GUM uye Upper Trading Rows Moscow: tsananguro, nhoroondo uye mapurani zvinhu

GUM, riri mumoyo Moscow, kusvikira 1953 aizivikanwa sezvo Upper Trading Rows. Its chivakwa - rinokosha chaizvo mapurani Monument pamusoro batana kukosha. GUM - mumwe guru dhipatimendi muzvitoro mu Europe. Rinotaura guru nzvimbo - kota guru. The huru France Hakutarisi Red Square.

Kuvaka GUM ano rinoreva 1890-93 biennium. AN Oranges ndiye mapurani chivako ichi, uye VG Shukhov - ake injiniya.

Sei Upper Trading Rows Moscow

Gore chokusika kusarudza nhasi haisi zvinobvira. Maererano zvinyorwa chokuita remakore rechi17, vakanga vari Red Square kunotenga arcades zvaiva nzvimbo Wholesale uye chitoro kutengeserana muguta guru. Mumakore pakati Ilinka uye Nikolskaya aiva refu chivakwa maviri-storey, anozivikanwa somunhu Upper Trading Rows. Pakatarisana naye akashongedza shongwe Minin uye Pozharsky. Zvinokonzera chivakwa pane yakawanda duku emapuranga zvigaro, izvo kazhinji kupiswa munguva moto Moscow. Kunyanya murazvo kwakamuka kazhinji muchando. chikonzero chavo chikuru chaiva kushandiswa nevatariri chinochechenya Stoves kuti kudziyisa muchando. Zvinofadza kuti munguva moto huru iyo yakaitika muna 1812, kota pamwe zvitoro akangoraramawo.

Chivako chitsva

Chivako chitsva nokuti Moscow Upper Trading Rows dzakavakwa 1815. O. Beauvais aiva akitekiti ake. Building pashure kuvaka rakakamurwa dzakasiyana, kuva oga varidzi. Kana nguva overhaul, zvakava pachena kuti kuwana mvumo kuti izvozvo varidzi zvose hazvibviri. Somugumisiro kushayikwa nazvo imba yakanga yakadaro chakasakara hurumende kuti kamwe mukadzi kuedza pamusoro rokwe ari muchitoro, akaputsa gumbo wake, akawira kuburikidza pasi, yaora pamusoro nguva.

Kusikwa vadyi wemari kambani

Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, apo nyika akambosanganawo maindasitiri uye zvoupfumi kukura simba, Moscow Gavhuna-General akasarudza kuputsa chivako mutana uye kuvaka chitsva. Zvisinei, zvakare varidzi vasingabvumirani dzaita nokuti inotyora kwavo pfuma kodzero. Uyezve, nokuti muzvinashawo duku, kunyange nyore pfupi chiso zvemari nokuparadzwa. The varidzi akasarudza kusika basa raikosha nominated ari zvisingagamuchirwi ezvinhu kuzviremera guta. The Moscow Duma vaisagona kubvumirana navo, saka nyaya yakanonoka. Achitsigirwa Moscow Gavhuna-General muna 1880, kuvaka varidzi vanofanira kuumba vadyi wemari kambani, inonzi "Upper Trading Rows".

MuMoscow, makore matanhatu gare gare, muna 1886, yakanga vakaumba komiti kuti kumisa murayiro chakagadzirirwa masero kuti kugadzirisa chivako yekare. The mambo pachake akatendera bumbiro, akatanga zvekufamba pamusoro kodzero pasi. kwenguva akamirirwa chibvumirano rwaiwanikwa muna August 1888. Two-pavatatu varidzi vakauya Society, uye ipapo akasarudzwa kuti bhodhi. The mugove guru racho 9.408.400 rubles. Anogoverana vezita ukoshi raiva 100 rubles, yakapiwa nokuda zvakakwana.

Project A. Pomerantseva

November 15, 1888 ndokupfura kure nenyika makwikwi. Kubva munyika kugamuchira mazano nokuda kwokuvakwa mutsva Upper Trading Rows. The Old zvitoro makatanga kuputsa iwoyo. In zvachose, 23 zvirongwa akaratidzwa kuna komiti, basa A. Pomerantseva azivikanwa yakanakisisa. Bayirai ichi mapurani zvinoenderana zvikuru zvinodiwa makwikwi. Kushanda uye rationality zvabatanidzwa kuti yapera chirongwa Pomerantseva Upper Trading Rows muna Moscow. Mapurani werudzii varambe kukodzera. Chivako wakafanana nowenyika chivako yekare.

Mapurani Style rinogona kurondedzerwa se ekunyebera. Upper Trading Rows Moscow, maererano AA Pomerantseva, yaisanganisira zvivako zviviri. Pari, mumwe wavo anozivikanwa sezvo GUM, apo vamwe dzakavakwa vaimbova pamisara Warm. It, zvakare, richiripo nanhasi. Chivako chiri kadikidiki zvishoma duku kupfuura chingamu. Inouya mumigwagwa magumo. Ilinka. Saka, kuziva GUM uye Upper Trading Rows kunyatsoti twasu.

Kuvaka itsva kunzwisisa nomukova wayo

Pamutemo mhemberero nedzokuisa idzva pamusoro akatevedzana kwakaitika May 1890 uye wakapindwa nevanhu zvinokosha - vamiriri hurumende uye guta kutarisira. Chivako rakapera muna 1893. The Upper Trading Rows Moscow zvino huru kunzwisisa zvinosanganisira maviri zvivako uye pachivande zvitoro mumugwagwa, yakanga vakapakata nechepakati kudziyisa uye simba chirimwa.

Musi hwomukova kunotenga dzezvitoro - December 2, 1893 Pachiitiko ichi, vagari veguta akaimba munyengetero, uye ipapo Sergei Alexandrovich, muchinda mukuru, pamwe chete nomukadzi wake Elizabeth akashanyira kuvakwa pachake. Upper Trading Rows kubva Moscow ava kwete basa chinhu. Vachitungamirirwa girazi pedenga chivako yose mhuri kuwana chimwe chezvinhu akanaka uye kwezvokufuka zvivakwa Moscow. Photos inopiwa pamusoro, rinoshanda 1893.

New Upper Trading Rows

Richangobva kuwanwa Upper Trading Rows (GUM chivakwa) zvitatu-storey zvinosanganisira 3 ndima longitudinal. Pindana ndima - simbi yokufeva truss ane 16-mita glazed bays. Inside chivako pane dzimba nhatu.

Sapakutanga, yezvebhizimisi nzvimbo yakakamurwa pakati varidzi. Zvisinei, iye zvino akanga ari Salons, kwete chitoro. Zvinowanikwa iri itsva chivakwa pamisika mapfumo zvikuru nomukurumbira yemakambani. Hazvishamisi, nokuti inodhura kwazvo mutengo kurendesa rava vari muumbozha chivakwa sezvo Upper Trading Rows Moscow. akitekicha yavo Akakwezva, uye mukati ari kukwira. Zvakanakisisa yapera, achipenya nezvionioni, yakatorongedzwa pamwe youmbozha fenicha, ivo zvinoshamisa. Vanosvika 322 dhipatimendi 3 uriri. Vaikwanisa kutenga chero zvokudya kana maindasitiri zvinhu mhando. bhesimendi wamakamuri chivakwa akaronga kuti Wholesale kutengeserana.

Mundima, kuti akwezve zvakawanda vatengi vanowatengesa vakatanga kupa mamwe mabasa. Somuenzaniso, muna Rokumusoro Trading Rows yakaonekwa bazi International Moscow Bank. asiwo akatanga kushanda zvishongo uye achiita zvokutemera okudhindira, mugeri, posvo, hofisi chiremba wemazino wacho. Huro resitorendi kwakaitika muna 1895

zvinokosha zvakagadzirwa

Mumazuva ekare ari zvitoro zviduku mutengesi kuti mutengi wakarondedzera mutengo ane chigadzirwa. Kazhinji, mutengo yakanga yakawandisa, saka vatengi vacho kutengeserana kuunza pasi naye. Zvino, kekutanga takatanga kushandisa mutengo mazita, saka kuti vanhu vakanga varasikirwa chinyakare varaidzo. Chimwe dzinonakidza ndechokuti zvakanga Upper Trading Rows Moscow (mapurani - Pomeranian) - dhipatimendi chitoro, anotanga kuoneka Russian mubhuku zvichemo mazano. Pakupedzisira, muna tsika, zviri kutanga kushandisa mitemo maererano iyo mutengi akarurama nguva dzose. The Upper Trading Rows akazarura wenguvo, akatanga kushanda bhuku. Takatanga kuronga Concerts uye kuratidzira, mimhanzi manheru.

Upper Trading Rows mushure October Revolution

Pashure zvakaitika 1917 chimurenga, zvitoro, riri chivako akanga nationalized. Vakavhara zvino kuzodzosera avhura pamusoro chisarudzo V. I. Lenina. Zvisinei, kutengeserana mundima mushure nationalization akanga kushaya. Akamira zvachose pashure 1918. The pakuvaka Upper Trading Rows Moscow (GUM) ikozvino akatanga kushandiswa masangano akasiyana. The kamwe kwoumbozha Salons vakauya desks, uye vakuru akazadza nzvimbo. Pakuvaka Upper Trading Rows Moscow aiva tsvarakadenga dzamira nzvimbo. Chokutanga, ndokudzokera kubva kudziyisa, uye ipapo simba yemapurisa yaiva yepasi rwakanga ruzere nemvura, zvichiguma nemamiriro yakarasika magetsi.

Panguva NEP

Muna 1920 iri emakambani muridzi neHurumende, akatanga kusuma kuzvipira mari. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, vaburitsi vanogona kusandura yavo rutivi pachavo zvigadzirwa zvavo. Makore aya anozivikanwa munhau sezvo nguva New Economic Policy (NEP). A yakawanda makambani kunge loaned. Upper Trading Rows vaiita dambudziko iri. The State Department Store chivakwa (- GUM nokuti pfupi) riri muna 1921. Zvisinei, ukuwo ndima akanga asisiri nzvimbo huru, sei kuziva pamberi. Zvino kutengeswa GUM kunyanya Stationery.

Dhipatimendi chitoro ari 1930s uye 1940s

Zvinofanira akati kuti Upper Trading Rows sezvo chitoro haana kugara kwenguva refu. Nechekare ari 1930s. kwakavakirwa vakatanga zvakare kuti aenderane pasi hofisi uyewo panguva zvebhizimisi, kusanganisira muchina wokudhinda wakanga Sovnarkom, izvo akashanda kusvikira 1995. In zvinoenderana General Plan of Moscow Zvokuvakazve, vakagamuchirwa muna 1935, Red Square aifanira richikura. Nokuti chinangwa ichi zvakafanira kutakura chingamu. Zvisinei, chirongwa ichi haina akaziva. Chingamu akamira Great Patriotic War. Hazvina kubva pano Yu. B. Levitan 9 May 1945 akapa vokuRussia mashoko akanaka German mapfumo.

Muna 1947, musi chivakwa inotevera rava kutyisidzira. On Red Square panguva takasarudza kumisa shongwe kuna kukunda muHondo Yenyika II. GUM, sezvakaita initiators ino zvebhizimisi, kudzivirira Implementation kwayo. Zvisinei, imba kamwe zvakare vasiya anofara masanga. On Red Square Monument uye haana kuzviratidza.

Kutangwazve Kwemitambo GUM

Muna 1953, Kwemitambo GUM. Yaiva nguva yose Khrushchev kuti nyungudika. Ndipo apo kwakasarudzwa kusunungura chingamu kubva masangano zvinobatanidzwa mariri. Vavakezve chivakwa. midziyo Trade, michina, zvokuvakisa Akatumirwa kubva mumaguta akasiyana pamusoro USSR. Chikamu zvakachengetwa akazarurwa pamberi basa rakapera.

Akararamazve GUM chitoro vakava kupfuura iri USSR. A yakawanda zvinhu zvikapiwa ake kuwanikidza. The chitoro yave vakamiswa kuva tungamidzana hombe. Police nzvimbo aidzora vazhinji. Dzinokwana madhipatimendi 11 dhipatimendi kwakanga kutengesa vakagadzirira akagadzirwa mbatya, Textiles, dzakarukwa zvinhu, mucheka, bhutsu, fenicha uye pamakapeti, mhuri nhumbi, matoyi uye Stationery, heti uye mbava, kuzvivaraidza zvinhu. Tikwanise chitoro siyana kupfuura zviuru 30 zvinhu.

mumwe rokuvakazve

GUM nepakati Kuma1960, zvinenge zvisinei akakoromora zvakare,, chivako kamwe zvakare rombo. Department kwete chete vakachengetedzwa, asi vakavawo mumwe kupfuura munyika mushure kubatana zvinotevera zvitoro: "muBelgrade", "Youth", "Prague", "Simferopol", "rekristaro" uye "Leipzig". Chimwe vavakezve GUM dhipatimendi chitoro rakapedzwa muna 1985. Muna 1987, kuti ndibhadhare mari muchitoro Eliseev yakava chikamu chitoro.

The Centenary pakati paumbwe boka

Muna 1993 isu ndipo Centenary pamusoro paumbwe vadyi wemari kambani "Upper Trading Rows". The vhiki rose akapfuurira pekupemberera chiitiko. Masayendisiti akawanda uye vashandi netsika, uyewo vemabhizimisi vanhu vakatora chikamu mairi. Muna GUM huru suo (kubva Red Square) yakanga yavakwazve mumazuva iwayo.

dhipatimendi nhasi

Nhasi izuva guru dhipatimendi chitoro kunotenga uye varaidzo pakati, iyo inoita ano zvinodiwa. Recovery Showroom yakaitwa nguva ichangodarika. Night jekeso nenyembe chikuru France pamusoro GUM chitoro. Kubvira 2006, pamberi chitoro Skating Rink munguva yechando. Zvinenge zvose nzvimbo akasvika muMoscow, vachida kushanyira Upper Trading Rows (GUM). Manyorero kuvaka anoratidza Russian mweya, uye mukati unogona kuwana zvinhu zvakawanda zvinonakidza.