Mukuru mukuru chiokomuhomwe. Mediation mu pfumbamuromo. weCriminal Code

Pane zvakaoma munyika yanhasi, munhu mukuru ndiani kumbonzwa chiokomuhomwe uye uori. Fani iyi yakatarisa dzinenge ose mugari, achitungamirira chinoshingaira munzanga upenyu.

Zvinosuruvarisa kazhinji munzanga yanhasi pane mamiriro ezvinhu apo chisarudzo chipi chinokosha muupenyu hwomunhu kunobva imwe mukuru. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya nokuda nokure dzebhizimisi uye zvoupfumi, kutengeserana, kuvaka, uye zvichingodaro. D. Chemiganhu mitemo yemitero, mitemo netsika, Criminal Code uye Administrative Code, motokari mitemo inoshanda zvose vomunyika, uye dzimwe nguva kuita zvakasimba pamwe murayiro matambudziko. Uyezve, pane mamiriro ezvinhu apo machinda vanoda fufuro pachavo zviito vanofanira kutora nomurayiro. Vanhu vakawanda vanofunga kuti muna Muzviitiko zvose izvi, pfumbamuromo kuti mukuru - ndozvakajairwa, uye zvakafanira kuti izvi zvinhu uori yakawanda Anotumbuka rimwe gore. "Regai kuzora maoko avo - hamungambovi kuenda ..." - vakagomera vagari vanoziva uye kubvumirana nezvaidiwa chepamutemo. Zvichakadai, achipa uye kubvuma chiokomuhomwe - mhosva zvoupfumi, apara mhosva.

291 nyaya. pfumbamuromo Cottage

Mujeri Code, mune simba panguva iri Russian Federation (the Criminal Code) rakagamuchirwa muna 1996. It anopa chirango nezvemarudzi maviri zvigumbuso - chiokomuhomwe uye mukuru kubvuma chiokomuhomwe. Under pfumbamuromo vanoziva mubayiro zvemari kuti mukuru, amuvimbisa kana akagamuchira naye kuzadziswa kwayo pakarepo mabasa. Chiokomuhomwe mukuru - chinhu bilateral mhosva. The kugamuchira fufuro anonzi fufuro anotora uye anopa fufuro - the briber.

Sezvinotaurwa munyaya 291 yemutemo weCriminal Code, Bribing mukuru nokushandiswa murevereri kana munhu - chinhu mhosva kuti Chirango yakaisvonaka iri uwandu gumi kare devyanostokratnoy pachinhu pfumbamuromo, kana kusungwa maviri nemaviri, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu ari mhosva uye chiokomuhomwe kukura. Sembura ezvinhu vanoonekwa kuti kuchikosha mari fufuro, Bribing mukuru nokuda chokwadi kuti zvaakaita zviito vachiziva pamutemo (isingadzorwi). Muzviitiko izvi chirango mhosva achava yakasimba zvikuru. Crime - fufuro mukuru - runoonekwa kuva akakwana panguva kugamuchira pfumbamuromo anotora chinenge chikamu upfumi kubva briber kana nhume. Criminal kuita nokuti pfumbamuromo kunoitika, sezvo makore 16. Chirango nokuda kwemhosva uye kutonga kwacho kunogona kudziviswa kana briber nokuzvidira kutsvaka kubatsirwa Vezvemitemo, vakabatsira kugadzirisa mhosva uye akaratidza kuti chiokomuhomwe chokumanikidzwa naye. Panyaya iyi, kutonga kwacho chete chinoshanda pfumbamuromo-anotora.

kuwana chiokomuhomwe. Article 290 yemutemo weCriminal Code

Fufuro, sezvo takaona, ndiko mhosva. Kugamuchira pfumbamuromo ne vashandi anonzi rimwe zvakakura zvoupfumi mhosva. Muchiitiko chino, mushandi wehurumende anopiwa pfuma vomuUmambo, achishandisa nzvimbo yake yepamutemo, chokupika kana isiri yakananga mabasa vachida briber. Nokuti ichi mhando rekupinganidza riri Chirango yakaisvonaka kusvikira devyanostokratnogo ukuru chiokomuhomwe, mujeri kusvika gumi nemaviri kana nokubviswa kubva muhofisi, zvichienderana pakukura fufuro uye mamwe sembura ezvinhu mhosva. Somuenzaniso, akadzokorora kutambira chiokomuhomwe anofanira kurohwa zvikuru kwazvo kupfuura munhu poga. By kakawanda achitora fufuro ngaanzwisise kuwana zvinhu zvinobatsira kupfuura kaviri chete munhu. Chero zvazvingava, kuzvicheka-kushumira richishandiswa masimba pamutemo ndiyo apara mhosva.

ugororo

Ugororo pfumbamuromo chinhu sembura ezvinhu ari kuferefeta nepfumbamuromo. Kana chokwadi neupambi nekusimba briber anogona kusaita mhosva kuita chete rutsigiro uye rubatsiro kuti kuongorora masimba. Ugororo mukuru zvinoreva kuti mushandi wehurumende zvinoda muripo chokupika mabasa avo zvinodiwa briber, kana, nekusiyana, nekuti haana kutora matanho akakodzera kutorwa maererano nomutemo. Kutyisidzirwa kungaratidzwa pakuti gurukota raireva basa, kushaya magwaro zvakafanira kana zvinhu, artificially anosika zvipingamupinyi zvemarudzi ose kuti chisarudzo, iyo nechokuita briber. Kana mukuru anonyevera kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu kuchidzivisa basa munhu nezvake, kana zvinhu kuti kukuvadza briber, izvo zvinogona kudziviswa kana kuedza kubhadhara zvimwe. Payment - uyu chiokomuhomwe. The Criminal Code inopa varangwe chete nokuti pfumbamuromo-kusatarisa pamwe nokuzvidira kubatsirwa briber.

History nepfumbamuromo

Shoko rokuti "kuora" rinobva pashoko corrumpire - kunwisa hofisi, pfumbamuromo, kuparadza. Shoko iri yakatanga kushandiswa mutemo weRoma - kunyange Yuliy Tsezar akanga kurwa pfumbamuromo, nekudzivisa vakuru vakuru kuti vawane goridhe chishongo kubva maguta akavazunguzira kudzivirirwa. Munguva yeMiddle Ages muEurope, machinda havazezi kuwana zvinhu zvinobatsira, uchishandisa nzvimbo yake yepamutemo, uye chiokomuhomwe kwakanga kwakapararira. Varanda Russian vehurumende vakapiwa "dzichifura" - mumwe muripo kubva aifarira kubudirira kwavo vemabhizimisi vanhu. Uyezve, vakuru vakuru vakagamuchira muhoro kubva State Treasury. Nokuda kwepfumbamuromo varangwe madzimambo Ivan III, Ivan Grozny, Peter Mukuru. Paiva makore apo pfumbamuromo yaiva mhosva inotongerwa rufu.

Chiokomuhomwe yakanga yakajairika kwose kwose East, asi pane zvakanga daropodnosheniya hunhu. KuMiddle Ages uye East, zvakare, akatanga kurwa pfumbamuromo, nevakuru kuzvidzora kushumira kubviswa pachigaro uye kurangwa.

Kubvira pakupera XIX remakore, hurumende akagamuchira vose namasimba makuru ehurumende kuzvidzora kwazopararira uye rapararira achiati zvose zvoupenyu vemunyika. Izvi zvakaita kuti Kuwedzera evanoita zvepfumbamuromo, machinda enyika zvese zvava kushandisa zvinenge pachena nzvimbo yake yepamutemo, uye kwete chete kutora, asiwo chiokomuhomwe kubva vagari. Mune dzimwe nyika, ugororo dzakadai akatora chimiro webato zvipo - ndiro, kwete kutora chiokomuhomwe mamwe machinda navatariri, uye vamiririri vemapato.

Uori ichangopfuura mumwe okutanga nzvimbo mune mhosva zvoupfumi munyika yose. Nouori uye hurumende vanomiririra chihombe kutyisidzira chero nyika, sezvo kungatadzisa kukura nyika uye kuchera chiremera nehurumende, uye dzimwe nguva angavhundutsira nokuchengeteka vemo. Saka, muna 70s remakore rapfuura pakava chinyadzo nemhaka American kambani "Lockheed", iro akatengesa substandard ndege muGermany uye Japan. Machinda aya nyika vakagamuchira zvikomborero zvemari kubva kambani.

Chiitiko uori kunonyanya novimba mararamiro munyika imwe neimwe uye tsika yenyika yayo. Somuenzaniso, zvinonzi akaratidza kuti muJapan uye China, apo kukudziridzwa uchenjeri uye kuzvitsaurira pevakuru navakuru hurumende yavo, pfumbamuromo vakawaridza zvishoma shoma pane mune dzimwe nyika. Izvi imhaka vo mitemo yenyika - pane chirango nokutora fufuro yakasimba.

Mediation

Intermediation mu pfumbamuromo - ndiyo zviito kumapati rechitatu kuti pave kubudirira kwakaita chibvumirano pakati briber uye pfumbamuromo anotora kana chiokomuhomwe Mukutepfenyura kubva yeboka kuti imwe mhosva. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kutora kana kupa fufuro kuburikidza murevereri nyore - pfumbamuromo-anotora uye briber havasi nguva dzose vanoziva mumwe, uye iyi, murevereri rinobatanidzwa kuti vakachengeteka zvikuru uye rakavimbika. Kakawanda, murevereri anewo zvimwe mubayiro zvemari mabasa avo - dzimwe nguva kunyange chikamu yaipedzerwa Kutamiswa fufuro.

Intermediation mu pfumbamuromo ndiye apara mhosva chete pamberi fufuro guru (Article 291,1 weCriminal Code). Rinokosha Kukura anoonekwa kuti inokosha kupfuura 25 000 rubles. Nokuti Mediation iri Chirango yakaisvonaka kusvikira sorokakratnogo ukuru chiokomuhomwe, kana yokusungwa mutirongo kwemakore anosvika mashanu. Mutongo inobvawo pane ukuru fufuro uye mamwe sembura ezvinhu - somuenzaniso, kushandisa pamutemo chinzvimbo murevereri kana kunyanya yakawanda kupfuma.

Uyezve, kubatsirwa kana rakabatanidzwawo mhosva inogona kutsiviwa maererano nomutemo, kwete chete kana mhosva chaitwa uye yapera, asi panguva iyoyo kana nhume yave vakabayira mabasa ayo kuna kumapati fufuro. Kungoona Chipikirwa Mediation kare zvoupfumi mhosva.

Matambudziko makuru ari kuferefeta nepfumbamuromo

Kuferefeta evanoita zvepfumbamuromo hakusi nyore nguva dzose. Chinonyanya kukosha mukuvhiringidza kuferefeta mhosva, ndechokuti panyaya evanoita zvepfumbamuromo haisi vanonzi vakaurayiwa - vechikamu vese vaifarira chiokomuhomwe kuti chokwadi ichi haasi ngakuzivikanwe vatevedzere mutemo. Corruption kunotova kungoreva zvinobatsira, uye musvibisi kakawanda, haana basa ndechokuti mhosva chakaziviswa - akafanirwa kune kufarira zviri kuita utsotsi uye mukutonga zvarwo. Izvi zvinokosha zvikurukuru zviitiko apo chiokomuhomwe-wemirayiro ari violator wemurairo, mutero code, motokari mitemo, mhosva kana administrative Code.

Chimwe chezvinhu ngozi kubva nemaonero munzanga, ndiwo zvachose urongwa pakati briber uye pfumbamuromo anotora, izvo unovapo panyaya pamutemo patronage, zvishoma nezvishoma akaratidza vaityora mutemo.

Zvose zvinozivikanwa zviitiko apo vakuru vakuru, kunze kwake post, vane masangano avo ezvoupfumi uye mabhizimisi. Financial kuziva Paarismängud dzavo uye richitsigirwa vakuru simba uye kukwanisa.

Kupararira chiokomuhomwe munyaya dzakasiyana

Maererano nenhamba, kuparadzira simba kupfuura Akagamuchira chiokomuhomwe vatevedzere mutemo. Kazhinji mapurisa uye muchuchisi hofisi vamiririri vari pachavo akaora, sezvo vachinzwisisa fufuro sechinhu muripo pabasa ravo rakaoma, kwete matunhu zvakakwana vaibhadhara neHurumende. Chiokomuhomwe mapurisa, uyewo mamwe mupurisa - mhosva. mapurisa Traffic kakawanda kwete chete kutora fufuro, asi kuti vavabhadharise navo. Mumakore achangopfuura Fani iyi yava chaizvo vanoshamwaridzana uye akapotsa zvakajairika - pasinei nokuedza nehurumende, zvainanga zvachose uori. Zvinosuruvarisa vakawanda vemunyika kugamuchira mashoko vakuru uye havapindiri nokuwana fufuro.

Vamiririri vakuru, vaiti dzakasiyana dzekushumira uye madhipatimendi kazhinji vane mukana wokugamuchira chiokomuhomwe. machinda akawanda, uye zvimwe zvinetso hazvigoni kugadziriswa pasina dzaitsigira uye kupindura, uye vamwe vashandi anonyengera kurishandisa.

Dzimwe nguva pane dzimwewo nyaya evanoita zvepfumbamuromo uye zvoutano vashandi. Zvipo kubva varwere vanoonga kazhinji vanotora chimiro ichi fufuro, kunyanya nyaya nekuita noutano nenyanzvi kushanda nzvimbo dzepamusoro - musoro vanachiremba, vakuru makiriniki nezvipatara, etc. Hazvina chakavanzika aine chipo chiduku kana mubayiro unogona kuwana zvakawanda .. yakakwirira yakati sandara basa, kuchengetwa uye kurapwa mune chero chipatara kana mishonga yacho.

Vamiririri dzidzo zvekutepfenyura, zvakare, vanobatanidzwa mune chiokomuhomwe uye ndaona. Kuwana Credits uye purogiramu, kubvuma kuti kupfungwa ane dzidzo, uye ayo abudirire okuguma inofanira dzidzo - izvi zvose ine mitengo yayo Mumhuri ine munhu kudzidzisa vashandi.

Muchidimbu, haamboshandisi chero zvoupenyu rinoitirwa, izvo zvingadai zvisina akasangana mudonzvo vane pfumbamuromo. Zvinosuruvarisa, akaenzaniswa akatorwa neHurumende chokuita nouori havasi pave kutarisirwa mugumisiro.

Kurwisana uori

Pasi pemurairo, pakurwisa uori vanofanira kuchengeta hurumende matare ose uye kutarisirwa. dzakabudirira mitemo uye mirayiro kudzivisa evanoita zvepfumbamuromo. Kune chaiyo helpline, izvo zvinogona kudaidza anonymously uye kusiya ruzivo pamusoro nouori kana ugororo. Kuti kurwisa uori, vashandi vehurumende vari kuramba kuwedzera mibairo, vadzore vanhu ava rinoitwa dzose zvichibvira nzira. Somuenzaniso, mavhidhiyo makamera vari yakaiswa, izvo kubatsira kudzivisa kugamuchira pfumbamuromo vari motokari dzakawanda vatariri. Chikumbiro anokurudzirwa vagari kuti kwemitemo masimba chokuita uori. Gore negore, makasimba kusarudzwa vanhu vaibvumirwa kupinda rinoitirwa, kunyanya mukuru munzvimbo. Mune dzimwe paruzhinji masangano kukurairisai unorambidza basa mikana kuburikidza hama kana shamwari, kusvikira mumwe kukundikana basa nokuda kwemhuri.

Nzira dzose idzi kupa mumwe mugumisiro, asi achiri Anonakidzwa munzvimbo zhinji uori. Fufuro zvinoda dzisinganyatsooneki dzokunamata. Zveminda machinda vari kuvanda, uye kuratidza kuti ane mhosva iri kuramba yakaoma. Vari kuchinja nzira iyo kupa uye kugamuchira chiokomuhomwe dzinoitwa.

The ukama uori kune dzimwe mhosva

Kashoma kuti kazhinji batanidza kunoitika roga - kazhinji, chokwadi evanoita zvepfumbamuromo hunonyatsobatana kune dzimwe Mhosva pfumbamuromo. Mukuru mukuru chiokomuhomwe kunowanzoguma neamwe. Kuba zvinhu zvikuru ukoshi - Article 164 yemutemo weCriminal Code, kushandisa masimba - Article. 286 yemutemo weCriminal Code, kushandisa simba - Art. 285 yemutemo weCriminal Code, zvisiri pamutemo kuita entrepreneurial mabasa - unyanzvi. 289 yemutemo weCriminal Code, yezvokutengeserana chiokomuhomwe - unyanzvi. 204 yemutemo weCriminal Code. nyaya dzose idzi kazhinji rinoshandisirwa munhu uye munhu mumwe chete panguva kuferefeta chokwadi evanoita zvepfumbamuromo. Zvinonzi kunzwisisa kuti chirango nokuda kwepfumbamuromo hakuiti siya mhosva vairangwa mimwe nyaya pamusoro apa, kana kudarika kwakaitika.

Zvokuita kana kukumbira mari chiokomuhomwe?

Inochengetedza zvido mumwe nomumwe womuno vanofanira Criminal Code. Chiokomuhomwe kuti mukuru harifaniri kuonekwa purogiramu. Kana zvinhu zvakadaro akasimuka, tinogona kuita nenzira nhatu:

- Kana uchibvuma kuti ichi, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti tsotsi mutoro fufuro, panyaya Kuziviswa chokwadi ichi, zvichachinja kwete wacho asi nemiwo pachako.

- achiramba kubhadhara chiokomuhomwe uye akanyevera anonyengera mushandi wake kuita, kwete chete havagoni kugadzirisa dambudziko, asi kutowedzera noukama yakaipa - mukuru ane mumwe simba, zvimwe zvinhu kuti hadzisi yakamuka. A mutongo zvakanaka iyi hakufaniri kumirira, asi zvakashandurwa - mushandi achaita zvose zvaanogona kugadzirisa nyaya yako, raiva rakaoma zvikuru. Zvinogoneka kuti pamusoro iwe chete kuseka uye mundiperekedze kumba.

- The musoro kupfuura - kujekesa kuti gurukota kuti unobvumirana kubhadhara chiokomuhomwe. Edza apo polochit napo kuti kuchaita kuti dambudziko rako zvichapedzwa uye rubatsiro rakashandurwa. Pashure paizvozvo, zvinokosha kujekesa kuti huwandu mhando aisanganisira, sei iwe kubhadhara mabasa, unogamuchira fufuro iwe, nenguva uye apo chii. Zvino unofanira kutaura mapurisa kunyora mashoko nezvokuti neupambi. Unogona kutsvaka rubatsiro kubva FSB, ivo Interior Ushumiri, ari rwokutsvakurudza Committee of Muchuchisi wacho Office, Tsika, etc. Under murayiro, zvikumbiro zvakadaro tinosungirwa kugadzirisa chero voruzhinji muviri - .. Up kufadza Hurumende kana President kweRussia. Chikumbiro unofanira kunyora, mumwe kopi anoramba mumaoko enyu. Zviri nani kuwana uye rangarira, ndiani kukurira kushanda kwako uye zvokutarisira. The zvakawanda mamiriro chichange kurondedzerwa zvizere, chikuru mukana kuti nyaya zvichabviswa kugadziriswa nepakudiwa yenyu.

Uori - chirwere munzanga ano. Itirai zvakakodzera kwete chete kune miviri mamiriro, asi vagari vanhuwo, nekuti vanotambura nouori, vanhuwo zvavo. Maererano nenhamba, mukana kuti vazoita uori mune imwe nyika iri 1: 250, uye kana nezviyero akakodzera vari kutorwa munyika dzakawanda, mikana vowanda - 1:23. Saka, dambudziko iri riri zvakanakisisa chakagadziriswa pamwe chete, "nyika yose".