramakumi matatu April kusvikira kusaina pamusoro Kuregwa yechipiri May.

ake hondo

vaNazi apo vakaedza kubvuta masimba, kuti Bavarian Commissioner Gustav of Kahr chirevo irambidzwe National Socialist Party. Zvisinei, zviito hazvina zvazvakabatsira, uye zvinobatsira webato, uye Führer akakura zvikuru kumhanya: muna 1924 mana Reichstag wevatariri vaiva NSDAP. Uyezve, nhengo dzebato vakanga yakavanzwa pasi mamwe mazita vachangobva kusikwa masangano. Izvi zvinoshandawo Germany kamwe National vomunharaunda, Julius Streicher, uye Popular Block uye National Socialist Liberation Movement, uye nezvimwe zvakawanda nhamba duku vebato nhengo.

Muna 1925, Nazi Party akabuda zvakare pamusoro pamutemo, asi vatungamiri vayo vasingabvumirani pamusoro mubvunzo evasingatombonamati tactical - zvakadini gutsaruzhinji uye urudzi vanofanira ane sangano iri. Saka, bato yakakamurwa namapapiro maviri. All 1926 akaenda mahwanda uye inovava hondo pakati rworudyi uye kuruboshwe. Party musangano Bamberg aiva apogee yokurwisana ichi. Zvadaro, May 22, 1926, haana kukunda kupokanidzana, Hitler muMunich vachiri akasarudzwa mutungamiri wavo. Vakazviita vachibvumirana.

Zvikonzero zvinobatsira Nazism

MuGermany, kwokuomerwa iri zvoupfumi pakutanga maviri remakore rechimakumi maviri kwaiva nenhamba, Kusagutsikana Zvido akakura nevanhu kusvetuka uye miganhu. Against ichi nechekumashure, zvakanga zvisina kudaro kuoma ohmurit pfungwa guru urudzi uye chiuto, vachizivisa tenzi rudzi uye nhoroondo basa Germany. Kuwanda vatsigiri uye vatsigiri reNazi Party akakura nokukurumidza, achikwezva panhengo yeNazi zvuuru majaya kubva makirasi siyana uye matunhu. Party yakatanga dynamically uye havazvidzi populist dzokubvisa mu vanopinza vateveri itsva.

Mapuranga, akaumba nomuzongoza reNazi Party, vaiva chaizvo chaizvo, vakawanda vaiva nhengo hurumende emauto akadzingwa mabasa paramilitary mapoka uye vakamborwa 'shamwari (Pan-German League uye German vanhu Union remhosva uye kudzivirira, somuenzaniso). Muna January 1923, reCongress webato rokutanga, Hitler vakaita mhemberero rokugadza naro of mureza of NSDAP. Paivawo zviratidzo eNazi. Panopera reCongress vakapfuura wokutanga torchlight mudungwe zviuru zvitanhatu SA stormtroopers. In kuwa webato akanga atova vanopfuura zviuru 55 vanhu.

Kugadzirira kutora pamusoro nyika

Muna February 1925, pakutanga zvakare rambidzwa kubudisa pepanhau rokutanga - nhengo yeNazi Party - "Volkischer Beobachter". Ipapo Hitler akaita imwe yake ibudirire zvikuru acquisitions - parutivi rwake vakatamira Goebbels, uyo akavamba "Angrif" magazini. Uyewo, NSDAP nomukana kushandurira zvidzidzo zvavo yokungotaura ne "National Socialist pamwedzi". Muna July 1926, panguva neWeimar Congress of Nazi Party, Hitler akasarudza kuchinja bato mazano.

Panzvimbo nemagandanga nzira kurwisa enyika vavengi, akakurudzira nepavaigona zvose yaiona zvivako yakasarudzwa kuti Reichstag uye weParamende. Raifanira kuitwa, Chokwadi, pasina anovhurira pamberi huru chinangwa - yokupedza nayo chiKomonisiti uye amboshandurirwa Versailles Treaty sarudzo.

guta rinoti

Ose mazano kuna Hitler akakwanisa nevatinosangana purogiramu NSDAP muGermany, inokosha mari uye maindasitiri nenhamba. Party Trust uye akabatana ayo pamisara mabhosi akadai Wilhelm Kappler, Emil Kirdorf, mupepeti Exchange pepanhau Walther Funk, sachigaro of Reichsbank Yalmar Shaht, uye vazhinji vevaya, kuwedzera warwo nhengo iri PR chakanakira vanhu, iunzwe bato Fund mari zvikuru mari. The dambudziko kuchiwedzera, kushayikwa kwemabasa akakura zvisingadzorwi, ari Social Democrats haana kumbopembedza chivimbo vanhu. Most evanhu mapoka haichisina, collapsing nheyo chaizvo chokuvapo kwavo.

vaburitsi Small vari nezano, achipomera hurumende hweruzhinji mumatambudziko avo. Vakawanda vakaona nzira kubva izvi, chete kusimbisa simba uye hurumende imwe-party. Izvi zvinodiwa uye nokuzvidira vakabatana vokubhengi, uye vanamuzvinabhizimisi ose pamwero mukuru, subsidized NSDAP ari kuvhoterwa. All chokuita nebato iri uye pachedu chete Hitler rudzi-pose uye munhu zvinangwa. Nokuti vapfumi, zvakanga anonyanya protivokommunistichesky nokuidzivirira. Muna July 1932, migumisiro okutanga akazivisa: zvigaro 230 muna Reichstag musarudzo pamusoro 133 Social Democrats uye vaKomonisiti 89.

chikwata

Sechikamu mubato muna 1944, paiva mapfumbamwe Angeschlossene Verbände - adjoint mibatanidzwa, nomwe Gliederungen Der Partei - dzebato nokupesana uye masangano mana. Unions kuti akabatana Nazi Party, rinoumbwa magweta, vadzidzisi, vashandi vehurumende, vanachiremba, wevanamakanika, mubatanidzwa rubatsiro vanonetswa hondo, zvemagariro zvakanaka pamwe basa mberi uye mubatanidzwa kuzvidavirira. Vaiva sechivako webato kuzvimirira masangano pamwe nekodzero pamutemo uye pfuma.

Political bato muGermany vaiva anokwana zviyero: Hitler, SS (kuchengeteka mauto), kuti SA (dutu vamabhiza), German vasikana mibatanidzwa, mapurofesa, vadzidzi, vakadzi (NS-Frauenschaft), michini Corps. Masangano kuti akabatana dzebato Adolf Hitler, vakanga yakatsvikinyidzana, asi kunyanya guru, ndiko: Company Culture, Union mhuri huru, nharaunda German (Deutscher Gemeindetag) uye "Basa vakadzi German" (Das Deutsche Frauenwerk).

administrative kupesana

Germany yakakamurwa kuva makumi matatu akapa - webato nharaunda, coinciding pamwe esarudzo. nhamba yavo zvadarika nguva: muna 1941 zvakanga 43 Gow, pamwe vatorwa kurongwa NSDAP. Gau rakakamurwa maruwa, uye avo - pamapazi vemo, etc. - uye muchitokisi zvinogumbura. Muna chinogumbura vakanga kukabatanidzwa dzimba 60.

Bato rimwe nerimwe sangano chikwata inotungamirirwa Gauleiter, krayslyayter uye zvakafanana. Pasi vakasikwa ukuwo, veboka midziyo, machinda akanga insignia, chinzvimbo uye chimiro, izvo munoshongedza Nazi zviratidzo. Ruvara buttonholes akanongedza nhengo uye nzvimbo mukati nesangano.

matavi

NSDAP kuteerera kwete chete bato nhengo dzavo, asi bato uye nevatsigiri muGermany uye inogarwa munyika. In Italy, kusvikira muna 1943 , Benito Mussolini akatungamirira National yechiFascist Party (akatenda kuti yakatangira Fascism waingova ikoko), ipapo akava Republican yechiFascist Party. In Spain, pane chose novimba NSDAP Spanish phalange.

Uyewo raishanda masangano zvakafanana Slovakia, Romania, Croatia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Netherlands, Norway. Uye Belgium uye Denmark vakanga chaiyo iri NSDAP mahofisi ari munharaunda yayo, kunyange zviratidzo Nazi rienderane dzinenge zvachose. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vose rinoti izvi, apo akasika Nazi Party, muchirongwa Second World War kudivi Germany, uye nokutapwa Soviet vaimiririra zhinji vaibva ose munyika idzi.

kukundwa

The isiyo Kuregwa 1945 hwogumisa kupfuura noutsinye dzose mapato nokusingaperi zvinoberekwa vanhu. NSDAP kwete chete ichiputswa asiwo kwose kurambidzwa, zvivako zvizere abatwa, mhosva uye aurayiwe nevatungamiriri vevapanduki. Zvisinei, nhengo dzakawanda bato achiri kutiza kuSouth America, gavhuna echiSpanish Franco akabatsira izvi nokupa zvikepe, uye map.

Decision Anti-yechiFascist mubatanidzwa Germany zvakazara ndavhiyiwa chirongwa denazification, vanoshingaira nhengo NSDAP atariswa zvikurukuru: kudzingwa basa kana chikoro - chinhu chidukuduku mutengo kubhadhara zvaakanga aita munyika Fascism.

ari yepashure pehondo

In Germany muna 1964, fascism akamutsa musoro wake zvakare. Chaioneka Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands - National Democratic Party muGermany, iyo akaiswa roga kuti mutsivi NSDAP. Kokutanga kubva Second World War, kuti chiNazi vaNazi akaswedera Bundestag - 4.3% muna 1969 musarudzo. Kusvikira NPD muGermany vaiva chiNazi Nazi uye mamwe dzidzo, Socialist Reich Party Remer Somuenzaniso, asi zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvinokosha zvabuda, hapana wavo kubudirira panguva batana chechetere.