"Moskva" chombo ngarawa. Guards chombo ngarawa "Moskva" - the flagship of Black Sea Fleet

Kubvira panguva yekare yakave yakadaro, iyo yezvikepe zvaive nesimba zvakanyanya uye pfuma inotaura. Izvi zvinonyanya kushanda kune zvombo zvehondo, kushandiswa kwaro nguva dzose kwakakosha zvikuru. Nhasi chirevo ichi chakakosha zvikuru. Ngarava dzinotengesa motokari dzinodhura, uye naizvozvo kuvapo kwezvikepe zvavo pachako kunowedzera zvakanyanya kukudzwa kwenyika yose iyo ine.

Pasinei nekunetsana kwema1990, nyika yedu yakakwanisa kuchengetedza nhandare yayo. Kusvika iye zvino, zvishoma nezvishoma zvinowedzera nekuvandudza. Zvinosuruvarisa, izvi zvinenge zvishoma nezvishoma, saka saka ngarava dzinotanga kushanda mumakore ekupedzisira eU.SR dzichiri dzinokosha zvikuru. Muenzaniso weiyi ndi "Moscow". I rocket cruiser ine zita iri inomiririra simba rinotyisa munzvimbo dzakasununguka dzemakungwa.

Basic information

Nezvekugona kwake, kunyanya zita rezita raakapiwa nevashambadziri, "muurayi wevatakuri vezvikwata." Izvi hazvirevi chete mhirizhonga yeZvose Gungwa Dzvuku, asiwo imwe yezvikepe zvakasimba kupfuura dzose muzvikepe zveRussia. Port of registration - Sevastopol. Pamberi pezviitiko zvinonyatsozivikanwa, Black Sea Fleet yakava nematambudziko mazhinji, sezvo kwaive nekukakavadzana nguva dzose nechechiUukraine pamusoro pekubhajisa. Zvino zvose izvi hazvina maturo.

Yakagadzirwa "Moscow" (missile cruiser, zvirokwazvo) yaiva muguta reNikolaev. Pakutanga, ngarava yainzi "Mbiri."

Chinangwa, kutumira nguva

Iyi cruiser ndiyo chinhu chakakosha muprojekti 1164 Atlant. Pangosvika ngarava yeAntisubmarine "Moscow" yakabviswa kubva kuNavy yeUSSR (yakavakwa pasi peprojekti 1123), ramangwana rekupedzisira rakazotumidza zita rake. Chinangwa chayo chikuru chakangoerekana chava kuparadzwa kunogadzirisa kwezvikepe zvikuru zvemuvengi (zvichida, vatakuri vezvikwata), kuchengetedzwa kwemhepo kwegungwa uye chifukidzo chemoto chekuuya kwayo.

Nguva yei "Moscow" yakashanda? Ngarava yekutakura yakaiswa muna 1982, asi kushandiswa kwayo kwepamutemo kunotanga muna 1983 chete.

Ndekupi kwaive kugara, chii chaiva kubwinya kwechikepe?

Nzvimbo huru yebasa rake raiva Gungwa reMediterranean. Kazhinji "Moscow" yakaratidzwa mumasuo ehurumende dzose, ine gungwa rinoshamba. Apo muna December 1989 pachitsuwa cheMarta Mikhail Gorbachev akasangana naGeorge Bush (mukuru, zvekare), ndiyo iyi ndiyo ngarava yakaunza kuchengetedzwa kwemusangano wose.

Kudzidzira, kushandiswa kwehondo

Muna 1990 GRKR "Moscow" yakadzokera kuNikolaev yekuzvarwa kwake kwemazuva ano. Ndizvo chete nokuda kwekuwa kweSoviet Union kwakapedza makore 8.5 chaiwo, uye chete musi waMay 13, 1998 akagamuchira mureza mutsva uye mureza weyika itsva. Mukuwedzera, panguva imwe chete, Black Sea Fleet yakabvisa chikepe chevarindi Krasny Kavkaz, kubva ipapo Moscow yakagamuchira varindi.

Muna 2003, pakange paine chiitiko apo GRC "Moscow" yakavhenekera kwekutanga panguva yemitambo yenyika kubva panguva dze USSR. Icho chiri pamusoro pezvidzidzo zveIndra, izvo zvakabatanidzwa pamwe chete neGlack Sea, Pacific Fleets uye Navy yehukama India. Gore rakatevera akazopindira mune zvedzidzo "IONIEKS-2004", iyo yakaitwa pamwe chete neItaly. Kutanga kwa2008 kwakasangana muGungwa reMediterranean pamwe nesangano re "ndege yemuFleet yeSoviet Union Kuznetsov", pamwe chete nengarava dziripo.

MunaAgasti 2008, Black Sea Fleet inomiririrwa ne "Moscow" yakabatanidzwa mukushanda kunomanikidza Georgia murugare, iri mumvura yeAssetia. Pakutanga gore raitevera akapinda muzviitiko zvekuyeuchidza zvakatsaurirwa kumusi wekudengenyeka kwenyika kukuru kwakaitika kuSicily makore zana akapfuura. Zvadaro vafambisi vezvikepe zveImperial Navy vakabatanidzwa mukubviswa kwemigumisiro.

Zvinoreva "Moscow" yeRussia Navy

Nenzira yakawanda, zvikepe, iro zita rayo raiva zita reguta guru rehurumende, rinogara richiongororwa zvakadzama. Moscow yakanga isiri yega. Ngarava yakangodaro yakatora nguva yakawanda ichienda kune vanhu vane simba kupfuura vose veUSSR nedzimwe nyika. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kudzivisa hurumende idzva dzenyika mumavambo ekuma1990 kuti afunge nezvekutumira iyi ngarava kuti ipere.

Hatina kureva pasina kuti motokari akanga amire pamatanda muNikolayevsk kwemakore anoda kusvika masere nehafu, asi nguva dzakaoma dzekodzero dzekodzero dzakanga dziri kuitika. Nenzira yakanaka, ngarava haina kubviswa musimbi, uye Black Sea Fleet haina kurasikirwa nehupamhi hwayo.

Nezvido

Pakati pegore ra1990, pamusana pe "mari yezvoupfumi" uye "kuderedza kudhura" mukati memaitirwo emishandirapamwe, hondo dzakawanda dzakagumburwa. "Nyanzvi" kwenguva yakareba uye yakatsamwa kukurukurirana kana nyika inoda chikepe ichi. Vazhinji vaidavira kuti kubata cruiser yakadaro paGungwa Dzvuku kwakanga kusingabatsiri mune zvemari, zvichiratidza kuti "inowanikwa" nePacific Fleet. Vakanga vachinyatsotsigirwa nevashori vokunze. Vakanga vasina kunyatsofungisisa pfungwa yokuti "muurayi wevatakuri vezvikepe" aizotakura basa ravo rokurwa mumvura iyi.

August 2008 yakaratidza kuti nyika inoda zvakadini "Moscow". Vatariri ve missile cruiser ndivo chete "shoko rinorema" iro rakachengetedza NATO kubva pakuita zvisarudzo. Iye zvino pane imwe nzira isingarangarirwi, asi munguva ye "mazuva mashanu ehondo" muGungwa Dzvuku yaiva nhamba huru yezvikepe zvehukama. Asi Moscow (guta guru) raishamisika kudzikama pamusoro pezvaiitika.

Mhinduro yacho yakanga iri nyore: IAtlant project rocket inogona kuisa nyore nyore boka rose rezvese reNATO zvikaita zvidimbu. Zvose izvi zvakanyatsonzwisiswa, uye saka pakanga pane rudzi rwekusarerekera mune zvematongerwo enyika.

Kuti zvose zvakatanga sei

Chii chakaitwa neRussian cruiser project 1164? Ngarava yekutanga yekirasi yakagamuchira zita rakanyora "Aurora", uye rakagadzirwa pakati pe 70s yezana remakore rapfuura. Pakutanga A. Perkov akagadzwa kumusana wekugadzira mukuru, asi gare gare V. Mutikhin akamutevera. Kubva pamauto ehondo, A. Blinov, mukuru wechipiri, akaiswa mucherechedzo.

Pamberi peboka revakagadziri maiva nemabasa asiri maduku. Ichokwadi ndechekuti mauto aisada kwete kechikoro chakakodzera chezvikepe zvehondo, asi motokari yehondo yose iyo inogona kupa zvose zviri mukati memhepo kudzivirirwa kweimwe chikamu chegungwa, uye inova chinhu chekubatana kwemhepo pamwe chete nemiganhu yenhare.

Zvisinei, nebasa rakaoma rakagadziriswa nekugadzirisa. Vakatora kunetseka kweS-300 air defense system yakafukidzwa nehondo yekukudzwa, yakagadzira ngarava yakasiyana-siyana (inogona kusiyaniswa netsamba "F"), mushure mokunge vakaiisa pane imwe ngarava. Hondo idzi dzichiri dzakakosha chaizvo uye dzinotibvumira kuti tinyatsoona kurwiswa kwemhepo pane zvikepe zveGlack Sea Fleet.

Ndeapi mazano ekugadzirisa akashandiswa?

Pakati pese, "Atlant" yakashandiswa zvakanyatsogadziriswa zvakanaka kubva kune zvikepe zveprojekiti 1134B. Zvechokwadi, ivo vaishanda zvakare, asi guru rekugadzirwa kwekambani rakaramba risina kuchinja. Panguva iyoyo, zvikepe zvinomwe zvebasa re1134B zvakanga zvatovakwa, izvo mumaketheni aya ainzi "bucari". Kusvika ikozvino, Kerch yakaramba iri mumasangano, ayo ndeyewo Black Sea Fleet yeRussian Federation.

Maitiro makuru maitiro e "Moscow"

Kuparadzanisa kwemudziyo uyu wakanaka ndeye 11,500 tani. Zvose zvakakwana zvechikepe chacho ndezvi 186 mamita. Nehupamhi mamita makumi maviri, kureba kwayo ndiko 42.5 mamita. Hazvishamisi kuti sludge yechikepe chakadaro chakaita mamita 8.5. Iyo yakawanda inogoneka inokurumidza (tichazotaurirana pamusoro peizvi gare gare) iine majeko 32, iyo inowanzoitwa shamro is 16 mafundo. Sezvo mashizha emagetsi mana chete emagetsi emagetsi, simba rimwe nerimwe rinokwana 22500 litita. With. Zvichifamba, ngarava yacho inotungidzirwa pakarepo nemiti mbiri .

Kana tichitaura nezvemhanho ye16 majeti, zvino pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, rutivi rwekutenderera kwezvokuchengetedza kune zviuru 6000 nautical miles (mukushandura mumatric system - anenge 12 000 km). Kana iri nguva, zviyero zvekudya zvinokwana mwedzi mumwe wekuzvidzivirira. Nhamba yevashandi ndeyevanhu 510, mukurwa kwemamiriro ehuwandu hwevashandi vanogona kuwedzerwa. Kuti atsigire uye kubvumirana, Ka-27 multipurpose helicopter inoshandiswa, pari padhorosi iyo iri kumashure.

Basic basic information

Zvose zvikepe zveAtlant purogiramu zvakagamuchira zvitsva zvese zvegesi turbine propulsion system, iyo yakanga isati iine injini imwe chete yekufambisa kune rumwe rutivi, asiwo imwe yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinotevera. Shanduro itsva yekugadzira yakashandiswa apo kupisa kubva mumotokari kwaiunganidzirwa nehutano hwekudzivirira dunhu (TUK). Yakashandura mvura yacho mumhepo, iyo yakashandura michina inobatsira yomuti wesimba.

Izvi zvakapa zvakakosha zvikuru. Kunyange panguva yekufambisa kwema 18 mashizha mafuta anowedzera kubudirira ne12%. Mafambiro ekufambisa nekushandiswa kweinjini dzose kubva ikozvino zvichive yakafanana nemakanda 32, izvo zvikepe zvekirasi ino zvingava chiratidzo chekodha.

Muviri wezvinhu

Blinov, uyo anotarisa kubva kuNavy, akawana kubva kuvakagadziri shanduro yekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, umo kuwanda kwezvinhu zvose zvepakona kwakanga kusiri pasi pemamiriyoni masere. Nenzira, yaive yakawanda kudarika inodikanwa nematairi akaenzana. Nokuda kwezvizivo zvakadaro, ngarava idzi dzehondo dzeRussia dzinozivikanwa nekuwedzera kwenguva refu. Asi zvinhu zvose zvine mazano akasiyana-siyana: pazvinoshandiswa nemashandisirwo emagadzirirwo ekugadzirisa kushandiswa (kuenzaniswa nezvikepe zvepurojekiti 1134B) yakakura ne 28% panguva imwe chete.

Nokuda kwekutonga zvakakosha kuziva kuti kuenzanisa iyi mishonga haisi yakarurama chaizvo. Ichokwadi ndechokuti ngarava dzehondo dzeRussia nemidziyo yeAntisubmarine yakafanana chaizvoizvo pakuonekwa uye mamwe mazano ekugadzira.

Pakutanga, "Moscow" nedzimwe "Atlantes" dzaive nehondo yeP-500 "Basalt". Moto moto system ndiyo Argon. Pakutanga, paive nemisungo yakadaro yezvikepe 16. Vakanga vakagadzirirwa mumigodhi minomwe yepamapuranga yaiva panzvimbo yakakwirira. Mukati yekuenderera mberi kwemazuva ano, zvombo zvisingashandisi zvekare zvakatsiviwa neP-1000 "Vulcan". Izvi zvombo zvinogona kutora zvinangwa pamakiromita anenge makiromita 700.

Mashoko makuru pamusoro pemagadziriro ehondo

Iyo moto wekutonga hunobvumira kurwisana kwemauto, kusanganisira imwe yero-kutanga (kukunda chimwe chinangwa) chemisungo yose 16. Nenzira, sa salvo yakadaro haigone kumira chero mutakuri wenhamba ndege munyika. Ndezvipi zvombo zvehondo zvehondo zvehondo zvinogadzirisa hurumende dzezvinangwa pazvinhu zvakadai kure? Zviri nyore: zvichibva kuma satellite, kana kubva kune ndege dzeTu-95, kana kuburikidza nebasa rekuzvigamuchira kwedu uye kuronga nzira.

Anti-ndege zvombo zve cruiser

Kubudirira kurwisa kushandiswa kwemhepo kwechikepe, maviri eSAMs akaiswa kamwechete. Yokutanga, S-300F, yakagadzirirwa kushanda pamwe chete kana kuti zeroal air defense system. Chechipiri, "Osa-M", inongotarisirwa kubvisa kurwiswa kwezvikwata, helikopta uye zvombo zvevengi chiri muchikepe chairo.

Nokuda kweS-300F SAM system, hupfumi hunokonzerwa nemitambo yakagadzirirwa kuti ibudise kukurumidza kugadzirisa nekuchengetedza zvombo. Izvo zvose zviri munzvimbo yepamusoro, uye nechokumucheto kwechikepe. Kuti uchengetedze nekugadzirisa kusvitsa nekugadzirisa matanho, radar inokosha yakabatanidzwa muchigadzirwa chepfuti. Chinhu chacho chinonzi antenna, yakagadzirwa maererano ne "phased phase" scheme.

Sezvatakamboti, "Osa-M" yakaoma inoshandiswa kuzvidzivirira kwechikepe, iyo inobvumira nechivimbo kuti inorove zvinangwa pamakiromita anenge gumi makiromita. Inoumbwa nePUs mbiri (ine homing system inoshanda pakarepo muma ndege maviri). Kusiyana nezvikepe zvekare, kuzvidzivirira kuzvidzivirira kunewo maitiro ekudzivirira. Izvo zvipfeko zvese zvezvikwata zviviri zve "Osa" air defense system inonyanya 48 zvombo. Saizvozvowo, mapurisa 64 anopiwa S-300.

Zvimwe anti-aircraft systems

Asi iyo inyanzvi yevanopesana nemakwikwidzi anokwira ndege haisi kurei pane izvi. Kuita kuti zvive zvakakosha zvehondo, pamwe chete (inogonawo kupfura pamahombekombe egungwa nemafungiro egungwa) 130 mm kusungirirwa (zvinowanzoitika, zvechokwadi) AK-130 yakabatanidzwa mumugadziro. Kuti uwedzere kubudirira kwayo, hurongwa hwekuona radar "Leo" unouya nawo.

Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, ngarava ine bhati yakazara ye 30 mm mitambo ye AK-630M yakagadzirirwa. Mubhateri - mairi maviri, rimwe nerimwe rinotungamirirwa nehutungamiri nekutsvaga nzira yezvinangwa "Vympel". Radhi ye "Ropa" inokonzera nzvimbo yekufambisa pedyo nechombo chairo, pamwe chete nekupa ruzivo kune zvinyorwa zvinoputika zvezvombo zvehondo, izvo zvinosanganisira mamwe maviri majekesheni: "Fregat" uye "Voskhod". Mhemberero dzavo dzinomira zvakasimba pane fok uye huru ye "Muurayi wevatakura ndege".

Kurwisana nemashure emadzimai

Vashandi veSoviet havana kukanganwa pamusoro pekuti muvengi anotyisa angava sei mumidziyo yemvura. Pasinei nokunyanya kunetseka, motokari haina kunyatsodzivirirwa kubva kwavari: pane Platinum "sonar system" inoratidzirwa, iyo inosanganisira yakashongedzerwa uye anbna. Nokuda kwekurwiswa kwakananga kwemashure emvura, mairi 533 mm motokari yekutumira torpedoes anopiwa kamwechete.

Kusiyana neizvi, zvivako zviviri zveRBU-6000 (missile-bhomba) zvinongogadzirwa kuti zvidzivirire chikepe kubva kune torpedo salvoes kubva kune vavengi.

Kazhinji kuongororwa kwezvikepe zvose zvepurojekiti

Pakazara, zvikepe zvina zvakaiswa paItlant project. Nhatu chete chete dzadzo dzakashandiswa. Chimwe nechimwe chezvikepe iye zvino chiri kushanda. Vanoshumira muGungwa Dzvuku, Pacific uye Kumadokero. Pamwechete, purojekiti "Atlant" yakanga yakakodzera uye yakakodzera kutarisirwa kusiyana nevasati vekorodzano 1144 "Orlan". Zvikepe zvePurojekiti 1164 zvaive nezvishoma zvishoma zvekufamba, asi zvakanga zvisinganyanyi kuitika mune zvombo, uye mumatambudziko akawanda zviri nani kune avo vaimbove vafanotanga.

Mukuwedzera, ikozvino panguva yekusika, chinhu chakakosha chakapiwa kune zvombo zvinokuvadza. Pasinei neizvi, vafambisi vatsva vane zvishoma. Saka, pane zvikepe zvePurojekiti yeOrlan pane zvombo makumi matanhatu zveS-300, asi Atlantis aingova ne 64 chete. Mukuwedzera, maOsa-M missile maitiro aimbova nzira dzakakwirira dzekuzvidzivirira kwezvikepe kubva kumhepo yekurwisana, asi nenguva yekusikwa kwevaiti vezvikepe zvaive zvakajeka hazvina kukwana. Pakupedzisira, pane zvikepe zveProject 1144 pane 16 PU "Dagger" panguva imwe chete.

Nokudaro, vafambisi ve1164 vakazadzisa zvakakwana zvose zvaidiwa zvekupedzisira kweSoviet dzidziso yekushandiswa kwemvura, apo zvikepe zvehondo zvairongwa kutumirwa kuhondo zvakapiwa chete zvaive zvakachengetedzwa zvakasimba kubva mumhepo. Zvinosuruvarisa, dzidziso iyi inofanirana nemamiriro ezvinhu epanguva ino. Hazviiti nguva dzose kupa zvikepe zvinodzivirirwa zvakavimbika kubva mumhepo, kuitira kuti ivo pachavo vanochengetedza mweya yavo inonyanya kukosha.

Kukanganisa kukuru kwematare edzijekiti

Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha (kunze kwemashoko akataurwa pamusoro apa) kuvepo kweimwe nzira-radar ("Wave"), yakagadzirirwa kutora uye kuratidza zvinangwa zvakakwana neS complex 300. Mukuwedzera, kana chiitiko chekugadzirisa kusakonzerwa, ngarava inenge isisina zvachose kudzivirirwa kwakakwana kunopikiswa nemhepo, "Wave" haigoni kudzivisa kurwiswa kunobva kune rimwe rakatungamirirwa. Kana tichitaurirana nezvevamwe vanoenda kuAmerica (vakavakwa pasi peshoko reTiconderog), ipapo pane imwe neimwe yei (!) Radicar radicars yakasungirirwa, iyo inogona kungofambisa motokari uye kupfura pasi zvinangwa nenzira dzakawanda panguva imwe chete.

Saka, kuvapo imwe chete radar chiteshi kwete chete anoramba "Atlanta" ari nyore atambudzwe vanodzima muvengi maonero, asiwo kunoita kuti aiva nengozi Anti-NATO zvombo, izvo mumakore achangopfuura zvinoratidza mikana guru mumunda multi-sectoral kurwisa.

Ndivo ngarava dzakatangwa muguta Nikolayev. Shipyard pari kwete munharaunda imwe nyika, asi yasakara, saka kuti pane dare wakadaro angangotadza ivakwe. Chete tariro wechipfuwo kuzvidzivirira indasitiri, iro achakwanisa kumisa kuvakwa chinhu chakadaro.