National Library of Russia (St. Petersburg): History, nheyo, kero

National Library (St. Petersburg) muna May gore rino vakapemberera kwayo 220th mhembero. Inobva chirevo Catherine II muna okupedzisira mwedzi kwematsutso 1795, raibhurari, uye zvino rimwe remasangano munyika.

Kuzvikudza Northern Capital - "Publichka" (ndibatsireiwo zita) - Russian vemutungamiri chirevo yakazivisa kare uye zvetsika nhaka vanhu Russia.

mazita akasiyana

National Library (St. Petersburg) kubva pakutanga kwayo uye kusvikira 1917 akanzi Imperial Public Library. Panguva simba Soviet, zita akachinja kakawanda - kusvikira 1925 yainzi kupfuura raibhurari yeRussian Public Library, 1932 Library ainzi pashure Saltykov-Shchedrin, uye ipapo, kwemakore 70, kusvikira 1992 inonzi State Public Library. Kubvira ivepo, mukuru raibhurari yeRussia akatsvaka kutora mari uye, Chikurukuru, kuona akasununguka kupinda kwavari.

Kuti abatsire dzidzo

National Library (St. Petersburg) zvino ari reserves mari ndiyo yechipiri bhuku panodonedzerwa muRussia. Sezvo ari kutanga 2012, NLR chokukura makopi mamiriyoni 36,5, izvo zvinosanganisira 400,000 manyoro, mabhuku 7000 akadhindwa pamberi 1501, aizivikanwa incunabula. Kubvira pakavambwa raro nanhasi, raibhurari iri tsvakurudzo, mashoko uye zvetsika muzinda Russia.

Makore anenge 30 ratora chinoziva Empress (1766-1795) kuti dzinobvumira gwaro pasi payo. Pamusoro gore nehafu asati afa, ndiwo chiito ichi chakanaka akabwembura mutsetse pasi "zera guru" rokutonga kwake. Construction vakatanga pakarepo pashure kufarirwa chirongwa uye kwemakore 15.

Wokutanga zvikurukuru

pokugara Wonderful akakura panguva mharadzano pakati Sadovaya Street uye Nevsky Tariro, riri pamwoyo guru. Chivako, chakavakwa racho E. T. Sokolova (Music Theater iri muna neimba basa rake) Iva rokutanga National Library. St. Petersburg wanamatira kune yakabudirira misoro Europe. Chisingarambiki zvakwakanakira anosanganisira raibhurari uye chokwadi kuti akasika nyika Chinyorwa wokutanga muraibhurari kupatsanura kuti replenishment uye systematization mari zvayo.

Zvino chidimbu mitemo kuti ebasa kukurukura kuti zvakanyatsorongwa muzadze mari iri Library (mu uwandu 2 zviumbu) chero akadhindwa zvigadzirwa rakabudiswa muna Russia uyewo chikwereti kwakatanga raibhurari yokutanga.

Inotungamirwa nemamwe mari

Rokuizarura zvakanga yaizotongwa 1812, asi nokuda kwezvikonzero pachena, kwakaitika muna 1814. National Library (St. Petersburg), kero rinozikamwa kwete chete kune wese kuchamhembe guru, asi vaenzi vakawanda guta chinoshamisa, riri pamusoro Ostrovsky Square, 1/3, akatora chimiro sezvo nhoroondo Ensemble muna 1900. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa inonakidza chokwadi: mu yechinangwa yokumwe mari dzigare mairi kuisa hama Zalusskih Library, riri mu Warsaw, uye mumwe wokutanga ruzhinji mumaraibhurari munyika.

It zvingafananidzwa chete vatatu youmambo raibhurari muEurope, iri muLondon, Paris uye Munich. Muna 1794, pashure pokunge kudzvinyirira ari kumukira Kosciuszko Suvorov. 400,000 Mavhoriyamu vakanzi enzvimbo Russian Empire. Pearl mari ariwo raibhurari pakati Voltaire, yakanga zvakatengwa Catherine II muna 1778 panguva Rumbidzai Volter kuti muzukuru uye mugari wenhaka ari anofunga kukuru. Special chikepe iye akaiswa kuRussia uye akaisa muna Hermitage, uye sezvairayirwa Alexander II hwakatamisirwa Imperial Public Library.

Center yetsika upenyu uye zvakagadzirwa

Bedzi 30 makore kuvapo rokutanga, paraibhurari nemaoko vaverengi vakagamuchira anopfuura 100 000 emabhuku mabhuku. Sezvingatarisirwa, mari iri ichi- kwakawedzera sezvo Vashanyi, uye mumakore 1832-1835 Akapiwa basa rokuvaka wechipiri, France iyo vakaenda kubindu Catherine wacho. In yechipiri yezana XIX fung remakore nheyo, nokuda dzakawanda bhuku zvipo, takatanga kuwedzera aval - nokuti 50s ka30 zvichienzaniswa yose yokutanga yezana XIX remakore. Pakazosvika 1917, pakanga guru kwazvo zvinyorwa muRussia muraibhurari yacho akaunganidzwa. National Public Library (St. Petersburg) aiva wokutanga Russia, apo ropafadzo kirasi vakanga chabvisa - zvakatanga kushanyira mukadzi. Mumakore 1860-1862 yakavakwa nomumwe pekugara chirongwa VI Sobolevschikova, ndokuvhara echivanze mukomberedzo. zvakagadzirwa zvose librarianship dzinowanikwa pano.

nguva nenhamo

Kubva 1917 kusvika 1930, mari okuchengetera zvinhu zvinogona kuwedzerwa nokuda nationalized voga kuunganidza uye muunganidzwa dzemamongi uye hurumende masangano, kunyange tichiregeredza harichadhindwi kugadzirwa zvinhu zvinowedzera vakarega zvinenge zvakakwana uye akadzorerwa chete pashure 1930.

Library mudonzvo vakanga pasi udzvanyiriri, izvo akaramba kunyange panguva Great Patriotic War, izvo akuvadzwa kukuvara zvikuru mari. Asi panguva raibhurari yokukomba Ndaishanda uye vakashumira vaverengi.

Kudiwa nokukurumidza musha mutsva

State National Library (St. Petersburg) muna 1991 kupfurikidza nechirevo Borisa Eltsina Yakazopiwa zita rokuti zvakare. Zvino anonzi Russian National Library.

Hatigoni kutaura kuti chivako chacho, iyo kwapfuura makore 200 okuberekwa, raderera uye kuva nengozi kuchengeta zvakawanda zvinokosha zvidimbu. Saka, kunyange XX remakore, paiva mubvunzo pamusoro kuvakwa chivako chitsva asangana zvose zvinodiwa modernity. Muna 1970 chisarudzo kuvaka chivako chitsva yakaitwa, uye kwemakore 10 mutsva rokuvaka yakazokudziridzwa, uye ipapo chete nhamba yemakore, yakanga yakavakwa. It chete akanga muchikamu chokutanga chivako chitsva yakavhurwa 2003 (zvinosanganisira zvose kuverenga dzimba uye raibhurari, panzvimbo pakazaruka panguva mabhuku mamiriyoni 10).

Chivako chitsva havana zvinetso zvose

Chivako chitsva (dzimba raibhurari uye vakatanga kunzi) yakatamira National Library (St. Petersburg). "Victory Park" - kuchiteshi, riri pfupi pedyo (sezvinoita Kukunda Park, pakatarisana) kusvika 9-storey pakuvaka ukapisa murwi itsva, inokwanisa kuita kutakura mabhuku mamiriyoni 12. Kuverenga makamuri nemamwe mahofisi dziri mune dzimba dzisina kukwirira. Storage chinhu chikuru chepfungwa yose chirongwa. Pasi rino chivakwa zvakanzi oga chomunda 4,6 hectares. Munguva yekare pakuvaka raibhurari, riri munzvimbo 11, rinochengeta kusvika mabhuku mamiriyoni 22.7.

Sezvingatarisirwa, vakanga vapererwa nemhosva. Asi vachipinda itsva ano raibhurari chivako haana kugadzirisa zvose matambudziko - achiri chikamu mari vari 9 nzvimbo, dzimwe nguva ari vakahaya zvivako yakapararawo. Muna 2009, chibvumirano akanga yakasainwa kuvaka nhurikidzwa 11 bhuku panodonedzerwa, izvo zvichaita kuti raiva pedyo raivapo dzakaoma Victory Park.

utsanzi centre

The yakanaka muviri mutsva cozily rakagumbatirwa National Library of Russia (St. Petersburg). Kero Kuvaka: Moscow Avenue, 165, Bldg .. 2. Chivako chitsva yeRussian National Library ndiyo musimboti utsanzi muzvirongwa, izvo akabvumira kurera basa kuti ndamboita. The hall zvemagetsi raibhurari, yakavhurwa 2006, zvemagetsi ndaza, kubatanidza 2011 kusvika samambure zvigadzirwa mumaraibhurari Vivaldi - izvi zvose zvinotora MFN chemhando renyika dzakawanda. Chivako ichi ndicho kumuzinda Russian Library Association.