Negadziriro macheki uye zviyero - ndiyo nheyo dzidziso kupatsanurwa kwemasimba. Matavi matatu ehurumende

Negadziriro macheki uye zviyero - kushanda pfungwa kupatsanurwa kwemasimba. Dzidziso kuparadzira masimba pakati miviri anoverengeka uye nemasangano kuti vari kuzvitonga mumwe, yakatanga mazana emakore akawanda akapfuura. Raiva mugumisiro kuwedzera refu ehurumende uye kuwana zvinobudirira nomazviri kutadzisa kwaita despotism. Negadziriro macheki uye zviyero - rinobva pane nheyo kupatsanurwa kwemasimba, embodying ndizviite muchimiro kuMudzidzisi urongwa reMitemo. Kuvapo mashandiro kwakadaro kunokosha kuchiitwa nevanhu mamiriro.

The nyika yekare

Pfungwa kupatsanurwa kwemasimba ine nemidzi yawo kare. Mienzaniso yaro yokungotaura kudzidza uye kushanda anogona kuwanikwa munhoroondo Greece yekare. Enyika uye muparamende Solon yakasimbiswa muAtene Hurumende ino umo maiva zvenyaya kupatsanurwa kwemasimba. Akapa simba akaenzana maviri masangano: Council reAreyopago, uye mazana mana. miviri hurumende mbiri idzi kudzikamisa enyika mamiriro ezvinhu ari muvanhu kuburikidza yakawiriranwa kuzvidzora.

Pfungwa kupatsanurwa kwemasimba akanga akagadzira nevanhu vekare Muzivi wechiGiriki Aristotle uye Polybius. Zvaifananidzira zvinobatsira hurumende mano umo constituent zvinhu zviri akazvimirira uye kudzidzira yakawiriranwa kuzvidzora. Polybius akaenzanisa ino ine mwero chikepe, akakwanisa kutsungirira chero dutu.

budiriro dzidziso

Medieval Italian muzivi Marsilius pamusoro Padua mumabasa ake rakazvipira kusikwa rokunyika mamiriro, akaratidza pfungwa Kusiyanisa pamusoro zvemitemo uye Executive masimba. Maererano naye, mubati basa iri zvaidiwa hurongwa kusimbiswa. Marsilius pamusoro Padua inokurukura kuti kodzero rokusika uye uchibvumira mitemo ine chete vanhu.

Dzhon Lokk

Nheyo kupatsanurwa kwemasimba raiva mberi yokungotaura chiitiko Renaissance. The Chirungu Muzivi Dzhon Lokk yakatanga muenzaniso veruzhinji inobva kuzvidavirira wamambo soro vanokudzwa romutero. Mutsindo anofunga yaitaura delimitation ari zvemitemo uye Executive masimba. Dzhon Lokk akaita dzinounzwa mumwe - batana. Iye akataura kuti kukwanisa mapazi hurumende inofanira kusanganisira nedzenyu uye dzimwe nyaya itsika. Dzhon Lokk nharo kuti weboka mabasa uye masimba pakati matatu umboo zvinoumba veruzhinji Kutarisirwa hurongwa achabvisa ngozi kuramba simba rakawandisa mumaoko mumwe. pfungwa Chirungu muzivi vanogamuchirwa zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi zvikuru.

Charles-Lui De Montesquieu

Theorizing Dzhona Lokka akaita mwoyo vadzidzisi vakawanda uye enyika. dzidziso yake kupatsanurwa kwemasimba kupinda matavi matatu reinterpreted uye akakurukura munyori French uye jurist Montesquieu. Zvino wekutanga yezana remakore rechi18. Sechivako munzanga aakararama, murume wokuFrance, dzinongoita rakaramba zvinhu chinoratidza feudalism. Akagadzira dzidziso nomunyori sokuti vaairarama zvakare kukuru. Dzidziso Charles-Lui De Montesquieu pamusoro delimitation kwemasimba zvinopesana umhare monarchical France. nyika dzokuEurope panguva iyoyo akaramba kwakavakirwa misimboti Ages matunhu kuti zviparadzanise vanhu kupinda kwamachinda nhaka, vafundisi uye vanhuwo zvavo. Nhasi dzidziso Montesquieu kunoonekwa sechinhu chaiwo. It wekona chero democratic mamiriro.

The chikuru zvokudya dzidziso

Montesquieu akaratidza kukosha kupatsanurwa kwemasimba kupinda zvemitemo, Executive nezvakatongwa. Mutaro uye dzekuno chokuti pasava zvinhu zvitatu pamusoro pehurumende mamiriro zvakagadzirirwa kudzivisa pakagadzwa ane udzvinyiriri kwesimba. Montesquieu akatenda despotism yakaipisisa chehurumende yakavakirwa kutya. Akasimbisa kuti vadzvinyiriri kuita kungotaurwa maererano nezvaanoda, uye regai zvinoenderana chero mitemo. Maererano Montesquieu mubatanidzwa matavi matatu simba vanotozvikuvadza kunounza udzvinyiriri.

anofunga French vane chikuru anobudirira kushanda yakakamurwa Hurumende mamiriro: parege kuva mukana kuzviisa pasi nomutezo mumwe ezvinhu mamwe maviri.

The US Constitution

Pfungwa Kusiyanisa pematanda matatu hurumende awana pamutemo chimiro ari weboka American Revolution uye Hondo Independence. The US Constitution yave nguva akaratidza dzekare muenzaniso kupatsanurwa kwemasimba muhurumende, yakataurwa Montesquieu. American vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika zvakawedzera vamwe kuvandudzika, rimwe riri kwegadziriro macheki uye pachiyero. mashandiro ichi nokuti yakawiriranwa kudzora matavi matatu hurumende. A rakakura ayo zvisikwa wakaita wechina US President Dzheyms Medison. Negadziriro macheki uye zviyero - chiri bindepinde pakati masimba zviremera vakaparadzana. Somuenzaniso, dare ringati haichashandi chisarudzo Paramende, kana asingadi kutevedza Bumbiro Remitemo. President, somumiririri nevarikutonga simba, anewo kurambidza. The kugona of President kugadza vatongi, asi candidacy yavo inofanira mvumo ne Paramende. Tsika macheki uye zviyero - ndiyo nheyo dzidziso kupatsanurwa kwemasimba uye nomazviri yaro inobudirira kushanda uchidzidzira. Zvatinopiwa of US Constitution, yakataurwa Madison, ari kushanda vachiri.

Russian Federation

Mazano akagadzira pedyo Montesquieu mazhinji vatungamiriri American Revolution, vanobatanidzwa mune mitemo yose democratic kunyika. Mumazuva ano Russian Federation Constitution uyewo enshrined kupatsanurwa kwemasimba. The chaizvo pamusoro Implementation rwemusimboti ichi ndechokuti kwakarongeka kushanda mapazi ose purezidhendi munyika anomurwira, usina pamutemo kuva mumwe wavo. Mutoro kukura uye kugamuchirwa mitemo kunobva kuna State Duma uye Federation Council, rinomiririra paramende bicameral. Exercise anemasimba simba iri kugona of Government. Inoitwa oushumiri, mabasa uye masangano. Matare ari Russian Federation rinotarisira basa Paramende Anoongorora zvaidiwa mitemo kushandisa bumbiro. Uyezve, achaongorora kururama kwemashoko normative mabasa nekanzuru Hurumende. The Constitution ine chitsauko chaiye dzeutongi iri Russian Federation.

United Kingdom

Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti zvematongerwo enyika muUnited Kingdom musimboti kupatsanurwa kwemasimba hakusi mudzidziso. MuUK, pane nhoroondo zvinoitwa kubatanidzwa nomumwe pamusoro zvemitemo uye Executive miviri. Prime Minister ndohwaJehovha enyika simba kupfuura bato. Ari rusununguko rwakafara masimba, uye kazhinji ane nokutsigirwa dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende vakawanda. Rusununguko dzeutongi hachisi mubvunzo, asi haina yekudyidzana kukanganisa basa vamwe miviri mamiriro. The soro simba iri UK vave vachitevera tsika zvakurukurwa ari zvemitemo kuumbwa. Judges havagoni kushora nezvisarudzo vanotenderwa neParamende.

France

The Constitution of Fifth Republic ane nzvimbo inokosha musoro wehurumende kusarudzwa dzakakurumbira vhoti. President French aizogadza Prime Minister uye nhengo hurumende, anosarudza vavatorwa nomutemo uye anoitisa nedzenyu kwakadzama nedzimwe nyika. Zvisinei, chikuru nzvimbo musoro wehurumende zvinogona shoma zvikuru ake kushorwa mauto ari Paramende.

The Constitution French anopa kupatsanurwa kwemasimba. Varikutonga bazi kuchibva President uye Cabinet. Legislative mabasa ndezvaJehovha National Assembly uye Seneti. Basa macheki uye zviyero kutamba akazvimirira masangano akawanda kuti vari chikamu nevarikutonga bazi. Kazhinji chifunga Paramende pamusoro siyana mari. Masangano aya vave regulators uye kunyange rusununguko mamwe masimba pamutemo.